❤1🥰1
🔆 Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA)
📍 Component of:
* Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
📍 Aim:
* To facilitate cashless transactions and manage financial aspects related to healthcare services under the Ayushman Bharat scheme (ABS).
📍 Key Features:
✅ 14-digit account number: Used to link all health records of a person.
✅ Methods to get ABHA health ID:
* Use Aadhaar number and basic details (name, birthday, gender, address).
* If no Aadhaar, use driver's license or mobile number.
✅ Objective:
* To create a digital health ecosystem and promote digitization of healthcare.
✅ Open for all: Any individual can enroll under Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) to generate a Health ID or ABHA, free of cost.
✅ Real-time Monitoring:
* Tracks fund utilization and ensures resources are allocated efficiently.
✅ Promoting digital transactions:
* Enhances transparency and accountability, reducing corruption.
📍 Components:
✅ Beneficiary Identification:
* Each beneficiary is assigned a unique health identification number (UHID) for tracking and management.
✅ Funds Management:
* Manages allocation and disbursement of funds for healthcare services.
✅ Claim Settlement:
* Settles claims from healthcare providers and ensures timely payments.
📍 Audit & Oversight:
* Monitors fund utilization and detects discrepancies.
📍 Benefits:
✅ Reduces out-of-pocket expenses and enhances access to quality healthcare.
✅ Minimizes administrative hassles and delays by integrating electronic health records.
✅ Helps address healthcare challenges effectively and improve overall quality of care.
📍 Component of:
* Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
📍 Aim:
* To facilitate cashless transactions and manage financial aspects related to healthcare services under the Ayushman Bharat scheme (ABS).
📍 Key Features:
✅ 14-digit account number: Used to link all health records of a person.
✅ Methods to get ABHA health ID:
* Use Aadhaar number and basic details (name, birthday, gender, address).
* If no Aadhaar, use driver's license or mobile number.
✅ Objective:
* To create a digital health ecosystem and promote digitization of healthcare.
✅ Open for all: Any individual can enroll under Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) to generate a Health ID or ABHA, free of cost.
✅ Real-time Monitoring:
* Tracks fund utilization and ensures resources are allocated efficiently.
✅ Promoting digital transactions:
* Enhances transparency and accountability, reducing corruption.
📍 Components:
✅ Beneficiary Identification:
* Each beneficiary is assigned a unique health identification number (UHID) for tracking and management.
✅ Funds Management:
* Manages allocation and disbursement of funds for healthcare services.
✅ Claim Settlement:
* Settles claims from healthcare providers and ensures timely payments.
📍 Audit & Oversight:
* Monitors fund utilization and detects discrepancies.
📍 Benefits:
✅ Reduces out-of-pocket expenses and enhances access to quality healthcare.
✅ Minimizes administrative hassles and delays by integrating electronic health records.
✅ Helps address healthcare challenges effectively and improve overall quality of care.
🔆Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme of India (GHCI)
✅The Government of India has recently initiated a green hydrogen certification scheme to promote transparency and credibility in production.
✅It was launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India, under the National Green Hydrogen Mission, aiming to establish India as a global hub for green hydrogen production and export.
✅The scheme emphasizes accuracy in emissions data, strict monitoring, and international compatibility, aiming to boost investor confidence and support the growth of a credible green hydrogen market in India.
📍Features of GHCI:
✅Hydrogen can be officially recognized as “green” only if its non-biogenic greenhouse gas emissions do not exceed 2 kg of CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e)/kg of hydrogen, averaged over 12 months, under the
The scheme outlines a comprehensive certification process for producers to verify that the hydrogen is produced using renewable energy and that the greenhouse gas emissions do not exceed 2 kg of CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e)/kg of hydrogen.
✅This threshold is measured across the production stages within a defined system boundary.
✅The certification framework includes clear definitions, objectives, roles of stakeholders, eligible production pathways (electrolysis and biomass conversion) and emissions quantification methods.
✅Producers must appoint Accredited Carbon Verification (ACV) agencies, recognized by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, for independent verification.
✅The GHCI operates with four types of certificates: Concept Certificate, Facility-Level Certificate, Provisional Certificate and Final Certificate.
