For decades, archaeologists have debated whether these early Paleoindians were megafauna specialists, focused on hunting massive animals, or dietary generalists who ate a broad mix of small game, fish, plants, and shellfish depending on their local environment.

Over the past ten years, many scientists had drifted toward the generalist view.

However, a new study led by the University of Alaska Fairbanks pushes back hard against that trend.

“One of two competing ideas is dietary generalization: exploiting a wide variety of resources that would differ based on region,” explained University of Alaska Fairbanks Professor Ben Potter.

“The other is megafaunal specialization: focusing on just a few large-bodied prey.”

In the study, the researchers examined 50 archaeological sites across three regions: Eastern Beringia (ancient Alaska, roughly 14,000 to 13,300 years ago), the Clovis culture of North America (about 13,400 to 12,800 years ago), and the Fishtail Projectile Point culture of South America (roughly 12,900 to 11,600 years ago).

Together, these represent the earliest continent-spanning human societies in the western hemisphere.

Analyzing measures such as species abundance, minimum number of individuals, and edible biomass, the scientists found that megafauna accounted for 83% to 88% of the meat and fat these groups likely consumed.

Woolly mammoths dominated diets in Beringia, Columbian mammoths in North America, and giant ground sloths and gomphotheres in South America.

Smaller animals were present at many sites but contributed almost nothing nutritionally.

“The test of dietary specialization isn’t just how many of a given animal you find at an ancient campsite,” Professor Potter said.

“It’s what the record looks like relative to natural abundance. If early people were dietary generalists, you’d expect to find the most common animals would be more common in peoples’ campsites.”

“Animals like mammoths and ground sloths, which were actually quite rare in the landscape, completely dominate the archaeological record.”

“Rabbits and mice, which would have been everywhere, barely register.”

The authors also point to independent evidence: a chemical analysis of a Clovis-era child called Anzick-1 found that roughly 96% of his mother’s protein came from megafauna, mostly mammoth.

Beyond diet, these early groups shared other hallmarks of specialized hunters: highly efficient, well-maintained toolkits carried over long distances; extremely mobile, far-ranging lifestyles instead of settled home territories; and little to no evidence of plant-processing tools like grinding stones.

Picture a bright red apple. Most people can do this easily. They imagine the apple's shape, color and shine. But for others, the image is vague and blurry or they "see" nothing at all. This is known as aphantasia—a "blind mind's eye."

What we are dealing with here are individual differences in mental imagery. Research suggests mental imagery exists on a continuum, and this can affect how we learn.

Every day in class, students are encouraged to "visualize," "imagine," or "picture" concepts. For example, in geography, students need to imagine landscapes or weather systems. In science, they are asked to mentally represent atoms, electric currents or molecular processes.

But what happens when a student cannot easily do this?

Our study examines whether differences in mental imagery affect students' learning—and how teachers and parents can reduce any disadvantage this may cause.

Why mental imagery matters
When students can create a clear mental picture, that image may help them understand, organize and remember new information. This is all helpful for their learning.

But research suggests students with weak mental imagery may need to work harder and may not experience these benefits to the same extent.

This can sometimes show up as students taking longer to understand new ideas or needing more support to remember what they have learned.

Instead of relying on mental images, they may have to process information in other ways—through words, logic, memorization or repeated rehearsal. This can increase what psychologists call cognitive load, or the amount of mental effort required to learn something new.

How can you tell if your child struggles here?
Children with weak mental imagery may be less likely to report "seeing pictures in their mind" when reading stories, recalling past events or imagining future situations.

They may rely more on verbal descriptions, facts or step-by-step reasoning than on visualization strategies.

This is not uncommon. In our study, we estimated about 10% of students had "no" or "dim" mental imagery. About 30% reported their mental imagery was only "somewhat" vivid.

Following its longest hibernation period ever of nearly a year, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has emerged in good health and is ready to begin transmitting science data gathered in the distant Kuiper Belt far beyond Pluto.

On June 23, flight controllers at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, confirmed New Horizons, acting on stored commands uplinked to its main computer last July, had safely awakened from a 321‑day hibernation period that began Aug. 7. With the spacecraft now approximately 5.9 billion miles (9.5 billion kilometers) from Earth, the radio signals carrying that confirmation took about 8 hours and 52 minutes to reach the APL Mission Operations Center via NASA's Deep Space Network station near Madrid, Spain.

