*WAEC AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE*

*NUMBER ONE*

(1a)
(PICK SIX ONLY)
(i) Poor storage facilities
(ii) Inadequate transportation infrastructure
(iii) Low agricultural productivity
(iv) Pests and diseases affecting crops
(v) Climate change and erratic rainfall
(vi) Political instability and conflicts
(vii) Lack of access to modern farming tools
(viii) High cost of farm inputs
(ix) Poor government policies
(x) Urban migration reducing rural farm labor

(1b)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Ministry of Agriculture
(ii) West African Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP)
(iii) Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC)
(iv) Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs)
(v) National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS)
(vi) National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI)

(1ci)
(PICK THREE ONLY)
(i) Ploughing
(ii) Harrowing
(iii) Ridging
(iv) Planting
(v) Spraying
(vi) Harvesting

(1cii)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) High cost of purchasing tractors
(ii) Lack of access to credit facilities
(iii) Poor road networks for transporting machinery
(iv) Inadequate training on tractor use
(v) Scarcity of spare parts
(vi) Poor maintenance culture
(vii) Low level of mechanized farming
(viii) Unstable government policies
(ix) Limited government subsidies or support
(x) Lack of awareness about available mechanization programs.

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(2a)
(i)Leaching: Nutrients can be leached from the soil by excessive rainfall or irrigation, leading to nutrient loss.
(ii)Crop removal: Harvesting crops can remove nutrients from the soil, especially if the crops are not returned to the soil as organic matter.
(iii)Erosion: Soil erosion can lead to nutrient loss, as topsoil is often rich in nutrients.
(iv)Continuous cultivation: Continuous cultivation without adequate nutrient replenishment can lead to nutrient depletion.

(2bi)
(i)Nutrient addition: Green manure adds nutrients to the soil, improving soil fertility.
(ii)Soil structure improvement: Green manure can improve soil structure, increasing water-holding capacity and aeration.
(iii)Increased microbial activity: Green manure provides a food source for beneficial microorganisms, promoting soil health.

(2bii)
(i)Labor requirements: Incorporating green manure into the soil can be labor-intensive.
(ii)Competition with crops: Green manure crops can compete with other crops for water and nutrients.
(iii)Potential for weediness: Some green manure crops can become weeds if not managed properly.

(2c)
(i)Loss of biodiversity: Deforestation can lead to the loss of biodiversity, as forests are home to a wide range of plant and animal species.
(ii)Soil erosion: Deforestation can lead to soil erosion, as tree roots help hold soil in place.
(iii)Climate change: Deforestation contributes to climate change, as forests play a crucial role in regulating the climate.
(iv)Indigenous community displacement: Deforestation can lead to the displacement of indigenous communities, who often depend on forests for their livelihoods.

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*WAEC AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE*

*NUMBER THREE*

(3a)
(Complete the Table)

(3bi)
WIND:
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) It causes mechanical damage to crops.
(ii) It leads to lodging of tall crops like maize and sorghum.
(iii) It increases the rate of evapotranspiration.
(iv) It helps in the dispersal of pollen for pollination.
(v) It can spread pests and diseases.
(vi) It contributes to soil erosion.
(vii) It can aid in seed dispersal.
(viii) Strong winds can destroy farm infrastructure such as greenhouses.

(3bii)
LIGHT:
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) It is essential for photosynthesis in crops.
(ii) Inadequate light reduces crop yield.
(iii) It influences flowering and fruiting in plants.
(iv) Light duration affects vegetative growth.
(v) Excessive sunlight can cause wilting and scorching.
(vi) It affects the opening and closing of stomata.
(vii) Light intensity influences plant pigmentation.
(viii) It helps in regulating plant circadian rhythms.

(3c)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Logging for timber and firewood.
(ii) Bush burning.
(iii
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*WAEC AGRIC SCIENCE*

*NUMBER FOUR*

(4ai)
-Planting material-
Cotton is propagated using seeds. Delinted and treated seeds are commonly used to prevent pest and disease attack and ensure better germination.

(4aii)
-Spacing-
Recommended spacing for cotton is about 75 cm between rows and 30–45 cm within rows, depending on the variety and soil fertility.

(4aiii)
-Two varieties-
(i) SAMCOT 9
(ii) SAMCOT 12

(4aiv)
-Harvesting-
Cotton is harvested when the bolls open and expose the fluffy white lint. It is done manually by handpicking or mechanically using harvesters.

(4av)
-Two pest-
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Bollworm
(ii) Cotton aphid
(iii) Whiteflies
(iv) Cotton stainer
(v) Leafhopper
(vi) Spider mites

(4avi)
-Two uses-
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Cotton fiber is used in the textile industry for making clothes
(ii) Cottonseed oil is used for cooking
(iii) Cottonseed cake is used as livestock feed
(iv) Cotton lint is used in making medical supplies like bandages and cotton wool
(v) The stalks can be used as fuel or for compost
(vi) Cotton is also used in making industrial products like paper and plastics

(4b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Increased yield
(ii) Pest and disease resistance
(iii) Better adaptability to the environment
(iv) Improved fruit quality
(v) Longer shelf life
(vi) Greater tolerance to drought or adverse weather
(vii) Shorter maturity period
(viii) Higher market demand
(ix) Better income and livelihood for farmers

(4c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Regular feeding and watering
(ii) Daily removal of droppings
(iii) Timely collection of eggs
(iv) Monitoring and vaccination against diseases
(v) Checking for injuries or sick birds
(vi) Providing adequate lighting for egg production
(vii) Ensuring proper ventilation and temperature control
(viii) Cleaning and disinfecting the cages regularly

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