✅The Government of India has recently initiated a green hydrogen certification scheme to promote transparency and credibility in production.
✅It was launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India, under the National Green Hydrogen Mission, aiming to establish India as a global hub for green hydrogen production and export.
✅The scheme emphasizes accuracy in emissions data, strict monitoring, and international compatibility, aiming to boost investor confidence and support the growth of a credible green hydrogen market in India.
📍Features of GHCI:
✅Hydrogen can be officially recognized as “green” only if its non-biogenic greenhouse gas emissions do not exceed 2 kg of CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e)/kg of hydrogen, averaged over 12 months, under the
The scheme outlines a comprehensive certification process for producers to verify that the hydrogen is produced using renewable energy and that the greenhouse gas emissions do not exceed 2 kg of CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e)/kg of hydrogen.
✅This threshold is measured across the production stages within a defined system boundary.
✅The certification framework includes clear definitions, objectives, roles of stakeholders, eligible production pathways (electrolysis and biomass conversion) and emissions quantification methods.
✅Producers must appoint Accredited Carbon Verification (ACV) agencies, recognized by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, for independent verification.
✅The GHCI operates with four types of certificates: Concept Certificate, Facility-Level Certificate, Provisional Certificate and Final Certificate.
❤2
*करेंट अफेयर्स : 03 जून 2025*
*(Multiple Choice Q & A)*
--------------------------------------
1.*Recently, the Supreme Court has allowed maternity leave for the third child, overruling the order of which High Court?*
A. Allahabad High Court
B. Madras High Court
C. Patna High Court
D. Gujarat High Court
1.*हाल ही में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने किस उच्च न्यायालय के आदेश को खारिज करते हुए तीसरे बच्चे के लिए मातृत्व अवकाश की अनुमति दी है?*
A. इलाहाबाद उच्च न्यायालय
B. मद्रास उच्च न्यायालय
C. पटना उच्च न्यायालय
D. गुजरात उच्च न्यायालय
2.*Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi met the President of the Asian Development Bank on June 01, 2025, whose President is?*
A.Trygve Lee
B. U. Thant
C. Masato Kanda
D. Kurt Waldheim
2.*प्रधानमंत्री श्री नरेन्द्र मोदी ने 01 जून 2025 एशियाई विकास बैंक के अध्यक्ष से भेंट की है, इसके अध्यक्ष हैं?*
A. ट्रीग्वे ली
B. यू. थांट
C. मसातो कांडा
D. कुर्त वॉल्डहाइम
3.*The second phase of the NASH Capacity Building Programme was launched in how many National Centres of Excellence from June 2?*
A.Three
B.Four
C.Five
D.Six
3.*नक्शा क्षमता निर्माण कार्यक्रम का दूसरा चरण 2 जून से कितने राष्ट्रीय उत्कृष्टता केंद्रों में शुरू किया गया?*
A.तीन
B.चार
C.पांच
D.छह
4.*Recently, ambassadors of four countries presented their credentials to the President of India. The ambassador of which of the following countries is not included in it?*
A.Chad
B.Algeria
C.Niger
D.Mongolia