The mission team typically places New Horizons in resource‑saving hibernation mode during long cruise periods. While the spacecraft is hibernating, operators do not send commands or retrieve data, but the spacecraft continues gathering and storing data around the clock from its heliospheric plasma sensors, Solar Wind at Pluto and the Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation, as well as its space dust detector, the Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter.

Alice Bowman, the New Horizons mission operations manager at APL, said the spacecraft reported back to Earth, via the Deep Space Network, with a weekly status beacon.

"Every status report through this hibernation period was 'green,' meaning all was well aboard New Horizons each and every week," she said.

As New Horizons resumes active operations, Bowman noted, the team will begin downlinking spacecraft health and safety data, followed by data from the three scientific instruments. In about three weeks, the spacecraft's onboard Alice ultraviolet spectrograph will look at the hydrogen gas distribution in the outer heliosphere, while the Solar Wind at Pluto, the Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation, and the Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter instruments continue their measurements, and the ground team conducts a series of spacecraft and instrument checkouts.

The team also is completing upgrades to the ground‑system software that will make it easier to maintain operations of the spacecraft. Tests are already underway and are expected to continue through the year.

New Horizons is operating on updated autonomy logic designed for operations farther from the sun and to accommodate the expected reduction in power and the naturally occurring increase in radio‑signal travel time.

The NASA spacecraft's exploration of this distant region of the solar system marks the latest step in a journey that began in January 2006 with the fastest launch on record; a flyby of Jupiter in February 2007 that included stunning views of the gas giant and its moons; the first exploration through the Pluto system in July 2015; the first exploration of a Kuiper Belt object, Arrokoth, in January 2019, and unique studies of the sun's outer heliosphere and dozens of additional Kuiper Belt objects since then.

In 1993, a team led by the planetary scientist Carl Sagan tentatively concluded that there is life on Earth. Not much of a deduction, you might think — except that the researchers confined their evidence to observations made by the Galileo spacecraft(opens a new tab), which had flown past our planet three years earlier on a looping journey to Jupiter. So great is the transformative power of life that its presence can be detected just from the light and radio waves our planet emits or reflects into space. Today we scan the cosmos for some of these telltale signatures light-years away.

Life leaves a mark, yet even now there’s no scientific consensus about what makes living things so different from inorganic substances like the rocks, gases, and oceans that are the sole components of dead worlds. Many scientists cite properties such as replication or metabolism. Others speak in more abstract terms about the way life is out of thermodynamic equilibrium with its surroundings. But some give another kind of answer. Living organisms are different because they do stuff for reasons.

It’s not enough to say that life is a nonequilibrium organized state through which there’s a constant flux of matter and energy. That description applies to hurricanes, too. But hurricanes just are. Only living entities have goals: to find food, to reproduce, to survive, sometimes simply to experience good things. (Dog owners will recognize that this is not just a human attribute.)

One way to express this idea is to say that living organisms have “agency.” It’s a hotly contested term. Some biologists reject it outright, at least for any organisms except humans, because we decide on our actions with conscious deliberation. (Whether we’re truly the only species to do so is another issue.) Others think that agency is a fundamental attribute of all life. Since there’s no agreed-upon definition of the term, to some extent it can mean whatever you want it to mean. But the debate about biological agency touches on fundamental issues in our understanding of what it means to be alive, because agency evokes a notion that biologists and philosophers have always wrestled with: teleology, the apparent purposiveness of life. If we admit agency into biology, do we open the floodgates to ideas about design, vitalism, or cosmic meaning? Or is it just a recognition of what makes life such a special state of matter?

To me, the notion of agency indeed speaks to our intuitive sense of what makes living things so special: not mere machines pushed around by environment and circumstance. I suspect that aversion to agency betrays a queasiness about confronting life as something more than some kind of genetic program. But there’s danger in the idea, too: It could so easily derail the work of studying the mechanistic explanations of how life works. I’m not looking to either bury or praise agency, but to explore whether it can be a scientifically productive idea.

