🔰Rely on - tayanib qolmoq, o'rganib qolmoq
🔰Introduce to - ga tanishtirmoq
🔰Approve of - maqullamoq
🔰Insist on - talab qilmoq
🔰Introduce to - ga tanishtirmoq
🔰Glance at - tikilmoq
🔰Worry about - haqida havotirlanmoq
🔰Congratulate on - Tabriklamoq
🔰Displeased with - qoniqmaslik, mamnun bolmaslik, yoqtirmaslik
🔰Include in - ichiga olmoq, qamrab olmoq
🔰Comment on - da, haqida fikr bildirmoq
🔰Disapprove of - maqullamaslik, inkor etmoq
🔰Advantage of - ijobiy tomon
🔰In time - o'z vaqtida(belgilanmagan vaqtlar uchun rejalashtirlmagan vaqtlar uchun)
🔰On time – vaqtida(belgilangan vaqtlar uchun )
🔰Wait for – kutmoq
🔰Take off – yechmoq
🔰Crowded with - bilan gavjum, to'la

🇬🇧➥@English_Essential

❌ INFORMAL vs ✅ FORMAL

🪵Bright/smart - intelligent (aqlli)

🪵Buy - purchase (xarid qilmoq)

🪵Build - construct (qurmoq)

🪵But - however (ammo)

🪵Bad - negative (yomon)

🪵Break out - erupt (boshlanib ketmoq)

🪵Block - undermine (to'sqinlik qilmoq)

🪵Blow up - explode (portlamoq)

🪵Boss - employer (ish boshlig'i)

🪵Brave - courageous (jasur)

🪵Better - improved (yaxshiroq)

🪵Big - enormous (ulkan)

➥@English_Essential

So'zlashuv uchun: Lug'at
⚡️ Kundalik iboralar

1. Are you OK? — Yaxshimisiz?
2. Are you still here? — Haliyam shu yerdamisan?
3. Attention! — Diqqat!
4. Don’t be late, please —Iltimos, kech qolmang
5. Don’t bother me! —Jahlimni chiqarma!

6. Don’t mind it, please —Ahamiyat bermang
7. Exactly so - Aynan shunday
8. Farewell — Alvido
9. Give me a chance — Menga imkoniyat ber
10. Good luck! — Omad!

11. Have a nice a day! — Kuningiz yaxshi o'tsin!
12. Hello! — Salom
13. How are you? - Ishlaring qalay?
14. How’s it going? — Ishlaring yaxshimi?
15. I can’t believe it! — Ishonish qiyin

16. I’m (so) sorry — Kechirasiz
17. You are right — Siz haqsiz
18. I’m sorry, I can’t — Kechirasiz, mening ilojim yo'q
19. It can hardly be so — Bunday bo'lishi mumkin emas
20. It doesn’t matter — Buning ahamiyati yo'q


➥@English_Essential

🇬🇧HAVE TO, SUPPOSED TO OUGHT TO🇺🇿

Ba’zi abituriyentlar have to, supposed to, va ought to iboralarining ishlatilishida qiynalishadi. Quyida ularning o’zaro farqlari haqida bir oz to’xtalamiz.

Have to ma’nosiga ko’ra must modal fe’li bilan bir xil, deyish mumkin. Have to sizning majbur ekanligingizni va bu majburiyatni bajarishdan o’zga chorangiz yo’qligini anglatadi.

🔹John has to go to work everyday.
The students have to study tonight.

To be supposed to ham majburiyatni ifodalaydi. Ushbu ibora ham sizning qaysidir ish-harakatni bajarishga mas’ul ekanligingizni va ko’proq bu ish-harakatni bajarishingizni kimdir sizdan kutishini bildiradi. Yodingizda bo’lsin, supposed to iborasidan oldin har doim to be fe’lining kerakli shakli ishlatilishi kerak.

🔹Sally is supposed to meet her friend tonight.
All of the employees are supposed to attend today’s meeting.

Ought to maslahat ma’nosini ifodalaydi. Ought to bilan sizning nimadir bajarishingiz kerakligi ta’kidlansada, bu ishni bajarishga sizning majburligingiz ifodalanmaydi.

🔹We ought to clean the house tonight.
Phillip ought to help you with your homework.