4.*हाल ही में चार देशों के राजदूतों ने भारत के राष्ट्रपति को अपने परिचय पत्र प्रस्तुत किए। निम्नलिखित में से किस देश का राजदूत इसमें शामिल नहीं है?*
A.चाड
B.अल्जीरिया
C.नाइजर
D.मंगोलिया
5.*Recently, the National Commission for Backward Classes has presented its annual report for the year 2022-23 and 2023-24 to whom?*
A. President
B. Parliament
C. Council of Ministers
D. Supreme Court
5.*हाल ही में राष्ट्रीय पिछड़ा वर्ग आयोग ने वर्ष 2022-23 और 2023-24 के लिए अपनी वार्षिक किसके समक्ष प्रस्तुत की है?*
A. राष्ट्रपति
B. संसद
C. मंत्रिपरिषद
D. सर्वोच्च न्यायालय
6.*On which date was 'World Reef Awareness Day' celebrated recently?*
A.30 May
B.31 May
C.01 June
D.02 June
6.*हाल ही में किस तारीख को 'विश्व रीफ जागरूकता दिवस' मनाया गया है?*
A.30 मई
B.31 मई
C.01 जून
D.02 जून
7.*Which birth anniversary of Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar is celebrated on 31 May 2025?*
A. 300th
B. 301st
C. 302nd
D. 303rd
7.*31 मईं 2025, को महारानी अहिल्याबाई होल्कर की कौन-सी जयन्ती मनायी गयी है?*
A.300वीं
B.301वीं
C.302वीं
D.303वीं
8.*Which country has recently launched a pioneering space mission called 'Tianwen-2'?*
A. Japan
B. America
C. China
D. Russia
8.*हाल ही में किस देश ने 'तियानवेन-2' नामक एक अग्रणी अंतरिक्ष मिशन शुरू किया है?*
A. जापान
B. अमेरिका
C. चीन
D. रूस
9.*Where has the 'World Air Transport Summit' been organized recently?*
A. Goa
B. Bengaluru
C. Chennai
D. New Delhi
9.*हाल ही में कहां 'विश्व वायु परिवहन शिखर सम्मेलन' का आयोजन किया गया है?*
A.गोवा
B.बेंगलुरु
C.चेन्नई
D.नई दिल्ली
10.*Recently, for the first time, cherries have been transported from Kashmir valley through which medium?*
A. Air route
B. Road route
C. Water route
D. Rail route
10.*हाल ही में कश्मीर घाटी से पहली बार चेरी का परिवहन किस माध्यम से किया गया है?*
A. हवाई मार्ग
B. सड़क मार्ग
C. जल मार्ग
D. रेल मार्ग
11.*On which date is 'World Bicycle Day' celebrated every year?*
A. 01 June
B. 02 June
C. 03 June
D. 04 June
11.*प्रतिवर्ष किस तारीख को 'विश्व साइकिल दिवस' मनाया जाता है?*
A.01 जून
B.02 जून
C.03 जून
D.04 जून
12.*Who has recently chaired the 9th Governing Council meeting of the Bureau of Indian Standards?*
A. Shri Narendra Modi
B. Shri Pralhad Joshi
C. Shri Amit Shah
D. Shri Piyush Goyal
12.*हाल ही में किसने भारतीय मानक ब्यूरो की 9वीं शासी परिषद बैठक की अध्यक्षता की है?*
A. श्री नरेंद्र मोदी
B. श्री प्रल्हाद जोशी
C. श्री अमित शाह
D. श्री पीयूष गोयल
13.*Recently the government has approved to give "Miniratna" Category-I status to whom?*
A. Munitions India Limited
B. Armored Vehicles Corporation Limited
C. India Optal Limited
D. All of the above
*(Multiple Choice Q & A)*
--------------------------------------
1.*Recently, the Supreme Court has allowed maternity leave for the third child, overruling the order of which High Court?*
A. Allahabad High Court
B. Madras High Court
C. Patna High Court
D. Gujarat High Court
1.*हाल ही में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने किस उच्च न्यायालय के आदेश को खारिज करते हुए तीसरे बच्चे के लिए मातृत्व अवकाश की अनुमति दी है?*
A. इलाहाबाद उच्च न्यायालय
B. मद्रास उच्च न्यायालय
C. पटना उच्च न्यायालय
D. गुजरात उच्च न्यायालय
2.*Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi met the President of the Asian Development Bank on June 01, 2025, whose President is?*
A.Trygve Lee