Popular science fiction is no stranger to escape-pod scenarios, typically featuring characters who narrowly avoid their demise by jettisoning from a spaceship—think R2-D2 and C-3PO shooting away from a rebel spaceship in the opening of Star Wars: A New Hope. Biologists at the University of California San Diego have found that communities of bacteria feature a similar ejection capability.

Groups of bacteria known as biofilms thrive on surfaces all around us. These microscopic clusters are abundant in aquatic environments, from the slick surface of lake rocks to the slimy buildup in plumbing pipes. Biofilms also inhabit select parts of our bodies, including our skin and the surfaces of our teeth.

UC San Diego scientists from Professor Gürol Süel's laboratory in the School of Biological Sciences documented the biofilm ejection phenomenon for the first time while studying a bacterium known as hay bacillus (Bacillus subtilis).

Previous views held that biofilms facing death simply dissolved and faded away. Adding to the researchers' surprise, they reviewed similar ejection capabilities across the animal kingdom and found that the only other organisms that feature similar mechanisms are jellyfish.

A hidden rupture mechanism
"We found that at the end of their life cycles, these bacterial biofilms forcefully ejected specific cells from the community," said Süel, a professor in the Department of Molecular Biology, of the study, published in Nature Microbiology. "The biofilm senses that it is in trouble so it shoots cells out of the community like an escape pod."

Survival through expelled cells
The researchers say the ejection capability allows a biofilm facing nutrient starvation or other threats to ensure that the community can survive by releasing mobile cells that have the potential to swim away and colonize a new location.

"The biofilm knows it is going to die, so it ejects some of its cells so they can survive and live to fight another day," said Süel.

Rare images taken by a Japanese space probe during a flyby of a near-Earth asteroid have revealed that the space rock resembled a snowman, scientists said Monday.

The fridge-sized Hayabusa2 skimmed asteroid Torifune on Sunday in a mission that demonstrated the ability to deflect a potentially dangerous space rock away from Earth.

A new image released by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) on Monday could aid such efforts, as researchers say near-Earth asteroids vary in their size, shape and surface characteristics.

"The moment I actually saw this image and the scientific data—it really gave me goosebumps," JAXA scientist Yuya Mimasu told reporters, adding the asteroid "personally looked like a snowman."

The black-and-white image, captured by a telescopic camera, showed what appeared to be two round objects joined together.

"You can actually see the rocks... I really hadn't expected to be able to take a photo like this, so I'm absolutely over the moon," he said.

The mission follows NASA's successful 2022 test that changed the orbit of the asteroid Dimorphos by deliberately smashing it with a spacecraft.

Torifune was known to have an elongated shape, but its details were unknown.

After the Torifune mission, the space probe is expected to attempt in 2031 a "rendezvous"—a maneuver in which it flies alongside or touches down on a space rock to gather detailed data—with an asteroid called 1998KY26.

Oceanographers often point out that the surfaces of the Moon and Mars are mapped more precisely than much of the deep seafloor on Earth. That gap is especially clear in the Bismarck Sea, a deep basin north of Papua New Guinea. Its seafloor is geologically complex, with faults, volcanic structures, rifts, scarps, active subduction zones, and spreading zones lying at depths that are difficult to map in fine detail with sonar.

On May 8, 2026, satellites picked up signs of an unexpected underwater volcanic eruption in the Central Bismarck Sea. For volcanologists, the event highlighted a major problem: there were no detailed maps of the region, and the deep water setting of the eruption remains poorly understood.

The eruption is believed to be taking place along Titan Ridge, about 16 kilometers (10 miles) southeast of a submarine eruption recorded in 1972. Still, scientists do not yet agree on exactly which volcanic feature is active, how deep the vent was before the eruption, or when it last erupted.

“The good news is that there are huge opportunities to explore and learn using both government and commercial satellite platforms already in orbit,” said Jim Garvin, the chief scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.

Heat can be dangerous, but health experts say there are ways to manage the threat.

Scorching temperatures, especially combined with high humidity, pose risks particularly for children, older people and those with certain health conditions. Anyone can suffer from heat-related illness.

Climate change is also exacerbating heat waves and heat stress.

