David Crystal, The Stories of English, p. 520 – 529 (Penguin Books, 2005)
نکته: قبلا از این آقای پروفسور دیوید کریستال دوتا سوال RL و SST داشتیم:
little languages are disappearing
Child language acquisition
RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English:
🟢 Collocations:
the relationship between standard and nonstandard language, an uncertain one, are at a transitional point between two eras, to be leaving an era, the rules of Standard English, selected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, conditioned our sense of acceptable usage, other usages and varieties were considered to, be inferior or corrupt, excluded from serious consideration, be approaching an era, previously denigrated or ignored, achieving a new presence and respectability, dialect variation in literature, was widespread and uncontentious, The rise of Standard English, has lasted for over 200 years, had traumatic consequences, will take some years to eliminate.
متن و تحلیل👇
نکته: قبلا از این آقای پروفسور دیوید کریستال دوتا سوال RL و SST داشتیم:
little languages are disappearing
Child language acquisition
RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English:
🟢 Collocations:
the relationship between standard and nonstandard language, an uncertain one, are at a transitional point between two eras, to be leaving an era, the rules of Standard English, selected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, conditioned our sense of acceptable usage, other usages and varieties were considered to, be inferior or corrupt, excluded from serious consideration, be approaching an era, previously denigrated or ignored, achieving a new presence and respectability, dialect variation in literature, was widespread and uncontentious, The rise of Standard English, has lasted for over 200 years, had traumatic consequences, will take some years to eliminate.
متن و تحلیل👇
RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
A period of transition
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point between two eras.
We seem to be leaving an era when the rules of Standard English, as selected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our sense of acceptable usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and excluded from serious consideration.
And we seem to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within society, reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious.
But we are not there yet. The rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has had traumatic consequences which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off.
(👆جاهای خالی مشخص شده)
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #reading #rwfib #rfib
🟢 #تحلیل_ریدینگ
🟧 is evidently, still an uncertain one
🟧 relationship noun
[countable, uncountable] the way in which two or more things are connected and affect each other.
relationship between
🟧 evidently adv.
used to say that something is true because you can see that it is true SYN clearly
مشخصاً
🟧 still adv
used when saying that something continues to be the same as before, or has not happened yet
🟧 uncertain
not clear, definite, or decided SYN unclear
the uncertain relationship
چون در ادامه میگه در حال گذار هستیم رابطه مشخصی ندارند چون این دو نوع زبان تقریبا متضاد هستند و بین دو گروه اختلاف نظر وجود داشته
🟧 one
به relationship برمیگرده
🟧 transitional adj
relating to a period during which something is changing from one state or form into another
transitional period/stage etc
a transitional period during the switch to the euro
گذار. انتقالی.
در نقطه گذار بین دو دوره هستیم. دوره که الان قوانین انگلیسی استاندارد استفاده میشه و به سمت دوره ای که قبلا انگلیسی غیر استاندارد استفاده میشده دوباره داریم میریم. از استاندارد به سمت غیراستاندارد میریم.
از جمله بعدی این جای خالی مشخص میشود
🟧 be leaving
حال استمراری
در حال ترک هستیم داریم پشت سر میذاریم.
🟧 when the rules of Standard English, as selected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our sense of acceptable usage,
جمله واره توصیفی برای an era
🟧 grammarian noun [countable]
someone who studies and knows about grammar
🟧 condition verb
1 [transitive] to make a person or an animal think or behave in a certain way by influencing or training them over a period of time → conditioning
People are conditioned by society.
حس ما را در کاربرد قابل قبول شرطی میکند
🟧 usage noun
[countable, uncountable] the way that words are used in a language.
a book on modern English usage
🟧 acceptable adj
good enough to be used for a particular purpose or to be considered satisfactory
چون بقیه کاربردها غیرقابل قبول و نامرغوب بودند، و این کاربرد استاندارد قابل قبول هست
🟧 prescriptive adj
stating how a language should be used, rather than describing how it is used OPP descriptive
prescriptive grammar
دستوری. وابسته به دستور زبان. تجویزی.
A person who dictates how people should write or speak is called a prescriptivist or a prescriptive grammarian.
"Prescriptive grammarians are judgmental and attempt to change linguistic behavior of a particular sort and in a particular direction. Linguists--or mental grammarians, on the other hand, seek to explain the knowledge of language that guides people's everyday use of language regardless of their schooling."
🟧 ,as (which are/were) selected and defined by
🟧 all other usages and varieties were considered to
گذشته ساده مجهول
🟢 ادامه تحلیل در یادداشت بعدی👇
A period of transition
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point between two eras.
We seem to be leaving an era when the rules of Standard English, as selected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our sense of acceptable usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and excluded from serious consideration.
And we seem to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within society, reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious.
But we are not there yet. The rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has had traumatic consequences which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off.