B. U. Thant
C. Masato Kanda
D. Kurt Waldheim
2.*प्रधानमंत्री श्री नरेन्द्र मोदी ने 01 जून 2025 एशियाई विकास बैंक के अध्यक्ष से भेंट की है, इसके अध्यक्ष हैं?*
A. ट्रीग्वे ली
B. यू. थांट
C. मसातो कांडा
D. कुर्त वॉल्डहाइम
3.*The second phase of the NASH Capacity Building Programme was launched in how many National Centres of Excellence from June 2?*
A.Three
B.Four
C.Five
D.Six
3.*नक्शा क्षमता निर्माण कार्यक्रम का दूसरा चरण 2 जून से कितने राष्ट्रीय उत्कृष्टता केंद्रों में शुरू किया गया?*
A.तीन
B.चार
C.पांच
D.छह
4.*Recently, ambassadors of four countries presented their credentials to the President of India. The ambassador of which of the following countries is not included in it?*
A.Chad
B.Algeria
C.Niger
D.Mongolia
4.*हाल ही में चार देशों के राजदूतों ने भारत के राष्ट्रपति को अपने परिचय पत्र प्रस्तुत किए। निम्नलिखित में से किस देश का राजदूत इसमें शामिल नहीं है?*
A.चाड
B.अल्जीरिया
C.नाइजर
D.मंगोलिया
5.*Recently, the National Commission for Backward Classes has presented its annual report for the year 2022-23 and 2023-24 to whom?*
A. President
B. Parliament
C. Council of Ministers
D. Supreme Court
5.*हाल ही में राष्ट्रीय पिछड़ा वर्ग आयोग ने वर्ष 2022-23 और 2023-24 के लिए अपनी वार्षिक किसके समक्ष प्रस्तुत की है?*
A. राष्ट्रपति
B. संसद
C. मंत्रिपरिषद
D. सर्वोच्च न्यायालय
6.*On which date was 'World Reef Awareness Day' celebrated recently?*
A.30 May
B.31 May
C.01 June
D.02 June
6.*हाल ही में किस तारीख को 'विश्व रीफ जागरूकता दिवस' मनाया गया है?*
A.30 मई
B.31 मई
C.01 जून
D.02 जून
7.*Which birth anniversary of Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar is celebrated on 31 May 2025?*
A. 300th
B. 301st
C. 302nd
D. 303rd
7.*31 मईं 2025, को महारानी अहिल्याबाई होल्कर की कौन-सी जयन्ती मनायी गयी है?*
A.300वीं
B.301वीं
C.302वीं
D.303वीं
8.*Which country has recently launched a pioneering space mission called 'Tianwen-2'?*
A. Japan
B. America
C. China
D. Russia
8.*हाल ही में किस देश ने 'तियानवेन-2' नामक एक अग्रणी अंतरिक्ष मिशन शुरू किया है?*
A. जापान
B. अमेरिका
C. चीन
D. रूस
9.*Where has the 'World Air Transport Summit' been organized recently?*
A. Goa
B. Bengaluru
C. Chennai
D. New Delhi
9.*हाल ही में कहां 'विश्व वायु परिवहन शिखर सम्मेलन' का आयोजन किया गया है?*
A.गोवा
B.बेंगलुरु
C.चेन्नई
D.नई दिल्ली
10.*Recently, for the first time, cherries have been transported from Kashmir valley through which medium?*
A. Air route
B. Road route
C. Water route
D. Rail route
10.*हाल ही में कश्मीर घाटी से पहली बार चेरी का परिवहन किस माध्यम से किया गया है?*
A. हवाई मार्ग
B. सड़क मार्ग
C. जल मार्ग
D. रेल मार्ग
11.*On which date is 'World Bicycle Day' celebrated every year?*
A. 01 June
B. 02 June
C. 03 June
D. 04 June
11.*प्रतिवर्ष किस तारीख को 'विश्व साइकिल दिवस' मनाया जाता है?*
A.01 जून
B.02 जून
C.03 जून
D.04 जून
12.*Who has recently chaired the 9th Governing Council meeting of the Bureau of Indian Standards?*
A. Shri Narendra Modi
B. Shri Pralhad Joshi
C. Shri Amit Shah
D. Shri Piyush Goyal
12.*हाल ही में किसने भारतीय मानक ब्यूरो की 9वीं शासी परिषद बैठक की अध्यक्षता की है?*
A. श्री नरेंद्र मोदी
B. श्री प्रल्हाद जोशी
C. श्री अमित शाह
D. श्री पीयूष गोयल
13.*Recently the government has approved to give "Miniratna" Category-I status to whom?*
A. Munitions India Limited