So here are some tips to stay safe:

When heat becomes dangerous
Dangers posed by hot weather depend on more than the temperature. The most detailed measurement is called the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT), which includes temperature, humidity, cloud cover and wind. The heat index, which measures temperature and humidity, is less descriptive but easier to find on weather apps. Both explain why a shaded soccer field on a 90 degree F day (32 degree C) in arid Phoenix may be less risky than an exposed park on an 80 degree F (27 degree C) day in soupy Little Rock.

Just based on heat index, NOAA has a chart that calculates how dangerous prolonged exposure can be. For example, a day in which temperatures reach 96 degree F (36 degrees C) and 45% humidity would fall into the "danger" category for prolonged exposure or strenuous activity.

The WBGT threshold isn't exact, but recent research suggests that even some young, healthy people can't endure hours of exposure to high heat and humidity.

How to cool down
Overnight temperatures can be a particularly dangerous part of a heat wave, said Ashley Ward, director of the Heat Policy Innovation Hub at Duke University.

"Your body needs a reprieve," she said. "You don't get that overnight, we start the next day at a deficit." Heat can worsen labor productivity and lead to more visits to the emergency room.

"When we have overnight temperatures that don't drop below 75 degrees" F (24 degrees C), she said, "you start to see some pretty extraordinary outcomes with respect to heat illness and heat stroke, and even mortality."

Ward said air conditioning can help, but she acknowledged that not everyone has access...

A breakthrough in photonic chips could make large, costly, ultrafast lasers dramatically smaller, leading to portable and affordable imaging, diagnostic and information-processing devices, researchers say.

By using a decades-old overlooked laser architecture, scientists managed to fit an ultrafast laser onto a tiny photonic chip — a chip that uses light, rather than electricity, for computing operations.

In a new study published June 3 in the journal Nature, the team demonstrated that a tiny laser on the photonic chip could deliver 1.05 nanojoules of energy in 147-femtosecond (147 quadrillionths of a second) bursts — thereby competing with the output of laboratory-class ultrafast lasers.

Ultrafast lasers are used in a variety of applications, from precision manufacturing and eye surgery to biological imaging and atomic clocks, but the systems needed to power them tend to take up whole tabletops in labs or factories. Yet the powerful output of these laser pulses made them difficult to miniaturise onto photonic chips.

"For more than twenty years, a high-pulse-energy femtosecond laser on chip was widely regarded as a holy grail of integrated photonics," Tobias Kippenberg, a photonics professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology(EPFL), said in a statement.

Because of our Solar System's location in the Milky Way's galactic disk, astronomers have a harder time determining the true extent of the Milky Way than they do galaxies millions or even billions of light-years away. And whereas distant galaxies can be well-constrained using optical telescopes, astronomers must rely on instruments that capture light at other wavelengths (radio, infrared, ultraviolet, and X-ray) to better understand the Milky Way's properties.

This includes the Milky Way's outer arms, whose true distances have remained somewhat unclear until recently. Using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton satellite, a team of astronomers recently made precise distance measurements to dust clouds in the Milky Way’s spiral arms. Their findings suggest that they may be wider than previously thought, causing astronomers to rethink prevailing theories about our home galaxy's structure.

The results are described in a new paper published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics. The team's distance measurements relied on a technique that utilizes light echoes, where they observed rings created by gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) bouncing off of dust clouds in the spiral arms. These GRBs were released by the collapse of massive stars (supernovae) or the merger of neutron stars (kilonova bursts). The diameters of the rings in X-rays provide distance measurements, with larger rings being generated by dust clouds closer to us.

The speed at which a cell produces proteins is a decisive factor in determining whether it divides, specializes or retains its stem cell properties. A team of researchers led by Professor Stefan H. Stricker, professor of epigenetic engineering at LMU's Biomedical Center and research group leader at Helmholtz Munich, has worked with international partners to demonstrate directly for the first time that the amount of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) directly regulates these processes. Their results were published in the journal Science.

New method makes it possible to control ribosomal RNA in a targeted manner
It has been established for some time that the amount of ribosomal RNA differs among different types of cells and is altered in a number of diseases. But it remained unclear whether these specific characteristics are the cause or merely the result of biological processes.

With the newly developed CRISPR-based method TAPIR (Targeted Activation of Protein Translation), researchers now have access to a tool that can boost the activity of ribosomal genes and, as a result, influence a cell's protein production. "Our new study shows that targeted activation of rRNA production significantly increases protein synthesis," explains Stricker, lead author of the publication.