(Yuqoridagi barcha iboralar modal fe’llarining ekvivalentlari, modal fe’llari hisoblanishadi. Ulardan keyin har doim asosiy fe’l infinitiv holatda ishlatilishi kerakligini unutmang.)
***
Ba’zan yuqoridagi iboralarning ma’nolari o’zaro bir xildek tuyulishi mumkin. Bunday holatda ulardan qay birini ishlatish to’g’risida bosh qotirsangiz va qiynalsangiz, shunchaki so’zlovchi qaysi ma’noga urg’u berayotganligiga e’tibor qarating.

I have to do my homework. (Bajarmaslikdan o’zga choram yo’q. Agar bajarmasam, yomon gap eshitishim tayin.)
I am supposed to do my homework. (Agar men vazifani bajarmasam, o’qituvchim bajarmaganligimni sezib qoladi – o’qituvchim vazifani bajarishimni kutadi.)
I ought to do my homework. (Men vazifani bajarmasam ham bo’ladi, ammo bajarishim kerak deb hisoblayman chunki men sinfda yaxshi o’qishni xohlayman.)

➥@English_Essential

☝️Eng kerakli iboralar yodlang

⭐️Rely on - tayanib qolmoq, o'rganib qolmoq
⭐️Introduce to - ga tanishtirmoq
⭐️Approve of - maqullamoq
⭐️Insist on - talab qilmoq
⭐️Introduce to - ga tanishtirmoq
⭐️Glance at - tikilmoq
⭐️Worry about - haqida havotirlanmoq
⭐️Congratulate on - Tabriklamoq
⭐️Displeased with - qoniqmaslik, mamnun bolmaslik, yoqtirmaslik
⭐️Include in - ichiga olmoq, qamrab olmoq
⭐️Comment on - da, haqida fikr bildirmoq
⭐️Disapprove of - maqullamaslik, inkor etmoq
⭐️Advantage of - ijobiy tomon
⭐️In time - o'z vaqtida(belgilanmagan vaqtlar uchun rejalashtirlmagan vaqtlar uchun)
⭐️On time – vaqtida(belgilangan vaqtlar uchun )
⭐️Wait for – kutmoq
⭐️Take off – yechmoq
⭐️Crowded with - bilan gavjum, to'la

➥Yaqinlarga ulashing
➥@English_Essential

#must_read❗️📣

𝐀𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐄𝐋𝐓𝐒

🔔⚜We form the passive with the verb "to be" and the "past participle" of the main verb.✅

♦️Present Simple
▫️Active: He 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀 the parcels.
▪️Passive: The parcels 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Present Continuous
▫️A:He 𝗶𝘀 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 the parcels.
▪️P:The parcels 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Past Simple
▫️A:He 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 the parcels.
▪️P: The parcels 𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Past Continuous
▫️A:He 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 the parcels.
▪️P:The parcels 𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Future Simple
▫️A:He 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿 the parcels.
▪️P:The parcels 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗯𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Present Perfect
▫️A:He 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 the parcels.
▪️P:The parcels 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Past Perfect
▫️A: He 𝗵𝗮𝗱 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 the parcels.
▪️P:The parcels 𝗵𝗮𝗱 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Future Perfect
▫️A:He 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱the parcels.
▪️P:The parcels 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Present Infinitive
▫️A:He must 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿 the parcels.
▪️P:The parcels must 𝗯𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Perfect Infinitive
▫️A:He must 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 the parcels.
▪️P: The parcels must 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Simple -ing form
▫️A: I object to his 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 the parcels.
▪️P: I object to the parcels 𝗯𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Perfect -ing form
▫️A:𝗛𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 the parcels.
▪️P:The parcels 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

♦️Modals + be + p.p.
▫️A:He 𝘀𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿 the parcels.
▪️P: The parcels 𝘀𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗯𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱.

〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️
➥@English_Essential

pleasure - mamnun bo'lish
measure - o'lchamoq
happiness - baxt
simultaneously - bir vaqtda bo'lgan
destination - belgilangan joy
insatiable - ta'riflab bo'lmaydigan
sky - osmon

➥@English_Essential

✅Useful

Age - Yosh

How old are you? - Yoshingiz nechada ?
I’m 25 - Men 25 ga kirdim
I’m 2 years older than you are - Men sizdan ikki yosh kattaman
I’m over 30 - Men 30 yoshdan oshganman
I’m not 30 yet - Men hali 30ga kirmaganman
aged - keksa
eldest - eng katta
grown-up - voyaga etgan
middle-aged - o’rta yashar
young - yosh
younger - yoshroq
youngest - eng yosh
youth - yoshlik

Education - Ma’lumot

I go to school - Men maktabda o’qiyman
I left school 2 years ago - Men maktabni ikki yil burun tamomlaganman
I’m in the...th form - Men ...sinfda o’qiyman
I study at the university - Men universitetda o’qiyman
I’m a ... student - Men talabaman
first year - birinchi kurs
second year - ikkinchi kurs
I’m on a scholarship - Men stipendiya olaman
carriculum - dastur
dean - dekan
department - fakul’tet
diploma - diplom
faculty - fakultet
to graduate - oliy o’quv yurtni tugatmoq
hostel - yotoqxona
laboratory - laborotoriya
lecture - leksiya
lecture-room - auditoriya
library - kutubxona
pupil - o’quvchi
reading-hall - o’qish zali
rector - rektor
report - doklad,maruza
schedule - dars jadvali
school-year - o’quv yili
thesis - dissertasiya
to train - o’qitmoq

➥@English_Essential

I N F O R M A L - F O R M A L

▪️say sorry - apologize, apologise
▫️go up - increase
▪️go down - decrease
▫️set up - establish
▪️look at - examine
▫️blow up - explode
▪️find out -discover
▫️bring about - cause
▪️put off - postpone, delay
▫️rack up - accumulate
▪️make up - fabricate
▫️stand for - represent
▪️find out -discover, ascertain
▫️leave out - omit
▪️point out - indicate
▫️go against - oppose
▪️get in touch with - contact

➥@English_Essential

📋 Modal Verbs - Modal fe'llar

✅ Umumiy ma'lumotlar

📕 Can - qila olmoq

"Can" modal fe'li - biror qobiliyatga ega, yoki qo'lidan keladigan ishni aytish uchun ishlatiladi. U birlikka ham, ko'plikka ham, hech qanday qo'shimchalarsiz bir xil "can" shaklida ishlatiladi. Misol uchun:

I can swim - men suza olaman.
He can sing - u kuylay oladi.
She can dance - u raqs tusha oladi.
It can
You can run - siz yugura olasiz.
We can pay - biz to'lay olamiz.
They can wait - ular kuta oladilar.

📕 Cannot - qila olmaslik (qisqa shakli "can't")
"Cannot" modal fe'li - biror ishni qila olmasligi nazarda tutiladi. Misol uchun:

I cannot open the door - men eshikni ocha olmayman.
You cannot lie - siz yolg'on gapira olmaysiz.
It cannot fly - bu ucha olmaydi
...va hk.

📕Have to - majbur bo'lmoq
"Have to" modal fe'li - sharoit tufayli majbur bo'lishga aytiladi. U uchinchi shaxs birlik bilan "has to" shaklida keladi. Misol uchun:

📕I have to go - men ketishim kerak (shunga majburman)
They have to pay - ular to'lashga majbur.
She has to leave the house - u uydan chiqib ketishga majbur.

📕 Do/Does not have to - majbur emas
"Do/Does not have to" modal fe'li - biror ishni qilmasa ham bo'ladi, deganidir. Ya'ni, buni qilishga majbur emas. Misol uchun:

We do not have to do all tasks - biz hamma vazifani qilishimiz shart emas.
He does not have to work - u ishlashga majbur emas.


➥@English_Essential

🔥 "Adverb - Ravish"

✅ Ravish deb ish-harakatning qanday, qayerda, qachon sodir bo‘lganini bildiruvchi so‘zlarga aytiladi.

He works hard.
U qattiq ishlaydi.

He lives here.
U shu yerda yashaydi.

I have not met him lately.
Men uni oxirgi paytlarda uchratganim yo‘q.

✅ Ravish sifat yoki boshqa ravishlarning belgi va xossalarini ham ifodalashi mumkin:

He is a very good student.
U juda yaxshi talaba.

She translates the article quite well.
U maqolani juda yaxshi tarjima qiladi.

✅ Gapda ravishlar hol bo‘lib keladi.