B. Armored Vehicles Corporation Limited
C. India Optal Limited
D. All of the above
13.*हाल ही में सरकार ने किसे "मिनीरत्न" श्रेणी-I का दर्जा देने की मंजूरी दी है?*
A. म्यूनिशंस इंडिया लिमिटेड
B. आर्मर्ड व्हीकल्स निगम लिमिटेड
C. इंडिया ऑप्टल लिमिटेड
D. उपर्युक्त सभी
14.*Who has recently inaugurated the new building of Central Forensic Science Laboratory in Kolkata?*
A. Prime Minister Narendra Modi
B. Defense Minister Rajnath Singh
C. Home Minister Amit Shah
D. Health Minister J. P. Nadda
14.*हाल ही में किसने कोलकाता में केंद्रीय फोरेंसिक विज्ञान प्रयोगशाला के नए भवन का उद्घाटन किया है?*
A.प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी
B.रक्षामंत्री राजनाथ सिंह
C.गृहमंत्री अमित शाह
D.स्वास्थ्य मंत्री जे. पी. नड्डा
15.*Lieutenant General Dinesh Singh Rana took over as the __ Commander-in-Chief of the Andaman and Nicobar Command on June 01, 2025.*
A. 17th
B. 18th
C. 19th
D. 20th
15.*लेफ्टिनेंट जनरल दिनेश सिंह राणा ने 01 जून, 2025 को अंडमान और निकोबार कमान के __ कमांडर-इन-चीफ के रूप में पदभार ग्रहण किया।*
A. 17वें
B. 18वें
C. 19वें
D. 20वें
--------------------------------
*🎯 Static GK MCQ*
--------------------------------
16.*Gandhi – Irwin Pact was related to which of the following movements of India?*
A.Rowlat Satyagraha
B.Civil Disobedience Movement
C.Non-cooperation movement
D.Quit India Movement
16.*गांधी - इरविन समझौता भारत के निम्नलिखित में से किस आंदोलन से संबंधित था?*
A.रौलट सत्याग्रह
B.सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन
C.असहयोग आंदोलन
D.भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन
*17.Which of the following rulers is called 'Napoleon of India'?*
A.Bindusar
B.Chandragupta I
C.Samudragupta
D.Ashoka
*17.निम्नलिखित शासकों में से किसे 'भारत का नेपोलियन' कहा जाता है?*
A.बिन्दुसार
B.चंद्रगुप्त प्रथम
C.समुद्रगुप्त
D.अशोक
*18.Which of the following is a source of Vitamin C?*
A.Milk
B.Egg
C.lemon
D.Soybean
*18.निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा विटामिन C का स्रोत हैं?*
A.दूध
B.अंडा
C.नींबू
D.सोयाबीन
*19.Which of the following elements is found in largest quantity in our universe?*
A.Nitrogen
B.Silicon
C.Oxygen
D.Hydrogen
19.*निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा तत्व हमारे ब्रह्मांड में सबसे अधिक मात्रा में पाया जाता है?*
A.नाइट्रोजन
B.सिलिकॉन
C.ऑक्सीजन
D.हाइड्रोजन
20.*In which of the following articles of the Indian Constitution was untouchability abolished?*
A.Article 17
B.Article 15
C.Article 14
D.Article 42
20.*भारतीय संविधान के निम्नलिखित में से कौन-से अनुच्छेद में अस्पृशयता को समाप्त कर दिया गया?*
A.अनुच्छेद 17
B.अनुच्छेद 15
C.अनुच्छेद 14
D.अनुच्छेद 42
*Answer key:*
1.B 6.C 11.C 16.B
2.C 7.A 12.B 17.C
3.C 8.C 13.D 18.C
4.D 9.D 14.C 19.D
5.A 10.D 15.B 20.A
#CURRENT_AFFAIRS@GSANDGA
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#STATIC_GK@GSANDGA
A. म्यूनिशंस इंडिया लिमिटेड
B. आर्मर्ड व्हीकल्स निगम लिमिटेड
C. इंडिया ऑप्टल लिमिटेड
D. उपर्युक्त सभी
14.*Who has recently inaugurated the new building of Central Forensic Science Laboratory in Kolkata?*
A. Prime Minister Narendra Modi
B. Defense Minister Rajnath Singh
C. Home Minister Amit Shah
D. Health Minister J. P. Nadda
14.*हाल ही में किसने कोलकाता में केंद्रीय फोरेंसिक विज्ञान प्रयोगशाला के नए भवन का उद्घाटन किया है?*