New perspectives for rare diseases and cancer
The results could be particularly relevant for diseases in which ribosome function is disrupted. These include ribosomopathies such as Treacher-Collins syndrome, a rare congenital disease that causes facial malformations. In a mouse model, the researchers partially compensated for disease-related alterations by stimulating rRNA production in a targeted way.

In addition, the research team observed that similar mechanisms also play a role in pancreatic cancer. Tumor cells seem to use increased rRNA production to maintain their rapid growth. In the mouse model for pancreatic cancer, TAPIR was able to increase rRNA production and promote the growth of the cancer cells. This shows that increased rRNA production has a causal effect in contributing to tumor growth and is not just a side effect.

Centaurus A is a giant galaxy located in the southern constellation of Centaurus.

Also known as NGC 5128, LEDA 46957, ESO 270-9, and Caldwell 7, the galaxy is one of the brightest objects in the southern hemisphere night sky.

Centaurus A was discovered on April 29, 1826 by the Scottish astronomer James Dunlop.

At a distance of 13 million light-years, it is the closest active galactic nucleus to us.

Astronomers theorize that what was originally an elliptical galaxy collided with a relatively smaller spiral galaxy, giving it the peculiar shape we see now.

“At Centaurus A’s core sits a supermassive black hole actively feeding on surrounding material,” the Webb astronomers said in a statement.

“As it does, the black hole launches powerful jets and releases enormous amounts of energy, shaping the galaxy around it.”

“At the same time, Centaurus A bears the scars of a dramatic past: a major collision with another galaxy roughly two billion years ago.”

“The aftermath of that merger is still visible today in its unusual structure and ongoing star formation.”

Visible light observations from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope could not reveal the central region of Centaurus A where dust blocked the view, while NASA’s retired Spitzer Space Telescope revealed large scale structures in the infrared without resolving individual stars.

Now, Webb brings both clarity and depth, exposing the galaxy’s inner workings star by star.

The brain's memory center may come "prewired," rather than being built from scratch after birth, a new study in mice finds.

The research, published in April in the journal Nature Communications, offers a new perspective on a long-standing question in neuroscience: Does the brain begin as a blank slate and build memories by adding connections through experience, or does it come with built-in wiring? The new research focused on the hippocampus, a seahorse-shaped structure deep in the brain that's essential for forming memories.

Rather than supporting either theory directly, the research points to the latter idea but adds a significant twist.

The researchers focused on a region of the hippocampus called cornu ammonis 3 (CA3), which plays a central role in storing and recalling memories. A trait known as plasticity enables neurons within CA3 to continuously strengthen and weaken their connections and thus strengthen or weaken different memories.

The team examined mouse brain tissue collected shortly after birth, during adolescence or during adulthood. They found that early in life, hippocampal networks are densely wired, with many neurons hyperconnected in a seemingly random pattern. As the brain matures, these haphazard networks become sparser yet more structured as connections are pruned. This pruning begins soon after birth, with significant declines in connectivity by adolescence.

The finding discounts the idea that the hippocampus starts out as a blank slate, or "tabula rasa."

"We find, in a nutshell, that the system is not a tabula rasa, as we thought originally, where you can just write information and then at some point, this information fills the system," said study co-author Peter Jonas, a neuroscientist at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria. "Rather, it starts out as a tabula plena [full slate] and then becomes more sparser and specifically connected."

This pattern may help to explain why we remember so little from infancy.

Memories are thought to be stored within networks of neurons that fire together, representing specific experiences. In a young brain, however, these connections between neurons, called synapses, behave differently, the study suggests. In young brain tissue, a single input could cause a neuron to fire, the team found, while in mature networks, neurons typically require multiple inputs to fire.

A German-Japanese research team involving the University of Augsburg has made a significant breakthrough in the use of antiferromagnets. For the first time, the team has succeeded in writing magnetic information using only ultrashort laser pulses—without the need for electric currents or magnetic fields.

Antiferromagnetic materials are considered promising for the next generation of data storage devices because they react particularly quickly and are insensitive to external disturbances. Until now, however, their application has been limited because their magnetic states are difficult to control precisely.

