黏菌（Slime mold）的网路智能 - 土壤微生物学系列27

黏菌（Slime mold）是一类古老的神奇原生生物。它们既不是动物、植物也不是真菌，但同时具备这三者的特征，但是却一整只巨大的单细胞（多核），共用同一个细胞质。
黏菌虽然没有大脑和神经系统，却拥有惊人的「智商」。例如：将多头绒泡菌（Physarum polycephalum）放置在迷宫中，它能找出最短路径获取食物，甚至能在多条路径中权衡利弊。因此经常将其作为研究网路优化、群体行为和原始决策模式的模式生物。

视频1:黏菌破解迷宫
视频2:黏菌复制了东京地铁系统
视频3:黏菌绘制出东京地区铁路系统的地图
视频4:使用黏菌做英国交通节点的设计
视频5:把黏菌当宠物

PS:人类所有的人工设计，其实都在有意识或无意识地模仿大自然

The Network Intelligence of Slime Molds - Soil Microbiology Series 27

Slime molds are an ancient and fascinating group of protozoa. They are neither animals, plants, nor fungi, yet possess characteristics of all three, all within a single, large, multinucleated cell sharing a common cytoplasm.

While lacking a brain and nervous system, slime molds possess astonishing "intelligence." For example, when placed in a maze, Physarum polycephalum can find the shortest path to food and even weigh the pros and cons of multiple paths. Therefore, they are often used as model organisms for studying network optimization, group behavior, and primitive decision-making patterns.

Video 1: Slime Mold Solves a Maze
Video 2: Slime Mold Replicates the Tokyo Subway System
Video 3: Slime Mold Maps the Tokyo Railway System
Video 4: Using Slime Mold in the Design of UK Transport Nodes
Video 5: Keeping Slime Molds as Pets

PS: All human-made designs are, in fact, consciously or unconsciously imitating nature.

降解塑料的内生真菌 微孢拟盘多毛菌(Pestalotiopsis microspora)和管状曲霉（Aspergillus tubingensis）– 土壤微生物学系列28 (塑料无法降解的骗局1-2)

微孢拟盘多毛菌（Pestalotiopsis microspora）是一种罕见的内生真菌，最初发现于亚马逊雨林。它生活在植物组织内部，却不会对其造成损害。即使在缺氧条件下，它也能分解塑料。
管状曲霉（Aspergillus tubingensis）属于常见的土壤真菌，该菌株是在巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡（Islamabad）的一个垃圾填埋场采集到，发现它能分泌特殊酵素，有效破坏聚氨酯（PU）等塑料的分子键，是自然界中分解塑料的天然好手。

视频1:塑料分解真菌——微孢拟盘多毛菌（Pestalotiopsis microspora）
视频2:这些蘑菇能吃塑料

Endophytic Fungi that Degrade Plastic: Pestalotiopsis microspora and Aspergillus tubingensis – Soil Microbiology Series 28 ( Plastic Doesn't Biodegrade Scam 1-2)

Pestalotiopsis microspora is a rare endophytic fungus, originally discovered in the Amazon rainforest. It lives inside plant tissues without causing harm. Even under anaerobic conditions, it can decompose plastics.

Aspergillus tubingensis is a common soil fungus. This strain was collected from a landfill in Islamabad, Pakistan. It was found to secrete special enzymes that effectively break down the molecular bonds of plastics such as polyurethane (PU), making it a natural ex

真菌的韧性与其菌丝网路结构的智慧 – 土壤微生物学系列29

视频1:菌丝网路结构
视频2:真菌的韧性和智慧(完整视频)

The Resilience of Fungi and the Intelligence of Their Hyphae Network Structure – Soil Microbiology Series 29

Video 1: Hyphae Network Structure
Video 2: Fungi's Resilience and Intelligence (Full Video)