A.प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी
B.रक्षामंत्री राजनाथ सिंह
C.गृहमंत्री अमित शाह
D.स्वास्थ्य मंत्री जे. पी. नड्डा
15.*Lieutenant General Dinesh Singh Rana took over as the __ Commander-in-Chief of the Andaman and Nicobar Command on June 01, 2025.*
A. 17th
B. 18th
C. 19th
D. 20th
15.*लेफ्टिनेंट जनरल दिनेश सिंह राणा ने 01 जून, 2025 को अंडमान और निकोबार कमान के __ कमांडर-इन-चीफ के रूप में पदभार ग्रहण किया।*
A. 17वें
B. 18वें
C. 19वें
D. 20वें
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*🎯 Static GK MCQ*
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16.*Gandhi – Irwin Pact was related to which of the following movements of India?*
A.Rowlat Satyagraha
B.Civil Disobedience Movement
C.Non-cooperation movement
D.Quit India Movement
16.*गांधी - इरविन समझौता भारत के निम्नलिखित में से किस आंदोलन से संबंधित था?*
A.रौलट सत्याग्रह
B.सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन
C.असहयोग आंदोलन
D.भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन
*17.Which of the following rulers is called 'Napoleon of India'?*
A.Bindusar
B.Chandragupta I
C.Samudragupta
D.Ashoka
*17.निम्नलिखित शासकों में से किसे 'भारत का नेपोलियन' कहा जाता है?*
A.बिन्दुसार
B.चंद्रगुप्त प्रथम
C.समुद्रगुप्त
D.अशोक
*18.Which of the following is a source of Vitamin C?*
A.Milk
B.Egg
C.lemon
D.Soybean
*18.निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा विटामिन C का स्रोत हैं?*
A.दूध
B.अंडा
C.नींबू
D.सोयाबीन
*19.Which of the following elements is found in largest quantity in our universe?*
A.Nitrogen
B.Silicon
C.Oxygen
D.Hydrogen
19.*निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा तत्व हमारे ब्रह्मांड में सबसे अधिक मात्रा में पाया जाता है?*
A.नाइट्रोजन
B.सिलिकॉन
C.ऑक्सीजन
D.हाइड्रोजन
20.*In which of the following articles of the Indian Constitution was untouchability abolished?*
A.Article 17
B.Article 15
C.Article 14
D.Article 42
20.*भारतीय संविधान के निम्नलिखित में से कौन-से अनुच्छेद में अस्पृशयता को समाप्त कर दिया गया?*
A.अनुच्छेद 17
B.अनुच्छेद 15
C.अनुच्छेद 14
D.अनुच्छेद 42
*Answer key:*
1.B 6.C 11.C 16.B
2.C 7.A 12.B 17.C
3.C 8.C 13.D 18.C
4.D 9.D 14.C 19.D
5.A 10.D 15.B 20.A
#CURRENT_AFFAIRS@GSANDGA
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#STATIC_GK@GSANDGA
🔆 National Parks in Assam
📍 List of National Parks (West to East)
1. Raimona National Park
2. Manas National Park (WHS/ TR/ ER/ BR)
3. Orang National Park and Tiger Reserve (NP/ TR)
4. Nameri National Park (TR)
5. Kaziranga National Park (mentioned later)
6. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (BR)
7. Dehing Patkai National Park (ER)
📍 List of National Parks (West to East)
1. Raimona National Park
2. Manas National Park (WHS/ TR/ ER/ BR)
3. Orang National Park and Tiger Reserve (NP/ TR)
4. Nameri National Park (TR)
5. Kaziranga National Park (mentioned later)
6. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (BR)
7. Dehing Patkai National Park (ER)
✅ Soil map of India
✅ *Alluvial Soil*
*Formation*: Deposited by rivers; mainly Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plains.
*Regions*: Northern plains, parts of Gujarat, coastal areas.
*Types:* Bhangar (older), Khadar (newer).