The research team led by experimental physicist Prof. Dr. István Kézsmárki has now developed a new method in which it is not the polarization of the light, but its direction of propagation ("pulse"), that is used for control. Through targeted irradiation, it is possible to switch between different magnetic states and write information. Furthermore, this information can also be read out using purely optical means. The paper is published in the journal Nature Materials.

Data storage technology of the future
The method operates in the telecommunications wavelength range and is therefore compatible with existing optical networks. In the future, it could enable a direct link between optical communication and magnetic data storage—faster and with significantly lower energy consumption.

Furthermore, the researchers were able to demonstrate that complex magnetic patterns can be selectively written into the material and stored stably. By repeatedly switching the material using laser light, the information is retained permanently (nonvolatile), which is a key requirement for practical storage technologies.

Microplastic contamination has been a much-discussed topic over the last several years, but contamination from even smaller plastic particles represents another pressing issue. Nanoplastics—defined as being under a micrometer in diameter—may pose an even higher ecological risk because they can travel more easily, cross cellular membranes and easily adsorb other pollutants.

Although nanoplastics have been found in environments all over the world, it was thought that soil in pristine places like Antarctica, particularly areas farther from the ocean, might be somewhat protected from contamination. However, a new study, published in Scientific Reports, reports that nanoplastics have now been found in the soils of desert valleys in the interior of Antarctica.

Every galaxy appears to carry far more mass than telescopes can see. That invisible material, known as dark matter, may be linked to a hidden fifth dimension whose geometry naturally shapes how dark matter particles behave, according to a theory developed at the University of Sheffield.

Dark matter has occupied both physics and science fiction for decades, appearing in stories ranging from planet-destroying vortexes in Star Trek to the ‘Dust’ that sustains the multiverse in Philip Pullman’s His Dark Materials fantasy trilogy.

In real cosmology, it remains one of physics’ deepest unresolved questions. Researchers infer its existence from its powerful gravitational influence, which helps hold galaxies together, but no experiment has directly detected it or established what it is made of.

The idea that dark matter could occupy an unseen extra dimension has received growing attention. A study published in Physical Review D now extends that possibility by proposing a framework that could explain both dark matter’s behavior and its continued resistance to detection.

A hidden dimension aligns dark matter
The model places dark matter in an extra dimension with a force-carrying particle called a dark photon. The shape and geometry of that dimension naturally bring the masses of the two particles into a precise alignment.

That alignment produces dark matter resonance, an effect broadly comparable to the strong vibration created when a musical instrument reaches the correct note.

Dr Yu-Dai Tsai, a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Senior Research Fellow at the University of Sheffield, said: “Dark matter resonance is already known to be a powerful idea, with the potential to change our understanding of how dark matter was produced in the early universe and how we search for it today.

“But many previous resonant dark matter models have treated the resonance as an assumption. This work gives a possible deeper origin for it: the resonance may come directly from the geometry of hidden dimensions.

“This resonance can make dark matter interactions much stronger at crucial epochs in cosmic history, such as in the early Universe. Crucially, the model allows for these strong interactions in the past while still explaining why dark matter appears so inert and hard to detect today.”

Geometry replaces artificial fine-tuning
Physicists have previously studied resonant dark matter and extra dimensions as separate ideas. Those earlier models, however, often required particle masses to be adjusted with extreme precision or ‘arranged by hand’ before the underlying physics would work.

The Sheffield model instead suggests that this close alignment may emerge naturally from the mathematical structure of the extra dimension rather than from an imposed coincidence.

“Understanding dark matter would represent a profound advance in humanity’s knowledge of the cosmos and what it is made of,” Yu-Dai added.

“Our research gives physicists clear new targets in the search for dark matter, while connecting two of the biggest ideas in fundamental physics: the mystery of dark matter and the existence of hidden dimensions.”

In a major milestone in the search for life on other planets, astronomers have detected, for the first time, an atmosphere surrounding an Earth-like, rocky planet orbiting within the habitable zone of another star. The finding provides the strongest evidence yet that worlds with conditions similar to Earth in composition and temperature, with the potential to support life, could exist beyond our solar system.

"An atmosphere is essential for a planet to support life as we know it," said lead author Collin Cherubim, who recently earned his Ph.D. in Earth and Planetary Sciences from Harvard University.

