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What Happens if a Supervolcano Blows Up?
The Earth is a gigantic ball of semi-molten rock, with a heart of iron as hot as the surface of the Sun. Titanic amounts of heat left over from its birth and the radioactive decay of trillions of tons of radioactive elements find no escape but up. Currents of rock spanning thousands of kilometers carry this energy to the surface. Earthโs crust is the only thing in their way. It feels solid to us, but it is only a fragile barrier, an apple skin around a flaming behemoth.
True apocalypses can break through and unleash eruptions tens of times more powerful than all of our nuclear weapons combined, subjecting the climate to centuries worth of change in a single year, while drowning continents in toxic ash and gases: supervolcanoes.
How big can they get? And will they put an end to humanity?
๐ Video (Kurzgesagt)
@EverythingScience
The Earth is a gigantic ball of semi-molten rock, with a heart of iron as hot as the surface of the Sun. Titanic amounts of heat left over from its birth and the radioactive decay of trillions of tons of radioactive elements find no escape but up. Currents of rock spanning thousands of kilometers carry this energy to the surface. Earthโs crust is the only thing in their way. It feels solid to us, but it is only a fragile barrier, an apple skin around a flaming behemoth.
True apocalypses can break through and unleash eruptions tens of times more powerful than all of our nuclear weapons combined, subjecting the climate to centuries worth of change in a single year, while drowning continents in toxic ash and gases: supervolcanoes.
How big can they get? And will they put an end to humanity?
@EverythingScience
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This is what youโve waited for.
Journey with us through Webbโs breathtaking view of the Pillars of Creation, where scores of newly formed stars glisten like dewdrops among floating, translucent columns of gas and dust.
โFirst, direct your attention to the tips of the pillars, many of which appear tinged with fiery โlava.โ Here, young stars periodically shoot out jets of material that collide with the pillars, which can then form wavy patterns. Energetic hydrogen molecules create that red glow.
โAlso near the edges of the pillars are tiny red orbs. These are the baby stars of the show, only a few hundred thousand years old!
#Webb
High-res
๐ @NASAWebb
@EverythingScience
Journey with us through Webbโs breathtaking view of the Pillars of Creation, where scores of newly formed stars glisten like dewdrops among floating, translucent columns of gas and dust.
โFirst, direct your attention to the tips of the pillars, many of which appear tinged with fiery โlava.โ Here, young stars periodically shoot out jets of material that collide with the pillars, which can then form wavy patterns. Energetic hydrogen molecules create that red glow.
โAlso near the edges of the pillars are tiny red orbs. These are the baby stars of the show, only a few hundred thousand years old!
#Webb
High-res
@EverythingScience
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If this majestic landscape looks familiar, you may recognize the original. Here, Hubblesโs iconic view, taken in visible light, is on the left. Webb โseesโ in infrared light invisible to our eyes, allowing it to pierce through the dust and reveal stars galore (right).
โWhy go back to where weโve been before? Webbโs new look identifies far more precise counts of newborn stars, along with the quantities of gas and dust. This will help us build a clearer understanding of how stars form and burst out of these dusty clouds over millions of years.
#Webb
High-res
๐ @NASAWebb
@EverythingScience
โWhy go back to where weโve been before? Webbโs new look identifies far more precise counts of newborn stars, along with the quantities of gas and dust. This will help us build a clearer understanding of how stars form and burst out of these dusty clouds over millions of years.
#Webb
High-res
@EverythingScience
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PillarsOfCreationWebbNIR.png
152.3 MB
Pillars of Creation (NIRCam)
The Pillars of Creation are set off in a kaleidoscope of color in NASAโs James Webb Space Telescopeโs near-infrared-light view. The pillars look like arches and spires rising out of a desert landscape, but are filled with semi-transparent gas and dust, and ever changing. This is a region where young stars are forming โ or have barely burst from their dusty cocoons as they continue to form.
Newly formed stars are the scene-stealers in this Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) image. These are the bright red orbs that sometimes appear with eight diffraction spikes. When knots with sufficient mass form within the pillars, they begin to collapse under their own gravity, slowly heat up, and eventually begin shining brightly.
Along the edges of the pillars are wavy lines that look like lava. These are ejections from stars that are still forming. Young stars periodically shoot out supersonic jets that can interact within clouds of material, like these thick pillars of gas and dust. This sometimes also results in bow shocks, which can form wavy patterns like a boat does as it moves through water. These young stars are estimated to be only a few hundred thousand years old, and will continue to form for millions of years.
Low-res
Source
#Webb
The Pillars of Creation are set off in a kaleidoscope of color in NASAโs James Webb Space Telescopeโs near-infrared-light view. The pillars look like arches and spires rising out of a desert landscape, but are filled with semi-transparent gas and dust, and ever changing. This is a region where young stars are forming โ or have barely burst from their dusty cocoons as they continue to form.
Newly formed stars are the scene-stealers in this Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) image. These are the bright red orbs that sometimes appear with eight diffraction spikes. When knots with sufficient mass form within the pillars, they begin to collapse under their own gravity, slowly heat up, and eventually begin shining brightly.
Along the edges of the pillars are wavy lines that look like lava. These are ejections from stars that are still forming. Young stars periodically shoot out supersonic jets that can interact within clouds of material, like these thick pillars of gas and dust. This sometimes also results in bow shocks, which can form wavy patterns like a boat does as it moves through water. These young stars are estimated to be only a few hundred thousand years old, and will continue to form for millions of years.