*Features:* Fertile, rich in potash, poor in nitrogen.
*Crops:* Rice, wheat, sugarcane, pulses.
✅*2. Black Soil (Regur Soil)*
*Formation:* Weathering of basalt (Deccan Trap).
*Regions:* Maharashtra, MP, Gujarat, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
*Features:* Clayey, moisture-retentive, rich in lime & iron, poor in phosphorus.
*Crops:* Cotton (hence “Black Cotton Soil”), oilseeds, millets.
⸻
*✅3. Red Soil*
*Formation:* Weathering of ancient crystalline rocks.
*Regions*: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh.
*Features*: Reddish due to iron, low fertility, porous.
*Crops*: Groundnut, millets, pulses.
⸻
✅*4. Laterite Soil*
*Formation:* Intense leaching in heavy rainfall areas.
*Regions:* Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, NE states, parts of MP and Odisha.
*Features:* Poor in nutrients, acidic, good for plantation crops if manured.
*Crops:* Tea, coffee, cashew, rubber.
⸻
✅*5. Arid/Desert Soil*
*Regions*: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab.
*Features:* Sandy, low moisture retention, saline in some places.
*Improvement*: Fertile with irrigation (Indira Gandhi Canal).
*Crops:* Bajra, barley, pulses.
⸻
✅*6. Forest Soil*
Regions: Himalayan slopes, Western & Eastern Ghats.
Features: Varies with altitude; rich in organic matter in lower slopes.
Crops: Temperate fruits, tea in NE.
⸻
✅*7. Peaty & Marshy Soil*
*Regions*: Kerala, coastal West Bengal, Odisha.
*Features*: High organic matter, acidic, poor drainage.
*Use*: Suitable for rice and jute.
⸻
✅ 8*. Saline & Alkaline Soil*
Cause: Poor drainage, excessive irrigation.
Regions: Arid & semi-arid regions, especially UP, Punjab, Haryana.
Gypsum treatment, proper drainage.
✅ *Alluvial Soil*
*Formation*: Deposited by rivers; mainly Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plains.
*Regions*: Northern plains, parts of Gujarat, coastal areas.
*Types:* Bhangar (older), Khadar (newer).
*Features:* Fertile, rich in potash, poor in nitrogen.
*Crops:* Rice, wheat, sugarcane, pulses.
✅*2. Black Soil (Regur Soil)*
*Formation:* Weathering of basalt (Deccan Trap).
*Regions:* Maharashtra, MP, Gujarat, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
*Features:* Clayey, moisture-retentive, rich in lime & iron, poor in phosphorus.
*Crops:* Cotton (hence “Black Cotton Soil”), oilseeds, millets.
⸻
*✅3. Red Soil*
*Formation:* Weathering of ancient crystalline rocks.
*Regions*: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh.
*Features*: Reddish due to iron, low fertility, porous.
*Crops*: Groundnut, millets, pulses.
⸻
✅*4. Laterite Soil*
*Formation:* Intense leaching in heavy rainfall areas.
*Regions:* Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, NE states, parts of MP and Odisha.
*Features:* Poor in nutrients, acidic, good for plantation crops if manured.
*Crops:* Tea, coffee, cashew, rubber.
⸻
✅*5. Arid/Desert Soil*
*Regions*: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab.
*Features:* Sandy, low moisture retention, saline in some places.
*Improvement*: Fertile with irrigation (Indira Gandhi Canal).
*Crops:* Bajra, barley, pulses.
⸻
✅*6. Forest Soil*
Regions: Himalayan slopes, Western & Eastern Ghats.
Features: Varies with altitude; rich in organic matter in lower slopes.
Crops: Temperate fruits, tea in NE.
⸻
✅*7. Peaty & Marshy Soil*
*Regions*: Kerala, coastal West Bengal, Odisha.
*Features*: High organic matter, acidic, poor drainage.
*Use*: Suitable for rice and jute.
⸻
✅ 8*. Saline & Alkaline Soil*
Cause: Poor drainage, excessive irrigation.
Regions: Arid & semi-arid regions, especially UP, Punjab, Haryana.
Gypsum treatment, proper drainage.