In this tutorial, I’ll show you how to fine-tune a large language model for use in AI agents using supervised fine-tuning with QLoRA. This lets us customize a pre-trained model so it behaves the way w

For decades, recording an electrocardiogram (ECG) meant visiting a hospital or clinic. The doctors would place multiple electrodes on your chest and limbs to capture your heart's electrical activity.

I still remember the first time I ran a Bell-state circuit on a quantum simulator. The code was only a few lines long, but it felt magical. Two qubits became entangled, and the simulator returned almo

If you've ever built a web application or configured Spring Security, you've almost certainly encountered Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF). In my previous guide, How OAuth 2.0 Works: A Practical Guid

Reading PDF documents for long periods can become tiring, especially when the document contains bright backgrounds or when you're working in a low-light environment. In other situations, designers, de

When a workflow has more permissions than it needs, a simple build job can become a path to repository changes, token misuse, or a wider blast radius than the team intended. The problem is easy to mis

You've spent two weeks building an AI assistant. The streaming chat looks beautiful, the system prompt is tight, and safety filters are configured. You demoed it to the team, and everyone was impresse

Static sites are having a moment, and it makes sense. A folder of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files is fast to load, cheap to host, and very hard to break. Tools like Astro, Eleventy, and Hugo build tha

Systems design has always been treated as a backend problem. Ask a group of Flutter engineers what systems design means, and most will describe server architecture: load balancers, databases, and micr

The gap between a demo that impresses and a system you can trust is measured in evals. I want to start with a story that's happening in hundreds of engineering teams right now. A team builds a RAG app

In 2022, I built a small micro-SaaS in my spare time and eventually sold it for a few thousand dollars. And today, with AI tools, it probably would've been even easier to build. But what has changed d

Your AI product shipped an agent-mode opt-in six months ago. You ran a propensity analysis, adjusted for engagement tier and query confidence, and reported a clean +8 percentage-point lift in task com

Picture this: it's 4pm on a Friday, and your team has just merged the last feature for the sprint. But your product manager asks for a new build on TestFlight by the end of the day so the client can r

Causal inference for LLM-based AI features is no longer theoretical. Airbnb, Netflix, Lyft, and Uber have published detailed engineering blog posts describing exactly how they measure the causal impac

PDF editing isn't limited to adding signatures or merging documents. Sometimes you simply want to improve the appearance of a PDF by increasing brightness, boosting contrast, adding blur, converting i

When your AI agent serves more than one person, every tool call must answer: who's the agent acting for? Let's learn how to solve this by building an AI agent that connects with Slack and GitHub. A Sl

Today, diffusion models have become one of the most influential families of generative AI systems. They power applications ranging from image synthesis and editing to video generation, scientific disc

Sometimes you don't want to change the actual content of a PDF. You simply want to add a colored layer over part or all of the document. This can be useful for creating branded reports, adding colored

When learning C, it's easy to get stuck building text-based terminal applications that simply ask for user input and print a result back out. While those are great for learning the basics of the langu

Whether you're designing robotics, analyzing fluid dynamics (CFD), or working through complex engineering data, learning to code is one of the most effective ways to boost your workflow and technical

In this tutorial, you’ll build a practical AI agent that can receive a user prompt, decide whether it needs to use a tool, execute that tool in PHP, store conversation history in MySQL, and continue r