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(1ai)
Food poisoning is a general term to describe the symptoms that follow the eating of food contaminated with either pathogenic microorganisms or poisonous chemicals.

(1aii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) A reservoir of infection
(ii) A susceptible host
(iii) A mode of transmission
(iv) Presence of an agent

(1b)
(PICKA ANY FOUR)
(i) Alzheimer's disease
(ii) Parkinson's disease
(iii) Multiple sclerosis
(iv) Cancer
(v) Cardiovascular disease

(2a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Burns
(ii) Fractures.
(iii) Heart attacks and strokes
(iv) Severe bleeding
(v) Poisoning

(2b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Cholera
(ii) Typhoid fever
(iii) Gastroenteritis
(v) Malaria
(vi) Dengue fever

(4a)
Mental health refers to a person’s emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how individuals think, feel, and act, influencing their ability to handle stress, relate to others, and make choices.

(4b)
(i) Genetic Factors: Family history of mental health conditions can increase the risk of developing mental illness.
(ii) Trauma: Experiencing traumatic events, such as abuse or a significant loss, can lead to mental health issues.
(iii) Biological Factors: Chemical imbalances in the brain, such as neurotransmitter imbalances, can contribute to mental disorders.

*WAEC HEALTH SCIENCE*

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(2a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Burns
(ii) Fractures.
(iii) Heart attacks and strokes
(iv) Severe bleeding
(v) Poisoning

(2b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Cholera
(ii) Typhoid fever
(iii) Gastroenteritis
(v) Malaria
(vi) Dengue fever

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(3)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) it provides financial protection against the high cost of medical care.
(ii) It gives people access to a wider range of healthcare services.
(iii) It helps to ensure that people receive preventive care and early treatment for illnesses.
(iv) It can help to reduce stress and anxiety about paying for medical care.
(v) It can improve overall health and well-being.

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(4a)
Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.

(4b)
(PICK ANT THREE)
(i) Genetics: Some people are more likely to develop mental illness due to their genes.
(ii) Brain chemistry: An imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain can lead to mental illness.
(iii) Life experiences: Traumatic or stressful life events can trigger mental illness in some people.
(iv) Physical health: Some physical illnesses can lead to mental illness.
(v) Substance abuse: Drug and alcohol abuse can cause or worsen mental illness.

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(5)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Nucleus
(ii) Mitochondria
(iii) Endoplasmic reticulum
(iv) Golgi apparatus
(v) Lysosomes

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(6)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Measles
(ii) Mumps
(iii) Rubella
(iv) Polio
(v) Tetanus

8ai)
The organ where the tapeworm could be found is the Small Intestine.

(8aii)
(i) Scolex (head): attaches to the intestinal wall
(ii) Neck: produces new segments
(iii) Proglottids (segments): absorb nutrients

(8bi)
The individual could have prevented the tapeworm infestation by ensuring that meat is thoroughly cooked before consumption.

(8bii)
(i) Practicing good hygiene: Regular handwashing with soap and water, especially before eating and after using the toilet.
(ii) Proper sanitation: Ensuring proper disposal of human and animal waste to prevent contamination of food and water sources.
(iii) Health screening and treatment: Regular health check-ups and deworming, especially for people in areas with high prevalence of tapeworm infections.

(8c)
(i) Abdominal pain
(ii) Diarrhea
(iii) Weight loss

(8d)
(i) Drinking water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae.
(ii) Eating fruits or vegetables that have been contaminated with tapeworm eggs, often through contact with contaminated soil or water.

(8e)
(i) Ascaris lumbricoides(round worm)
(ii) Ancylostoma duodenale(hook worm)
(iii) Enterobius vermicularis(pinworm)

(8f)
(i) Ascariasis: Caused by Ascaris lumbricoides.
(ii) Hookworm disease: Caused by Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus.
(iii) Schistosomiasis: Caused by blood flukes (Schistosoma species).
(iv) Trichinosis: Caused by Trichinella spiralis.

(7ai)
(i)developmental delays
(ii)physical abnormalities
(iii)cognitive impairments.

(7aii)
(i)an increased risk of miscarriage
(ii)stillbirth
(iii)premature birth.

(7b)
(i)tracking her menstrual cycle
(ii)using the withdrawal method
(iii)using condoms
(iv)practicing abstinence.

(7c)
(i) Without attending antenatal clinics, the pregnant woman may miss important prenatal screenings and tests that could detect potential health issues for both her and the fetus.
(ii) The woman may not receive important information and guidance on prenatal care, nutrition, and healthy lifestyle choices.
(iii) The woman may not receive support and counseling for any emotional or mental health issues she may be experiencing during pregnancy.

(7d)
(i) Financial strain due to the cost of raising a large family.
(ii) Limited resources and attention for each child in a large family.
(iii) Increased stress and pressure on the parents to provide for a large family.
(iv) Difficulty in maintaining work-life balance and individualized attention for each child.

(9a)
| Food Item | Test |
| --- | --- |
| Sugar cane | Benedict's test |
| Meat | Biuret test |
| Boiled yam | Benedict's test (for starch) |
| Butter | Sudan III test |
| Egg albumen | Biuret test |

(9b)
(i)Add 1-2 mL of Biuret reagent to a small sample of the food item.
(ii)Mix well and observe the color change.
(iii)A purple color indicates the presence of protein.

(9c)
(i)Add a few drops of iodine solution to a small sample of the food item.
(ii)Mix well and observe the color change.
(iii)A blue-black color indicates the presence of starch.

(9d)
Orthodox medicine refers to conventional or mainstream medicine, which is based on scientific evidence and widely accepted medical practices.

(9e)
(i)Beer
(ii)Wine
(iii)Whiskey (or other spirits)

HEALTH SCIENCE
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