Low-res
Source
#Webb
PillarsOfCreationComparison.png
147.3 MB
Pillars of Creation (Hubble and Webb Images Side by Side)
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope made the Pillars of Creation famous with its first image in 1995, but revisited the scene in 2014 to reveal a sharper, wider view in visible light, shown above at left.
A new, near-infrared-light view from NASAโs James Webb Space Telescope, at right, helps us peer through more of the dust in this star-forming region. The thick, dusty brown pillars are no longer as opaque and many more red stars that are still forming come into view.
While the pillars of gas and dust seem darker and less penetrable in Hubbleโs view, they appear more diaphanous in Webbโs.
Low-res
Source
@EverythingScience
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope made the Pillars of Creation famous with its first image in 1995, but revisited the scene in 2014 to reveal a sharper, wider view in visible light, shown above at left.
A new, near-infrared-light view from NASAโs James Webb Space Telescope, at right, helps us peer through more of the dust in this star-forming region. The thick, dusty brown pillars are no longer as opaque and many more red stars that are still forming come into view.
While the pillars of gas and dust seem darker and less penetrable in Hubbleโs view, they appear more diaphanous in Webbโs.
Low-res
Source
@EverythingScience
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โThe International Space Station had to burn thrusters for more than 5 minutes on Monday night to avoid a chunk of debris from the satellite Russia shot down in November.
Article
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Article
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blogs.nasa.gov
Space Station Maneuvers to Avoid Orbital Debris
This evening, the International Space Stationโs Progress 81 thrusters fired for 5 minutes, 5 seconds in a Pre-Determined Debris Avoidance Maneuver (PDAM) to provide the complex an extra measure of distance away from the predicted track of a fragment of Russianโฆ
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During sleep, one brain region teaches another, converting novel data into enduring memories
In research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they show that as the brain cycles through slow-wave and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, which happens about five times a night, the hippocampus teaches the neocortex what it learned, transforming novel, fleeting information into enduring memory.
This is not just a model of learning in local circuits in the brain. It's how one brain region can teach another brain region during sleep, a time when there is no guidance from the external world," says Schapiro, an assistant professor in Penn's Department of Psychology. "It's also a proposal for how we learn gracefully over time as our environment changes."
Article
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In research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they show that as the brain cycles through slow-wave and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, which happens about five times a night, the hippocampus teaches the neocortex what it learned, transforming novel, fleeting information into enduring memory.
This is not just a model of learning in local circuits in the brain. It's how one brain region can teach another brain region during sleep, a time when there is no guidance from the external world," says Schapiro, an assistant professor in Penn's Department of Psychology. "It's also a proposal for how we learn gracefully over time as our environment changes."
Article
@EverythingScience
Medicalxpress
During sleep, one brain region teaches another, converting novel data into enduring memories
What role do the stages of sleep play in forming memories? "We've known for a long time that useful learning happens during sleep," says University of Pennsylvania neuroscientist Anna Schapiro. "You encode ...
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New technique for decoding people's thoughts can now be done from a distance
Past mind-reading techniques relied on implanting electrodes deep in peoples' brains. The new method, described in a report posted 29 Sept. to the preprint database bioRxiv, instead relies on a noninvasive brain scanning technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
fMRI tracks the flow of oxygenated blood through the brain, and because active brain cells need more energy and oxygen, this information provides an indirect measure of brain activity.
By its nature, this scanning method cannot capture real-time brain activity, since the electrical signals released by brain cells move much more quickly than blood moves through the brain.
But remarkably, the study authors found that they could still use this imperfect proxy measure to decode the semantic meaning of people's thoughts, although they couldn't produce word-for-word translations.
Article
@EverythingScience
Past mind-reading techniques relied on implanting electrodes deep in peoples' brains. The new method, described in a report posted 29 Sept. to the preprint database bioRxiv, instead relies on a noninvasive brain scanning technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
fMRI tracks the flow of oxygenated blood through the brain, and because active brain cells need more energy and oxygen, this information provides an indirect measure of brain activity.
By its nature, this scanning method cannot capture real-time brain activity, since the electrical signals released by brain cells move much more quickly than blood moves through the brain.
But remarkably, the study authors found that they could still use this imperfect proxy measure to decode the semantic meaning of people's thoughts, although they couldn't produce word-for-word translations.
Article
@EverythingScience
ScienceAlert
New Technique For Decoding People's Thoughts Can Now Be Done From a Distance
Don't think about it too much.
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Atmosphere of excitement as Europeโs JWST astronomers study climate on other planets
Article
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Article
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Horizon Magazine
Atmosphere of excitement as Europeโs JWST astronomers study climate on other planets
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) launched on Christmas Day 2021, is already transforming our understanding of planets in our Solar System and far beyond. A versatile satellite observatory, JWST has a clear-eyed view from its orbital position, 1.5m kmโฆ
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๐ Launch!
The NASA SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft launched the Artemis I test flight to the Moon from Kennedyโs Launch Complex 39B earlier today.
๐ NASA
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The NASA SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft launched the Artemis I test flight to the Moon from Kennedyโs Launch Complex 39B earlier today.
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Artemis I riding a column of fire from two solid rocket boosters and four RS-25 engines on its way to the Moon
๐ johnkrausphotos
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Incredible views of booster separation from one of the tracking cameras at Patrick Space Force Base!
๐ artemis360_moon
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Solid rocket booster separation and burnout as the SLS core stage continues toward delivering Orion to orbit.
๐ johnkrausphotos
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