RWFIB 536. A heart attack on a plate
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Atherosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the buildup of plaque.

تَصَلُّبِ شَرایین یا سختاک سرخرگ‌ها، (گرفتگی عروق) آترواسکلروزیس (atherosclerosis)، نام یک بیماری در رگ‌ها و نوعی آرتریواسکلروزیس است که با رسوب لیپید و کلسترول کم‌چگال بر روی دیواره داخلی سرخ‌رگ‌های با قطر متوسط و بزرگ، مشخص می‌گردد.
artery(arteries): شریان(ها)، سرخرگ(ها)

RWFIB 536. Synthetic t-shirts
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Microbiome
ریزاندامگان همزیست یا ریزسازوارگان همزیست (به انگلیسی: Microbiome یا Microbiota )
به معنای کلی و فراگیر زیست‌بوم ریزاندامگان، همهٔ ژنها و تودهٔ یاختهای ریزاندامگان با در نظر نگرفتن سرده و گونه‌ی آن‌ها، مستقر در یک بخش ویژه را گویند. ریزاندامگان همزیست، رابطهٔ همزیستی با جانور میزبان دارند. این به این معنی است که این ریزاندامگان هم می‌توانند همسفره باشند، هم بیماری‌زا. مثلاً به تمامی باکتری‌ها، قارچها و دیگر انواع میکروب‌هایی که به‌طور بومی در پوست انسان زندگی می‌کنند، میکروبیوم پوست می‌گویند.
Microbiota are "ecological communities of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms" found in and on all multicellular organisms studied to date from plants to animals. Microbiota includes bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses[citation needed]. Microbiota have been found to be crucial for immunologic, hormonal and metabolic homeostasis of their host.

RWFIB 536. Synthetic t-shirts
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
Micrococcus bacteria
میکروکوکوس؛ یک نوع باکتری در خانواده میکروکوکاستها است. میکروکوکوس در طیف گسترده ای از محیط ها ، از جمله آب ، گرد و غبار و خاک رخ می دهد. از نوع باکتری های گرم مثبت می باشند و کمتر متحرک هستند دارای پراکندگی زیادی در طبیعت هستند و معمولاً عامل فاسد شدن کالباس و سوسیس و شیر و لبنیات و ... می باشند.
Micrococcus (mi’ krō kŏk’ Əs) is a genus of bacteria in the Micrococcaceae family. Micrococcus occurs in a wide range of environments, including water, dust, and soil. Micrococci have Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter and typically appear in tetrads.

RWFIB 546. Alzheimer ver.2
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The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering geriatric psychiatry. It was established in 1993 and is published by Elsevier on behalf of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.
ژورنال آمریکایی روانپزشکی سالمندان، یک فصلنامه پزشکی است که روانپزشکی سالمندان را پوشش می دهد.
https://www.ajgponline.org/

‍ RWFIB 555. Humans
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #listening #podcast
Sperm Whales Congregate in Click-Based Cliques

The whales appear to prefer the company of "like-minded" individuals, based on common vocal clicking behavior—an example of culture, researchers say. Christopher Intagliata reports

Full Transcript:
We humans are social creatures—we stick together. Family traditionally came first. Then more distant relatives. Then larger groups of unrelated individuals, connected by culture. But it turns out the same could be said for sperm whales. "So usually you find the female, and their mom and the grandmas and their aunts, and they all stay together for many years." Maurício Cantor, a biologist at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

He says those closely related family groups then seek out other families with similar behavior: "They tend to hang out or stay together with those who produce the same kinds of sounds." <<whale clicking sound>> Meaning whale cliques are based on producing similar clicks.

And similarly clicking whales don't just hang out together, he says. They also emulate each other's songs, or codas. Meaning clans of whales evolve their own dialects—their own form of culture. And these dialects are key. Cantor and colleagues built a computer simulation of generation after generation of virtual whales. And they found that no other factor—like genetics or mother-daughter teaching—could explain the emergence of the clans and dialects in real sperm whale society. The study appears in the journal Nature Communications. [Mauricio Cantor et al, Multilevel animal societies can emerge from cultural transmission]

"I'm not trying to say that the types of culture the whale has are the same as human culture. Obviously human culture is much more diverse and complex and cumulative and symbolic. But it's very fascinating just to see that they can have some type of similarities, they can have their own type of culture." And maybe a better understanding of that whale culture, he says, might persuade a few human cultures to be a bit more conservation-minded, when it comes to whales.

‍ RWFIB 547. Ants
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Sly Male Ants Carry Queen Genes

A few male ants in a colony have genes that allow them to sire the next queen. But they keep their royal genetics under wraps. Cynthia Graber reports.

Full Transcript :
Podcast Transcript:
Ants are known for working together, operating as a unit for the good of the colony. But not so fast, say researchers from the Universities of Leeds and Copenhagen. It turns out that ants can scheme like a stage mom.

Scientists say that some ants hide out to ensure that their offspring become child-bearing queens instead of barren workers. The accepted hypothesis had been that random ants were fed certain foods that would allow them to develop into queens. But DNA tests on five colonies of leaf-cutting ants revealed that certain males have a better genetic chance of producing royal progeny.

Scientists believe these rare males stay anonymous, and thus avoid any problems with other ants that might otherwise lose their “one-for-all, all-for-one” attitude. In fact, the number of males carrying royal genes to those who aren’t may have settled at a low ratio through evolution—which cobbled together the best way for the ant gene pool to expand, while at the same time keeping the lucky males hidden from their possibly jealous rivals.

https://parts-of-speech.info/
سایتی برای شناسایی part of speech کلمات در جمله.
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RWFIB 449. Forgetting
✳️ Not to mention something #collocation
چه رسد به، حتی اگر ... را ذکر نکنیم، صرف نظر از، سواى ،گذشته از(اینکه)، قطع نظر از.
Cambridge Dictionary:
used when you want to emphasize something that you are adding to a list.
From Longman Dictionary:
used to introduce an additional thing that makes a situation even more difficult, surprising, interesting etc.

e.g.: I gave him a bonus, not to mention a better work schedule.
من بهش پاداش دادم, بماند که برنامه ی کاری بهتری هم دادم.

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RWFIB 448. Advertising's Aim
✳️ Shed light upon #idiom
روشنگری، برای افشای اطلاعات یا جزئیات مربوط به چیزی؛ برای روشن کردن یا کمک به مردم برای درک چیزی.
shed (some) light upon (something)
(idiomatic) Illuminate to the understanding; make intelligible; clarify or explain.
thefreedictionary.com :
To reveal information or details about something; to clarify or help people understand something. (A more formal version of "shed (some) light on something.")

e.g.: We've hired a private investigator to help shed light upon the clandestine dealings of the baron.
ما یک محقق خصوصی را استخدام کرده ایم تا بتواند در افشای جزئیات (اطلاعات) معاملات مخفی بارون به شما کمک کند.

#انگیزشی #موفقیت