(👆جاهای خالی مشخص شده)
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #reading #rwfib #rfib
🟢 #تحلیل_ریدینگ
🟧 is evidently, still an uncertain one
🟧 relationship noun
[countable, uncountable] the way in which two or more things are connected and affect each other.
relationship between
🟧 evidently adv.
used to say that something is true because you can see that it is true SYN clearly
مشخصاً
🟧 still adv
used when saying that something continues to be the same as before, or has not happened yet
🟧 uncertain
not clear, definite, or decided SYN unclear
the uncertain relationship
چون در ادامه میگه در حال گذار هستیم رابطه مشخصی ندارند چون این دو نوع زبان تقریبا متضاد هستند و بین دو گروه اختلاف نظر وجود داشته
🟧 one
به relationship برمیگرده
🟧 transitional adj
relating to a period during which something is changing from one state or form into another
transitional period/stage etc
a transitional period during the switch to the euro
گذار. انتقالی.
در نقطه گذار بین دو دوره هستیم. دوره که الان قوانین انگلیسی استاندارد استفاده میشه و به سمت دوره ای که قبلا انگلیسی غیر استاندارد استفاده میشده دوباره داریم میریم. از استاندارد به سمت غیراستاندارد میریم.
از جمله بعدی این جای خالی مشخص میشود
🟧 be leaving
حال استمراری
در حال ترک هستیم داریم پشت سر میذاریم.
🟧 when the rules of Standard English, as selected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our sense of acceptable usage,
جمله واره توصیفی برای an era
🟧 grammarian noun [countable]
someone who studies and knows about grammar
🟧 condition verb
1 [transitive] to make a person or an animal think or behave in a certain way by influencing or training them over a period of time → conditioning
People are conditioned by society.
حس ما را در کاربرد قابل قبول شرطی میکند
🟧 usage noun
[countable, uncountable] the way that words are used in a language.
a book on modern English usage
🟧 acceptable adj
good enough to be used for a particular purpose or to be considered satisfactory
چون بقیه کاربردها غیرقابل قبول و نامرغوب بودند، و این کاربرد استاندارد قابل قبول هست
🟧 prescriptive adj
stating how a language should be used, rather than describing how it is used OPP descriptive
prescriptive grammar
دستوری. وابسته به دستور زبان. تجویزی.
A person who dictates how people should write or speak is called a prescriptivist or a prescriptive grammarian.
"Prescriptive grammarians are judgmental and attempt to change linguistic behavior of a particular sort and in a particular direction. Linguists--or mental grammarians, on the other hand, seek to explain the knowledge of language that guides people's everyday use of language regardless of their schooling."
🟧 ,as (which are/were) selected and defined by
🟧 all other usages and varieties were considered to
گذشته ساده مجهول
🟢 ادامه تحلیل در یادداشت بعدی👇
ThoughtCo
What Is Prescriptive Grammar?
Prescriptive grammar is a set of norms governing how a language should be used rather than describing the ways in which a language is actually used.
Conversation & PTE & IELTS
RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English A period of transition At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point between two eras. We…
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
🟢 #تحلیل_ریدینگ
🟧 be + adj
🟧 corrupt adj
3 something that is corrupt is not pure or has been damaged or partly ruined
e.g: corrupt data
خراب. ناخالص. (سخن و نوشتار) پر از دست خوردگی و دخل و تصرف نابجا، مخدوش، متن خراب، پر غلط، (سخن و نوشتار) تحریف شده،
🟧 inferior adjective
1 not good, or not as good as someone or something else. OPP superior.
2 [formal] lower in rank. OPP superior.
پست، فرعی، نا مرغوب، پایین رتبه. خوار، حقیر، بی ارزش.
باید با corrupt تناسب معنایی داشته باشد
🟧 (were) excluded from serious consideration
🟧 exclude verb [transitive]
1 to deliberately not include something OPP include.
exclude something from something
e.g: Some of the data was specifically excluded from the report.
🟧 be approaching an era
حال استمراری.
قسمت قبلی گفت دورانی را ترک میکنیم اینجا میگه به دورانی نزدیک میشیم
🟧 approach verb
[intransitive, transitive] if an event or a particular time approaches, or you approach it,it is coming nearer and will happen soon
🟧 when nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within society,
جمله واره توصیفی برای an era
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #reading #rwfib #rfib
🟧 در اینجا , previously denigrated or ignored, توضیحات اضافه هست که میتوان برای راحتی کار در نظر نگرفت:
when nonstandard usages and varieties are achieving a new presence and respectability within society,
🟧 (which were) previously denigrated or ignored
🟧 denigrate verb [transitive]
to say things to make someone or something seem less important or good.
people who denigrate their own country
تحقير كردن، كوچك شمردن، خوار كردن. بد نام کردن، بدآوازه کردن،
از روی این، ignored مشخص میشود یا برعکس.
ارتباط معنایی با be inferior or corrupt
🟧 respectability noun [uncountable]
the quality of being considered socially acceptable.
e.g: an attempt to gain international respectability.
