🎞Chemical Thermodynamics

✅Basic Terminology:

🎯System- Part of the universe under investigation.

🎯Open System- A system which can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings.

🎯Closed System- A system which permits passage of energy but not mass, across its boundary.

🎯Isolated system- A system which can neither exchange energy nor matter with its surrounding.

🎯Surroundings- Part of the universe other than system, which can interact with it.

🎯Boundary- Anything which separates system from surrounding.

🎯State variables- The variables which are required to be defined in order to define state of any system i.e. pressure, volume, mass, temperature, surface area, etc.

🎯State Functions- Property of system which depend only on the state of the system and not on the path. Example: Pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.

🎯Intensive properties- Properties of a system which do not depend on mass of the system i.e. temperature, pressure, density, concentration,

🎯Extensive properties- Properties of a system which depend on mass of the system i.e. volume, energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.

🎯Process- Path along which state of a system changes.

🎯Isothermal process- Process which takes place at constant temperature

🎯Isobaric process- Process which takes place at constant pressure

🎯Isochoric process- Process which takes place at constant volume.

🎯Adiabatic process- Process during which transfer of heat cannot take place between system and surrounding.

🎯Cyclic process- Process in which system comes back to its initial state after undergoing series of changes.

🎯Reversible process- Process during which the system always departs infinitesimally from the state of equilibrium i.e. its direction can be reversed at any moment.

🎯Irriversible Process- This type of process is fast and gets completed in a single step. This process cannot be reversed. All the natural processes are of this type.

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✅MODAL VERBS

📚List of Modal Verbs

What is a modal verb?

The modal verbs of English are a small class of auxiliary verbs used to express possibility, obligation, advice, permission, ability, …

Modal verbs list in the English language: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Must, Shall, Should, Ought to…

Modal Verbs: Rules & Examples

Learn how and when to use modal verbs in English with rules and example sentences.

🎯1. ‘Can’ and ‘could’ are used to refer to skills and abilities.
For example:

He can cover a hundred metres in under ten seconds.

My father could see perfectly before the age of fifty.

I can’t ride a horse.

🎯2. ‘Must’ is used to indicate that something is necessary or of extreme importance, and ‘should’ is used to suggest that something is advisable.
For example:

You must do your homework.

You mustn’t skip school.

You should say sorry.

You shouldn’t smoke.

🎯3. ‘Can’, ‘could’ and ‘may’ are used to ask for, give and withhold permission.
For example:

Can I try my hand at it?

Could we disperse early today?

You may not enter the premises.

🎯4. ‘Will’ and ‘would’ are used to refer to habits and inclinations.
For example:

When I was a child, I would often climb trees.

I will never refuse you anything.

He would never do such a thing.

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እስኪ ዛሬ ደግሞ አንዳንድ ነገሮችን እንማር። ለ ማትሪክ ይጠቅማል።

ፎርሙላን ወደ ጎን ለመፃፍ ስለማይመች ወደ ታች ነው የፃፍኩት።😔😔

➡️ Neither of
➡️ Either of
➡️ Each of
➡️ Every one of
+
Plural noun (subject)
+
Singular Verb.

ያው እንደነገርኳችሁ ፎርሙላውን ወደ ጎን ለመፃፍ ስለማይመች ወደ ታች ነው የፃፍኩት ። እስኪ እናብራራው😁😁

#1⏭ Neither of

Neither of ካልን በሗላ የሚመጣው subject መሆን ያለበት plural subject ነው። ከ plural subject ቱ ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው verb ደግሞ singular Verb ነው።🤗🤗 በአጭሩ ከ Neither of ቀጥሎ plural subject እንጠቀማለን ፡ verb ቡ ግን 🙊 singular Verb ነው የሚሆነው።

🤔 Examples

Neither of the students....... disturbing now.

A) is B) are

☹️😕 መልሱ ምንድን ነው የሚሆነው??

እንግዲህ ቅድም እንደነገርኳችሁ፡

ከ Neither of ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው plural subject ነው። ከ plural subject ቀጥሎ ደግሞ singular Verb ነው።😇 ስለዚህ በዚህ ጥያቄ መሰረት

Neither of + the students ( plural subject) + is ( singular Verb ) ይሆናል።

ስለዚህ መልሱ

🤗 Neither of the students is disturbing now.