🔖 "Ravishlarning turlari"

1. O‘rin-joy ravishlari: here - shu (bu) yerda, bu yoqqa, there - u yerda, where - qayerda, qayerga, inside - ichkarida, ichkariga, outside - tashqarida, tashqariga, above - yuqorida, yuqoriga, below - pastda, pastga, quyida, somewhere, anywhere - biror joyda, biror joyga, nowhere - hech qayerda, elsewhere - boshqa biror joyda va boshqalar:

He will stay there until June.
U iyungacha o‘sha yerda bo‘ladi.

I opened the box and saw that there was nothing inside.
Men qutini ochdim va uning ichida hech narsani ko‘rmadim.

✅Somewhere ravishi bo‘lishli gaplarda ishlatiladi:

I left my umbrella somewhere.
Men soyabonimni allaqayerda qoldiribman.

✅Anywhere so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz gaplarda ishlatiladi:

Are you going anywhere tomorrow?
Ertaga biror joyga borasizmi?

I can’t find my dictionary anywhere.
Men lug‘atimni hech qayerdan topa olmayapman.

✅Nowhere qisqa javoblarda ishlatiladi:

Where did you go after supper? — Nowhere.
Kechki ovqatdan keyin qayerga bordingiz? — Hech qayerga.

✅Boshqa hollarda nowhere ravishi juda kam ishlatiladi, uning o‘rnida not … anywhere ishlatiladi.

They went nowhere after supper. = They did not go anywhere after supper.
Ular kechki ovqatdan keyin hech qayerga borishmadi.

➥@English_Essential

🔥 "Adverb - Ravish"

✅ Ravish deb ish-harakatning qanday, qayerda, qachon sodir bo‘lganini bildiruvchi so‘zlarga aytiladi.

He works hard.
U qattiq ishlaydi.

He lives here.
U shu yerda yashaydi.

I have not met him lately.
Men uni oxirgi paytlarda uchratganim yo‘q.

✅ Ravish sifat yoki boshqa ravishlarning belgi va xossalarini ham ifodalashi mumkin:

He is a very good student.
U juda yaxshi talaba.

She translates the article quite well.
U maqolani juda yaxshi tarjima qiladi.

✅ Gapda ravishlar hol bo‘lib keladi.


🔖 "Ravishlarning turlari"

1. O‘rin-joy ravishlari: here - shu (bu) yerda, bu yoqqa, there - u yerda, where - qayerda, qayerga, inside - ichkarida, ichkariga, outside - tashqarida, tashqariga, above - yuqorida, yuqoriga, below - pastda, pastga, quyida, somewhere, anywhere - biror joyda, biror joyga, nowhere - hech qayerda, elsewhere - boshqa biror joyda va boshqalar:

He will stay there until June.
U iyungacha o‘sha yerda bo‘ladi.

I opened the box and saw that there was nothing inside.
Men qutini ochdim va uning ichida hech narsani ko‘rmadim.

✅Somewhere ravishi bo‘lishli gaplarda ishlatiladi:

I left my umbrella somewhere.
Men soyabonimni allaqayerda qoldiribman.

✅Anywhere so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz gaplarda ishlatiladi:

Are you going anywhere tomorrow?
Ertaga biror joyga borasizmi?

I can’t find my dictionary anywhere.
Men lug‘atimni hech qayerdan topa olmayapman.

✅Nowhere qisqa javoblarda ishlatiladi:

Where did you go after supper? — Nowhere.
Kechki ovqatdan keyin qayerga bordingiz? — Hech qayerga.

✅Boshqa hollarda nowhere ravishi juda kam ishlatiladi, uning o‘rnida not … anywhere ishlatiladi.

They went nowhere after supper. = They did not go anywhere after supper.
Ular kechki ovqatdan keyin hech qayerga borishmadi.

➥@English_Essential

1. O‘rin-joy ravishlari: 
❗️here - shu (bu) yerda, bu yoqqa, 
❗️there - u yerda, 
❗️where - qayerda, qayerga, 
❗️inside - ichkarida, ichkariga, 
❗️outside - tashqarida, tashqariga,
❗️above - yuqorida, yuqoriga, 
❗️below - pastda, pastga, quyida, 
❗️somewhere, anywhere - biror joyda, biror joyga,
❗️nowhere - hech qayerda,
❗️elsewhere - boshqa biror joyda 

➥@English_Essential