احترام. ارجمندی. آبرومندی،
متضاد مفهوم denigrated و inferior.
از روی are achieving و a new presence within society میخواهد برخلاف چیزی که بعد از previously گفته بود بگوید.
🟧 reminiscent adj
🟧 reminiscent of something
reminding you of something.
e.g: a style strongly reminiscent of Virginia Woolf’s novels.
یادآور چیزی بودن
🟧 ,when dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious.
جمله واره توصیفی درباره دورهMiddle English
🟧 widespread adj
🟧 was + adj and adj
🟧 uncontentious adj
not apt to arouse argument or conflict : not contentious.
e.g: an uncontentious issue
بی قید و شرط. بدون اختلاف نظر. غیر قابل بحث ، بدون مناقشه ، بی چون و چرا ، بدون مباحثه. بی پروا. قابل قبول.
پایینتر درباره اختلاف نظر و تقابل confrontation صحبت میکنه
🟧 yet adv
used in negative statements and questions to talk about whether something that was expected has happened
در جمللات منفی و سوالی.
اما ما هنوز آنجا نیستیم. (ما هنوز مثل آن زمان نشدیم)
🟧 has resulted in
حال کامل. از روی نشانه های جمله واره های بعدی.
🟧 has lasted for
حال کامل. نشانه آن: over 200 years
🟧 last verb
1 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive] to continue for a particular length of time
last for/until/through etc
🟧 which has lasted for over 200 years
جمله واره توصیفی
🟧 has had
حال کامل. (عملی که اثرش ادامه دارد)
🟧 have consequences collocation
🟧 have traumatic consequences
پیامدهای آسیب زایی داشتن
🟧 traumatic adj.
a traumatic experience is so shocking and upsetting that it affects you for a long time.
🟧 which will take some years to eliminate
جمله واره توصیفی تعریف کننده.
ترجمه: که از بین بردن و برطرف کردن آن (پیامدهای آسیبزا) چند سال طول می کشد (خواهدکشید).
🟧 have been given
حال کامل مجهول
🟧 give an inferiority complex about...
🟧 inferiority complex noun [countable usually singular]
a continuous feeling that you are much less important, clever etc than other people
e.g: This obviously affects them as they grow up, giving them an inferiority complex.
عقده حقارت، خود کم بینی.
🟧 shake somebody/something ↔️ off #phrasal_verb
1 to get rid of an illness, problem etc.
خلاص شدن از شر چیزی. رهانیدن، پشت سر نهادن.
ارتباط مفهومی با eliminate در جمله قبلی
🟢 #تحلیل_ریدینگ
🟧 be + adj
🟧 corrupt adj
3 something that is corrupt is not pure or has been damaged or partly ruined
e.g: corrupt data
خراب. ناخالص. (سخن و نوشتار) پر از دست خوردگی و دخل و تصرف نابجا، مخدوش، متن خراب، پر غلط، (سخن و نوشتار) تحریف شده،
🟧 inferior adjective
1 not good, or not as good as someone or something else. OPP superior.
2 [formal] lower in rank. OPP superior.
پست، فرعی، نا مرغوب، پایین رتبه. خوار، حقیر، بی ارزش.
باید با corrupt تناسب معنایی داشته باشد
🟧 (were) excluded from serious consideration
🟧 exclude verb [transitive]
1 to deliberately not include something OPP include.
exclude something from something
e.g: Some of the data was specifically excluded from the report.
🟧 be approaching an era
حال استمراری.
قسمت قبلی گفت دورانی را ترک میکنیم اینجا میگه به دورانی نزدیک میشیم
🟧 approach verb
[intransitive, transitive] if an event or a particular time approaches, or you approach it,it is coming nearer and will happen soon
🟧 when nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within society,
جمله واره توصیفی برای an era
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #reading #rwfib #rfib
🟧 در اینجا , previously denigrated or ignored, توضیحات اضافه هست که میتوان برای راحتی کار در نظر نگرفت:
when nonstandard usages and varieties are achieving a new presence and respectability within society,
🟧 (which were) previously denigrated or ignored
🟧 denigrate verb [transitive]
to say things to make someone or something seem less important or good.
people who denigrate their own country
تحقير كردن، كوچك شمردن، خوار كردن. بد نام کردن، بدآوازه کردن،
از روی این، ignored مشخص میشود یا برعکس.
ارتباط معنایی با be inferior or corrupt
🟧 respectability noun [uncountable]
the quality of being considered socially acceptable.
e.g: an attempt to gain international respectability.
احترام. ارجمندی. آبرومندی،
متضاد مفهوم denigrated و inferior.
از روی are achieving و a new presence within society میخواهد برخلاف چیزی که بعد از previously گفته بود بگوید.
🟧 reminiscent adj
🟧 reminiscent of something
reminding you of something.
e.g: a style strongly reminiscent of Virginia Woolf’s novels.
یادآور چیزی بودن
🟧 ,when dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious.