😳😳🤣🤣 አይገርምም ግን
The students ተብሎ is ን መጠቀም። ህግ ህግ ነው አለ ባሻ🥺🥺

#2⏭ Either of

Either of ካልን በሗላ የሚመጣው plural subject ሲሆን ከ plural subject ቱ ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው verb ደግሞ singular Verb ነው። በ አጭሩ

🤗 ከ Either of በሗላ plural subject ን እንጠቀማለን፡ ከ plural subject ቱ በሗላ ደግሞ singular Verb እንጠቀማለን።

😁😁Example

Either of the workers....... to take the blame.

A) has B) have

😢😢 መልሱ??? ፈታ በሉ😁😁

ቅድም እንደነገርኳችሁ ከ Either of ቀጥሎ plural subject እንጠቀማለን ። ከ plural subject ቀጥሎ ደግሞ singular Verb እንጠቀማለን። ስለዚህ ፡ በዚህ ጥያቄ መሰረት

ከ Either of ቀጥሎ ያለው the workers የሚለው plural subject ነው። ስለዚህ ከ plural subject ቱ ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው ደግሞ singular Verb ነው ። ስለዚህ መልሱ

Has ወይስ have ?? ተናገሩ እንጅ😂😂 በቃ እሱን ስትገረፍ ታወራዋለህ።😢

ከ has እና ከ have የቱ ነው singular Verb?😳 Has ነው እሺ። ስለዚህ መልሱ👇👇

🤗 Either of the workers has to take the blame.

😤😱 አይገርምም ግን?? The workers ተብሎ has ን ስንጠቀም። ህግ ህግ ነው🤓


#3⏭ Each of

Each of ካልን በሗላ የሚመጣው plural subject ሲሆን ከ plural subject ቱ ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው verb ደግሞ singular Verb ይሆናል። በአጭሩ

ከ Each of በሗላ plural subject ን እንጠቀማለን ፡ ከ plural subject ቱ በሗላ ደግሞ singular Verb እንጠቀማለን።

🤔😋 Example

Each of the books ......... stolen yesterday.

A) was B) were

😊 Well እንግዲህ ከ Each of በሗላ the books የሚለውን plural subject ነው የመጣው። ከ the books( ከ plural subject) በሗላ የሚመጣው ደግሞ singular Verb ነው። ስለዚህ was ወይስ were ?? የቱ ነው singular Verb?? Was ነው ኣ ። ስለዚህ መልሱ

😺😺 Each of the books was stolen yesterday.

😥ጉድ እኮ ነው😂 the books ተብሎ was😔 ። ህግ ህግ ነው።

#4⏭ Every one of

Every one of ካልን በሗላ የሚመጣው plural subject ሲሆን ከ plural subject ቱ ቀጥሎ ደግሞ የሚመጣው singular Verb ይሆናል።

🤔 Example

Every one of the teachers ......... unhappy of his/her monthly salary.

A) is B) are

ከ Every one of በሗላ የመጣው the teachers የሚለው plural subject ነው። the teachers ከሚለው plural subject ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው verb ደግሞ singular Verb ነው። ስለዚህ መልሱ ፡

😏😒 Every one of the teachers is unhappy of his/her monthly salary.

"አይከብድም ወይ በልብ ያለን ሰው መርሳት" አለ ዘፋኙ😂😂

አይከብድም ወይ the teachers ተብሎ is ን መጠቀም።😔😁
ህግ ህግ ነው ብሏል ባሻ😡😡

ግን እዚጋ ማስተዋል ያለብን ነገር

Every of አይባልም። በህግ ያስቀጣል 🙆‍♂😳‍ okay😒

Every one of ነው የሚባለው😊

የዛሬው ክላስ በዚህ ይብቃን😢

🙈 ማስታወሻ 🙊

ከላይ የተማርናቸው ህጎች በ British English ብቻ ነው የሚያገለግሉት። በ American English ሲሆን ደግሞ ሌላ ህግ አላቸው። ለ Entrance ጥያቄ ግን መልሳችን የሚሆነው በ British English ስለሆነ ከላይ ያለውን ኖት ተረዱት🤕🤕

🙄 ማስታወሻ 🙆

"None of" ደግሞ የራሱ የሆነ special case አለው። በቀጣይ እናየዋለን!

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Astu
Applied maths 1
Derivative 🙆

Best handout
Please read this for final exam👏

#And don't forget to give me credit 😀😀

https://t.me/GTutorialclass/1300