癌细胞的丝状伪足（Filopodia）与真菌菌丝的相似性 – 癌细胞与真菌系列1

癌细胞为了在体内移动与侵袭，会长出大量的丝状伪足与板状伪足，这种细长、分支的丝状结构，外观与真菌的「菌丝」非常相似，如图一、图二。
真菌透过菌丝穿透土壤与有机物来获取养分；而癌细胞也是利用这些伪足，像树根般侵入周边组织与血管，为其转移铺路，如图三。

Similarities between Cancer Cell Filopodia and Fungal Hyphae - Cancer Cells and Fungi Series 1

To migrate and invade the body, cancer cells develop numerous filamentous and plate-like pseudopodia. These long, branching filamentous structures bear a striking resemblance to fungal hyphae, as shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Just as fungi obtain nutrients by penetrating soil and organic matter through their hyphae, cancer cells also utilize these pseudopodia, much like tree roots, to invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels, paving the way for metastasis, as shown in Figure 3.

癌细胞与真菌都是异营生物且都有休眠状态– 癌细胞与真菌系列2

真菌是异营生物，依赖摄取或分解其他生物产生的有机物来维持生存。癌细胞也属于「异营生物」。它无法自行制造养分，必须依赖宿主（人体）摄取的葡萄糖、胺基酸和脂质等有机物来生存与快速生长。

真菌在恶劣环境下会产生休眠的孢子；癌细胞在化疗或药物攻击下，也会进入类似的「休眠期」，会暂停分裂、隐匿行踪，等待时机复发。

Cancer cells and fungi are both heterotrophic organisms and both have a dormant state - Cancer Cells and Fungi Series 2

Fungi are heterotrophic organisms, relying on the intake or decomposition of organic matter produced by other organisms to survive. Cancer cells are also heterotrophic. They cannot produce nutrients on their own and must rely on organic matter such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids ingested by the host (human body) to survive and grow rapidly.

Fungi produce dormant spores under harsh environments; cancer cells, under chemotherapy or drug attack, also enter a similar dormant period, pausing division, hiding their presence, and waiting for an opportunity to relapse.

真菌-肿瘤微生态（Fungi-tumor microecology）– 癌细胞与真菌的系列3

真菌-肿瘤微生态（Fungi-tumor microecology，Tumor Mycobiome）是指真菌在肿瘤微环境中扮演着重要的「共谋」或「生态共生」角色。
顶尖期刊《细胞》（Cell）的研究指出，人体内多种类型的癌症（如乳癌、肺癌、胰脏癌、大肠癌等）内部，都存在特定的真菌与细菌，形成复杂的「真菌-细菌-免疫生态系」。这些真菌会与细菌、免疫细胞及肿瘤细胞相互作用，进而促进肿瘤生成、影响癌症转移。研究证实超过35种癌症的肿瘤内部存在真菌与其DNA。

以下为医学研究中发现最具代表性的关联组合：
1. 真菌与其对应的癌细胞：
大肠癌（胃肠道癌）与念珠菌 (Candida)
肺癌与芽生菌 (Blastomyces
乳癌与马拉色菌 (Malassezia)
多种实体肿瘤与面包酵母菌 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)：不仅存在于人体，也广泛出现在肺癌、卵巢癌与黑色素瘤等恶性肿瘤内部。

2. 环境真菌代谢产物与癌变的关联：
肝癌与黄麴毒素(Aflatoxin)：由黄麴霉菌产生，是目前已知最强的生物致癌物之一，与肝细胞癌（HCC）的发生有高度直接的因果关联。

Fungi-Tumor Microecology (par1/2) - Cancer Cells and Fungi Series 3

Fungi-tumor microecology (Tumor Mycobiome) refers to the important "complicity" or "ecological symbiosis" role that fungi play in the tumor microenvironment.

Research published in the leading journal 《Cell》 indicates that specific fungi and bacteria exist within various types of cancer in the human body (such as breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer), forming a complex "fungus-bacteria-immune ecosystem." These fungi interact with bacteria, immune cells, and tumor cells, thereby promoting tumor formation and influencing cancer metastasis. Studies have confirmed the presence of fungi and their DNA within the tumors of more than 35 types of cancer.