جمله واره توصیفی درباره دورهMiddle English
🟧 widespread adj
🟧 was + adj and adj
🟧 uncontentious adj
not apt to arouse argument or conflict : not contentious.
e.g: an uncontentious issue
بی قید و شرط. بدون اختلاف نظر. غیر قابل بحث ، بدون مناقشه ، بی چون و چرا ، بدون مباحثه. بی پروا. قابل قبول.
پایینتر درباره اختلاف نظر و تقابل confrontation صحبت میکنه
🟧 yet adv
used in negative statements and questions to talk about whether something that was expected has happened
در جمللات منفی و سوالی.
اما ما هنوز آنجا نیستیم. (ما هنوز مثل آن زمان نشدیم)
🟧 has resulted in
حال کامل. از روی نشانه های جمله واره های بعدی.
🟧 has lasted for
حال کامل. نشانه آن: over 200 years
🟧 last verb
1 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive] to continue for a particular length of time
last for/until/through etc
🟧 which has lasted for over 200 years
جمله واره توصیفی
🟧 has had
حال کامل. (عملی که اثرش ادامه دارد)
🟧 have consequences collocation
🟧 have traumatic consequences
پیامدهای آسیب زایی داشتن
🟧 traumatic adj.
a traumatic experience is so shocking and upsetting that it affects you for a long time.
🟧 which will take some years to eliminate
جمله واره توصیفی تعریف کننده.
ترجمه: که از بین بردن و برطرف کردن آن (پیامدهای آسیبزا) چند سال طول می کشد (خواهدکشید).
🟧 have been given
حال کامل مجهول
🟧 give an inferiority complex about...
🟧 inferiority complex noun [countable usually singular]
a continuous feeling that you are much less important, clever etc than other people
e.g: This obviously affects them as they grow up, giving them an inferiority complex.
عقده حقارت، خود کم بینی.
🟧 shake somebody/something ↔️ off #phrasal_verb
1 to get rid of an illness, problem etc.
خلاص شدن از شر چیزی. رهانیدن، پشت سر نهادن.
ارتباط مفهومی با eliminate در جمله قبلی
Telegram
Conversation & PTE & IELTS
REFIB 165. Story of English.
.... when dialed variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary
〽️ uncontentious ( adjective )
not likely to cause people to disagree.
not apt to arouse argument or conflict.
بدون…
.... when dialed variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary
〽️ uncontentious ( adjective )
not likely to cause people to disagree.
not apt to arouse argument or conflict.
بدون…
Audio
telegram@EngStud
uncontentious adjective
\ ˌən-kən-ˈten(t)-shəs\
e.g: an established and uncontentious fact
🆔 @EngStud #pronunciation
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
\ ˌən-kən-ˈten(t)-shəs\
e.g: an established and uncontentious fact
🆔 @EngStud #pronunciation
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
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Academic English - Prof. David Crystal on standard vs. non-standard English
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
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Rethinking Grammar: Who Makes the Rules?
Extended interview with linguist Richard Epstein
🆔 @EngStud
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
Extended interview with linguist Richard Epstein
🆔 @EngStud
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
Audio
Rethinking Grammar: Who Makes the Rules?
If you learned about grammar in school, you were probably taught to think about “correct” and “incorrect” ways of using a language. Maybe you had to “unlearn” some grammar patterns that you heard at home because your teacher said they were wrong.
Prescriptive Grammar
Descriptive Grammar
The Case of the Double Negative
Ain’t ‘ain’t’ a word?
🆔 @EngStud #podcast
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
If you learned about grammar in school, you were probably taught to think about “correct” and “incorrect” ways of using a language. Maybe you had to “unlearn” some grammar patterns that you heard at home because your teacher said they were wrong.
Prescriptive Grammar
Descriptive Grammar
The Case of the Double Negative
Ain’t ‘ain’t’ a word?
🆔 @EngStud #podcast
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
Conversation & PTE & IELTS
Rethinking Grammar: Who Makes the Rules? If you learned about grammar in school, you were probably taught to think about “correct” and “incorrect” ways of using a language. Maybe you had to “unlearn” some grammar patterns that you heard at home because your…
Rethinking Grammar_ Who Makes the Rules_.pdf
489.3 KB
#transcript
Rethinking Grammar: Who Makes the Rules?
If you learned about grammar in school, you were probably taught to think about “correct” and “incorrect” ways of using a language. Maybe you had to “unlearn” some grammar patterns that you heard at home because your teacher said they were wrong.
Prescriptive Grammar
Descriptive Grammar
The Case of the Double Negative
Ain’t ‘ain’t’ a word?
🆔 @EngStud #podcast
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
Rethinking Grammar: Who Makes the Rules?
If you learned about grammar in school, you were probably taught to think about “correct” and “incorrect” ways of using a language. Maybe you had to “unlearn” some grammar patterns that you heard at home because your teacher said they were wrong.