"This is the first time anyone has found an atmosphere on a rocky planet in the habitable zone of another star."

Published in Science, the study reports observational results detecting helium escaping from the atmosphere of LHS 1140 b, a rocky exoplanet about 48 light-years from Earth. Motivated by theoretical predictions, the discovery provides evidence that the planet possesses an atmosphere.

The planet orbits a red dwarf star within the star's habitable zone, or the region where temperatures and environmental conditions are within the range that could support liquid water on the planet's surface.

Astronomers have discovered thousands of exoplanets, including a few rocky worlds within their stars' habitable zones, but determining whether those planets have atmospheres has remained a great challenge.

Tissue engineers are finding ways to grow living organs and tissues from cells, with the aim of replacing diseased and damaged counterparts in the body. Scientists have successfully grown artificial muscles, livers, kidneys, skin and other tissues. But there's been no reliable way to engineer precisely patterned networks of blood vessels, some of which can be finer than a human hair.

Without a vascular network to deliver nutrients, any artificial tissues, no matter how lifelike, can't function. Now MIT engineers have found they can engineer and control the growth of blood vessels by mechanically stretching them.

The team has built a human "blood vessel on a chip," composed of a central artery made from human endothelial cells, that is embedded in a gel that also contains a small magnet. The researchers studied how the main artery responded as they jostled the gel back and forth using an external magnet to move the magnet embedded within the gel.

They found that the simple mechanical action of repeatedly jostling the artery stimulated it to sprout other, smaller capillaries. By changing the direction in which the artery is jostled or stretched, the researchers could redirect the growing new vessels. Stretching the artery by varying degrees influenced how many new vessels sprouted.

Their results, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, offer scientists a new way to engineer artificial blood vessels and program the patterns in which they grow. The study's MIT co-authors include Sina Kheiri, Jessica Shah, Shashaank Venkatesh and Roger Kamm, along with Peiyuan Chai and Ryan Flynn at Harvard University.

"Healthy tissues depend on organized blood vessel networks, but state-of-the-art protocols don't make it possible to fabricate such networks within engineered tissues," says Ritu Raman, associate professor of mechanical engineering at MIT and the study's co-lead author. "The ability to program blood vessel growth with physical cues may enable reproducible and scalable fabrication of engineered tissues that can be implanted in the body to restore function after debilitating disease or injury."

A giant mirror to create "sunlight on demand" was just approved by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), despite opposition from astronomers and the public, and real safety concerns.

The FCC approved the company Reflect Orbital to test one satellite, named Earendil-1, as a means of reflecting the sun's rays back to Earth for extra solar energy and wide-area lighting. The light is expected to cover an area 5 kilometers (3 miles) wide and will require repointing every four minutes.

And this is just the start. Reflect Orbital plans to have more than 50,000 satellites in action by 2035, which they claim will be used across agricultural, emergency response and other industrial sectors.

There are many problems with this proposal, including impacts these satellites will have on human health and safety, as well as on astronomy and the low-Earth environment.

Flashes during mirror repointing could disrupt pilots and drivers. The light could also disrupt circadian rhythms of plants, animals and humans. Sensitive detectors in research telescopes, as well as star-tracking cameras on lower-altitude satellites, could be overloaded and fried.

The FCC said that the "risks of harm raised on the record regarding Reflect Orbital's solar reflector are unrelated to the Commission's role in authorizing use of radiofrequency spectrum."

'Weird space stuff'
Satellite proposals for "emergent space activities" in low-Earth orbit are becoming increasingly outlandish. The proposals have become so weird, in fact, that the FCC recently published a document called "Spectrum Abundance for Weird Space Stuff."

"Once the province of science fiction," this document states, "American companies are now upgrading, relocating and servicing satellites; manufacturing pharmaceuticals in space; building private inhabitable spacecraft; and conducting private robotic missions to the surface of the moon."

Millions of orbital AI data centers are also planned. Corporations seem to be scrambling to launch anything that might persuade investors to throw money at them: space advertising, hotels for billionaires, artificial meteor showers, space burials for cremated remains, solar-powered infrared beams to power data centers and a variety of orbital missiles.

The phrase "weird space stuff" is refreshingly truthful. So, how did we get here?