Prescriptive Grammar
Descriptive Grammar
The Case of the Double Negative
Ain’t ‘ain’t’ a word?
🆔 @EngStud #podcast
👆 RWFIB PFM166. The Stories of English
Media is too big
VIEW IN TELEGRAM
5 Tricky Things about Modifiers 👨🏽🎓👩🏻🎓 Advanced English with JenniferESL
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #advanced_grammar #Modifiers #adjectives #adverbs #adjective_clauses #reduced_relative_clauses #compound_adjectives #Compound_Modifiers
صفات و قیدهایی که مشابه و مشترک هستند و ممکن است در جایگاه مشابهی در جمله بکار بروند و...
صفت بعد از اسم...
مناسب برای ریدینگ و رایتینگ
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #advanced_grammar #Modifiers #adjectives #adverbs #adjective_clauses #reduced_relative_clauses #compound_adjectives #Compound_Modifiers
صفات و قیدهایی که مشابه و مشترک هستند و ممکن است در جایگاه مشابهی در جمله بکار بروند و...
صفت بعد از اسم...
مناسب برای ریدینگ و رایتینگ
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Reducing & Paraphrasing Noun Clauses 👩🏫 Advanced Grammar with JenniferESL
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #advanced_grammar #relative_clauses #Noun_Clauses
That Clauses
جمله واره اسمی.
جاهایی که میشه that را حذف کرد یا نه.
کوتاه کردن و خلاصه کردن این کلاز (پارافریزینگ).
برای ریدینگ خیلی عالی است. برعکس ویدیوهای دیگر که میتوان روی سرعت بالاتر مشاهده کرد، این ویدیو را باید بعد از هر مثال پاز داد تا بررسی کرد و مثالها پشت سرهم میایند و میتوان چندبار باید ویدیو را دید.
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #advanced_grammar #relative_clauses #Noun_Clauses
That Clauses
جمله واره اسمی.
جاهایی که میشه that را حذف کرد یا نه.
کوتاه کردن و خلاصه کردن این کلاز (پارافریزینگ).
برای ریدینگ خیلی عالی است. برعکس ویدیوهای دیگر که میتوان روی سرعت بالاتر مشاهده کرد، این ویدیو را باید بعد از هر مثال پاز داد تا بررسی کرد و مثالها پشت سرهم میایند و میتوان چندبار باید ویدیو را دید.
RWFIB PFM167. The Breton Language
زبانهای بریتونی
It is difficult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early as the VIth (sixth) century the new country was established and known as “Lesser Britain”, but for many centuries its language remained close to the one of Great Britain’s – very close even to the dialect spoken in the South West. The VIIIth (eighth) century is the milestone where Breton, Cornish and Welsh are considered as different languages.
(👆جاهای خالی مشخص شده)
Options:
Remained, Established, distinguished, considering, reminded, realized, considered, organized, keep, detected.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #reading #rwfib #rfib
🟢 collocations:
the new country was established, its language remained close to the one of Great Britain’s, ...Welsh are considered as different languages.
🟢 #تحلیل_ریدینگ
📍 Brittonic languages
The Brittonic, Brythonic or British Celtic languages
زبانهای بریتونی یکی از دو شاخهٔ خانوادهٔ زبانهای سلتیک جزیرهای است. شاخهٔ دیگر گائلیک نام دارد. نام بریتونی از روی نام بریتونها - که مردمانی بودند متفاوت با آنگلوساکسونها و گائلها بودند- برساخته شدهاست. زبانهای بریتونی از زبان بریتانیایی مشتق شدهاند که در دورهٔ بریتانیای روم در خور فورث و همزمان با عصر آهن این زبان رواج داشتهاست. در سدههای چهارم و پنجم میلادی مهاجرت برتونها به اروپای قارهای سبب گسترش این زبان بدین بخش از اروپا هم گردید.
📍 precisely adv.
exactly and correctly. SYN exactly
📍 was born
be born
something that is born starts to exist.
e.g: the country where the sport of cricket was born.
به وجود آمدن. هستی یافتن، هستی گرفتن، زاده شدن.
📍 was established
گذشته ساده مجهول. کاری که در گذشته یکبار انجام شده و تموم شده.
📍 establish verb [transitive]
to start a company, organization, system, etc that is intended to exist or continue for a long time SYN found.
e.g: The city of Boerne was established by German settlers in the 1840s.
تاسیس کردن، بناء نهادن، ایجاد کردن، پایه گذاری کردن، به وجود آوردن، مستقر کردن،
ارتباط معنایی با was born در خط قبلی. و ابتدا این کشور بریتانیای کوچک تاسیس شده و سپس شناخته شده.
📍 was known
📍 but
بیان تضاد. چون از لحاظ زبانی مستقل نبودند (شناخته نمیشدند).
ترجمه: اما برای قرن ها زبان آن نزدیک (شبیه) به زبان بریتانیا ماند - حتی به گویشی که در جنوب غربی صحبت می شد بسیار نزدیک بود.
📍 remain verb
1 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, linking verb]
to continue to be in the same state or condition.
The boy remained silent.
remain unclear/unchanged/unanswered etc.
remain + adj.
اینجا باید فعل بکار ببریم.
از اواخر متن که میگه این زبان در قرن هشتم (دو قرن بعد) بعنوان یک زبان مختلف در نظر گرفته شد، متوجه میشویم دو قرن بعنوان زبان مستقلی پذیرفته و در نظر گرفته نمیشد.
📍 close adj
very similar to each other
close to
📍 the dialect (which was) spoken in...
reduction
📍 dialect noun [countable, uncountable]
a form of a language which is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that are slightly different from other forms of the same language
📍 the one of Great Britain’s language ➡️
the one of Great Britain’s
حذف به قرینه
📍 milestone noun [countable]
a very important event in the development of something. SYN milepost American English.
نقطۀ عطف
📍 are considered as
حال ساده مجهول. حقیقت کلی که الان هم وجود دارد.
ترجمه: در نظر گرفته می شوند
📍 consider verb [transitive not in progressive]
to have an opinion about someone or something after thinking carefully about them
📍 where Breton, Cornish and Welsh are considered as different languages.
جمله واره توصیفی برای the milestone
📍 Cornish language
زبان کورنی از خانواده زبانهای بریتونی سلتی و یک زبان اقلیت به رسمیت شناختهشده در بریتانیا است.
📍 Welsh language
زبان ولزی
زبانهای بریتونی
It is difficult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early as the VIth (sixth) century the new country was established and known as “Lesser Britain”, but for many centuries its language remained close to the one of Great Britain’s – very close even to the dialect spoken in the South West. The VIIIth (eighth) century is the milestone where Breton, Cornish and Welsh are considered as different languages.
(👆جاهای خالی مشخص شده)
Options:
Remained, Established, distinguished, considering, reminded, realized, considered, organized, keep, detected.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #reading #rwfib #rfib
🟢 collocations:
the new country was established, its language remained close to the one of Great Britain’s, ...Welsh are considered as different languages.
🟢 #تحلیل_ریدینگ
📍 Brittonic languages
The Brittonic, Brythonic or British Celtic languages
زبانهای بریتونی یکی از دو شاخهٔ خانوادهٔ زبانهای سلتیک جزیرهای است. شاخهٔ دیگر گائلیک نام دارد. نام بریتونی از روی نام بریتونها - که مردمانی بودند متفاوت با آنگلوساکسونها و گائلها بودند- برساخته شدهاست. زبانهای بریتونی از زبان بریتانیایی مشتق شدهاند که در دورهٔ بریتانیای روم در خور فورث و همزمان با عصر آهن این زبان رواج داشتهاست. در سدههای چهارم و پنجم میلادی مهاجرت برتونها به اروپای قارهای سبب گسترش این زبان بدین بخش از اروپا هم گردید.
📍 precisely adv.
exactly and correctly. SYN exactly
📍 was born
be born
something that is born starts to exist.
e.g: the country where the sport of cricket was born.
به وجود آمدن. هستی یافتن، هستی گرفتن، زاده شدن.
📍 was established
گذشته ساده مجهول. کاری که در گذشته یکبار انجام شده و تموم شده.
📍 establish verb [transitive]
to start a company, organization, system, etc that is intended to exist or continue for a long time SYN found.
e.g: The city of Boerne was established by German settlers in the 1840s.
تاسیس کردن، بناء نهادن، ایجاد کردن، پایه گذاری کردن، به وجود آوردن، مستقر کردن،
ارتباط معنایی با was born در خط قبلی. و ابتدا این کشور بریتانیای کوچک تاسیس شده و سپس شناخته شده.
📍 was known
📍 but
بیان تضاد. چون از لحاظ زبانی مستقل نبودند (شناخته نمیشدند).
ترجمه: اما برای قرن ها زبان آن نزدیک (شبیه) به زبان بریتانیا ماند - حتی به گویشی که در جنوب غربی صحبت می شد بسیار نزدیک بود.
📍 remain verb
1 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, linking verb]
to continue to be in the same state or condition.
The boy remained silent.
remain unclear/unchanged/unanswered etc.
remain + adj.
اینجا باید فعل بکار ببریم.
از اواخر متن که میگه این زبان در قرن هشتم (دو قرن بعد) بعنوان یک زبان مختلف در نظر گرفته شد، متوجه میشویم دو قرن بعنوان زبان مستقلی پذیرفته و در نظر گرفته نمیشد.
📍 close adj
very similar to each other
close to
📍 the dialect (which was) spoken in...
reduction
📍 dialect noun [countable, uncountable]
a form of a language which is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that are slightly different from other forms of the same language
📍 the one of Great Britain’s language ➡️
the one of Great Britain’s
حذف به قرینه
📍 milestone noun [countable]
a very important event in the development of something. SYN milepost American English.
نقطۀ عطف
📍 are considered as
حال ساده مجهول. حقیقت کلی که الان هم وجود دارد.
ترجمه: در نظر گرفته می شوند
📍 consider verb [transitive not in progressive]
to have an opinion about someone or something after thinking carefully about them
📍 where Breton, Cornish and Welsh are considered as different languages.
جمله واره توصیفی برای the milestone
📍 Cornish language
زبان کورنی از خانواده زبانهای بریتونی سلتی و یک زبان اقلیت به رسمیت شناختهشده در بریتانیا است.
📍 Welsh language
زبان ولزی
Conversation & PTE & IELTS
telegram@EngStud – Jupiter
👆 the Galileo machine to the planet Jupiter #podcast
Astronomy class
مناسب برای RL و SST
It's my pleasure to come to you today to talk about the Galileo machine to the planet Jupiter. Galileo was launched in 1989 and we have to wait until the end of 1995 for the spacecraft and its probe to reach Jupiter. Of course there was some exciting moment for long wait. I first visited Dr. Black's Astronomy class--back to Galileo, had just visited the Asteroid Belt. I was able at that time to bring the Galileo's images of the Asteroid Gasper. That was the first time we got an up-close look at the Asteroid. It was just amazing. But there are also some disappointments. In April of 1991 we realized one of the antennas that was supposed to transmit data have no functioned. That meant that we had to rely on the smaller antennas to give us data. But we have ended up been quite pleased with what we see from Galileo. As I mentioned before,at the end of 1995, the Galileo probe finally entered Jupiter's atmosphere. We knew Jupiter's position at that time will make communication with the spacecraft difficult, so we decided to suspend data transmission. After waiting about half a year, we began to receive the data about Jupiter's atmosphere in satellites, and we continue collecting it for two years. And now what you all have been waiting for, direct images of Jupiter.
🆔 @EngStud
My key point:
the Galileo machine to the planet Jupiter
launched Galileo to Jupiter
the Galileo's images of the Asteroid Gasper
an up-close look at the Asteroid
the smaller antennas to give us data
entered Jupiter's atmosphere
make communication with the spacecraft difficult
receive the data about Jupiter's atmosphere in satellites
direct images of Jupiter.
#vocabulary
1. Probe n. a flexible slender surgical instrument used to explore wounds or body cavities.
2. Asteroid belt n. the region of interplanetary space between Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids are found
3. Asteroid n. any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter)
4. Antenna n. an electrical device that sends or receives radio or television signals
🆔 @EngStud
Astronomy class
مناسب برای RL و SST
It's my pleasure to come to you today to talk about the Galileo machine to the planet Jupiter. Galileo was launched in 1989 and we have to wait until the end of 1995 for the spacecraft and its probe to reach Jupiter. Of course there was some exciting moment for long wait. I first visited Dr. Black's Astronomy class--back to Galileo, had just visited the Asteroid Belt. I was able at that time to bring the Galileo's images of the Asteroid Gasper. That was the first time we got an up-close look at the Asteroid. It was just amazing. But there are also some disappointments. In April of 1991 we realized one of the antennas that was supposed to transmit data have no functioned. That meant that we had to rely on the smaller antennas to give us data. But we have ended up been quite pleased with what we see from Galileo. As I mentioned before,at the end of 1995, the Galileo probe finally entered Jupiter's atmosphere. We knew Jupiter's position at that time will make communication with the spacecraft difficult, so we decided to suspend data transmission. After waiting about half a year, we began to receive the data about Jupiter's atmosphere in satellites, and we continue collecting it for two years. And now what you all have been waiting for, direct images of Jupiter.
🆔 @EngStud
My key point:
the Galileo machine to the planet Jupiter
launched Galileo to Jupiter
the Galileo's images of the Asteroid Gasper
an up-close look at the Asteroid
the smaller antennas to give us data
entered Jupiter's atmosphere
make communication with the spacecraft difficult
receive the data about Jupiter's atmosphere in satellites
direct images of Jupiter.
#vocabulary
1. Probe n. a flexible slender surgical instrument used to explore wounds or body cavities.
2. Asteroid belt n. the region of interplanetary space between Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids are found
3. Asteroid n. any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter)
4. Antenna n. an electrical device that sends or receives radio or television signals
🆔 @EngStud
Conversation & PTE & IELTS
telegram@EngStud – polluting space
👆 polluting space #podcast
مناسب برای RL و SST
S: This doesn’t have anything to do with the lecture, Dr. Brown. It's just something I was wondering about.
T: I'm always glad to entertain questions.
S: What I want to know is, with all our space exploration, aren't astronomers concerned that were polluting space, you know with spacecrafts and satellites?
T: That is an interesting question. Well, first of all, it's important to understand the space isn’t that pristine as you might think. More than 1000 tons of debris enters the earth's atmosphere every single day.
S: What? The spacecrafts don't need that much garbage?
T: No, but there are meteoroids entering our atmosphere almost constantly.
You are familiar with what the moon's surface looks like, right?
S: But we don't have these craters on earth. I don't understand.
T: Remember the moon's lack of atmosphere means that even small meteoroids make craters. But most of the meteoroids that hit the earth's atmosphere melt or break up in the air.
S: Causing meteorite? The streaks of light we see is that meteoroids breaking up, isn't it?
T: Yes, and getting back to your question about pollution, that's one way we could deal with the debris of satellites and spacecraft. The truth is we do have a lot of orbiting debris, and traveling at 10 to 20 thousand miles per hour.
S: Really? I wouldn't want to collide with anything going that fast.
T: It's a real danger for spacecraft. But we could dispose the debris by simply sending it back into the earth's atmosphere.
S: oh, so the debris was just burned up. Well, thanks a lot, Dr. Brown.
🆔 @EngStud
مناسب برای RL و SST
S: This doesn’t have anything to do with the lecture, Dr. Brown. It's just something I was wondering about.
T: I'm always glad to entertain questions.
S: What I want to know is, with all our space exploration, aren't astronomers concerned that were polluting space, you know with spacecrafts and satellites?
T: That is an interesting question. Well, first of all, it's important to understand the space isn’t that pristine as you might think. More than 1000 tons of debris enters the earth's atmosphere every single day.
S: What? The spacecrafts don't need that much garbage?
T: No, but there are meteoroids entering our atmosphere almost constantly.
You are familiar with what the moon's surface looks like, right?
S: But we don't have these craters on earth. I don't understand.
T: Remember the moon's lack of atmosphere means that even small meteoroids make craters. But most of the meteoroids that hit the earth's atmosphere melt or break up in the air.
S: Causing meteorite? The streaks of light we see is that meteoroids breaking up, isn't it?
T: Yes, and getting back to your question about pollution, that's one way we could deal with the debris of satellites and spacecraft. The truth is we do have a lot of orbiting debris, and traveling at 10 to 20 thousand miles per hour.
S: Really? I wouldn't want to collide with anything going that fast.
T: It's a real danger for spacecraft. But we could dispose the debris by simply sending it back into the earth's atmosphere.
S: oh, so the debris was just burned up. Well, thanks a lot, Dr. Brown.
🆔 @EngStud
Conversation & PTE & IELTS
telegram@EngStud – Apollo programs
👆 Apollo programs #podcast
مناسب برای RL و SST
Some of you may be familiar with the Apollo programs geological studies of the moon during the 1960s. But you may not be aware of the extensive research that preceded those studies. The work of two early researchers was very important in determining the nature of the surface of the moon. Back in 1892, a geologist named Carlos Gilbert was challenging the prevailing views about the lunar surfaces. At that time most scientists thought the crater on the moon had been created by volcanic action. Gilbert made some careful telescopic studies.
There were no spacecrafts back then, so telescopes were the best way to observe the moon. It concluded that the lunar crater is so uniform that they had to be the result of impact of falling bodies such as meteorites. I posted the enlargements just some of the drawings on the board. If you compare them to those in your text, you can see that his are amazingly accurate. Still, his contemporaries rejected his work. 50 years later, a graduate student named Wolf Baldwin reasserted Gilbert's species. He too met with resistance and he left academics to run his family's machinery business. But he didn't give up his research. He worked alone in his spare time, and eventually wrote an influential book called "the face of the moon". A young geologist who read it was so inspired that he persuaded NASA to incorporate geology into the Apollo missions. Well, the Apollo missions eventually confirmed most of Baldwin's ideas, which is astonishing, considering that he wasn't a professional scientist.
🆔 @EngStud
مناسب برای RL و SST
Some of you may be familiar with the Apollo programs geological studies of the moon during the 1960s. But you may not be aware of the extensive research that preceded those studies. The work of two early researchers was very important in determining the nature of the surface of the moon. Back in 1892, a geologist named Carlos Gilbert was challenging the prevailing views about the lunar surfaces. At that time most scientists thought the crater on the moon had been created by volcanic action. Gilbert made some careful telescopic studies.
There were no spacecrafts back then, so telescopes were the best way to observe the moon. It concluded that the lunar crater is so uniform that they had to be the result of impact of falling bodies such as meteorites. I posted the enlargements just some of the drawings on the board. If you compare them to those in your text, you can see that his are amazingly accurate. Still, his contemporaries rejected his work. 50 years later, a graduate student named Wolf Baldwin reasserted Gilbert's species. He too met with resistance and he left academics to run his family's machinery business. But he didn't give up his research. He worked alone in his spare time, and eventually wrote an influential book called "the face of the moon". A young geologist who read it was so inspired that he persuaded NASA to incorporate geology into the Apollo missions. Well, the Apollo missions eventually confirmed most of Baldwin's ideas, which is astonishing, considering that he wasn't a professional scientist.
🆔 @EngStud