UNV #SWT Apeuni177
داوطلبان سازمان ملل
If you are inspired to take concrete action for global peace and development, take a look at the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) program. Every year, up to 8,000 qualified and experienced women and men of some 160 different nationalities volunteer at least six months of their lives to help others. These UN Volunteers work in some 130 countries promoting peace, responding to disasters, empowering communities and helping to build sustainable livelihoods and lasting development. UN Volunteers come from dozens of professional backgrounds but all of them are catalysts of positive change. They are encouraged to be creative and entrepreneurial, and foster volunteerism for peace and development both within and beyond their assignments. They work at the heart of communities in partnership with governments, United Nations entities and civil society. Being a UN Volunteer is not a career (you are currently limited to four years of service), but it is rich with opportunities and experience and offers huge personal rewards. As a UN Volunteer you receive a Volunteer Living Allowance (VLA) which covers basic needs, housing and utilities. Additionally, UNV will provide a settling-in-grant, life, health, and permanent disability insurance, return airfares and a nominal resettlement allowance.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #writing #Summarize_Written_Text

My answer:
نمره 7/7 از اپیونی:
Whereas the essence of a UN volunteer for global peace and development emphasizes the United Nations Volunteers program, the impacts of being catalysts of positive changes such as being creative and entrepreneurial are acknowledged, and professional backgrounds could be inferred from working at the heart of communities in partnership with governments, from which the implications of offering huge personal rewards as well as receiving a Volunteer Living Allowance are presumed. 70w

📝🎧📝🎧 #SST 📝🎧📝🎧 👇

‍ Market Economy #SST
اقتصاد بازار
welcome to the investors Trading Academy talking glossary of financial terms and events our word of the day is market economy. Market economies work on the assumption that market forces such as supply and demand are the best determinants of what's right for a nation's well-being. These economies rarely engage in government interventions such as price fixing license quotas and Industry subsidized ations (subsidizations) while most developed nations today could be classified as having mixed economies they're often said to have market economies because they allow market forces to drive most of their activities typically engaging in government intervention only to the extent that is needed to provide stability. Although the market economy is clearly the system of choice in today's global marketplace there is significant debate regarding the amounts of government intervention considered optimal for efficient economic operations an economy in which the greater part of production distribution and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government and in which government interference in the market is minimal. Although a total market economy is probably only theoretically possible because it would exclude taxation and regulation of any kind capitalist economies approximated and socialist economies are antithetical to it market economies are also called free economies, free markets or free enterprise systems.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Summarize_spoken_text

My answer:
The lecture was about market economies, which comprised market forces and the best determinants of a nation's well-being. The spokesperson determined rarely engaging in government interventions, and the essence of developed nations emphasized efficient economic operations. Although both being classified as having mixed economies and controlled the production distribution by individuals could be inferred from providing stability, the impacts of free enterprise systems, socialist economies and capitalist economies were acknowledged. (70w)

‍ Hans Krebs (discouragement) #RL Apeuni296
هانس آدولف کربس (دلسردی)
This is Hans Krebs, who in 1937 published a paper showing the sequence of chemical reactions, by which energy is released in individual cells. It is called the Krebs cycle, which some of you may remember from your chemistry course in your high school. Krebs is a wonderful example to me of how a scientist who is determined can overcome all kinds of human obstacles. Krebs’s father constantly discouraged him and told him that he had just mediocre intelligence whenever to anything important in his life, as a teenager. What Krebs remembers in his memoir, his father said to him "you can't make a silk purse at a sow's ear". And later on, when Krebs studied with the great biochemist Otto Warburg, Warburg also told him the same thing. Not the same quote but that he had only mediocre ability and would never be a great scientist. And we all hear about how important it is for parents to encourage their children, but sometimes the children will go on to do great things no matter what we say to them.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Retell_Lecture #Summarize_spoken_text

#SST Apeuni92 :
نمره 10/10 از اپیونی برای هر دو پاسخ:
My answer:
The lecture was about Hans Krebs, which comprised the sequence of chemical reactions and the Krebs cycle. The spokesperson determined releasing energy in individual cells, and the essence of overcoming all kinds of human obstacles emphasized discouraging sentences from his father and Otto Warburg. Although the mediocre intelligence could be inferred from the importance of being encouraged by parents, the impacts of going on great things by children were acknowledged. (70w)

#Sample_answer
The lecture was about Hans Krebs, which comprised a published paper, the sequence of chemical reactions, and releasing energy. The spokesperson described the Krebs’ cycle, and the essence of overcoming obstacles emphasized the significance of being discouraged by his father. Ultimately, although both having mediocre intelligence and hearing the same thing from Warburg could be inferred from being a great scientist, the impacts of the value of encouragement were acknowledged. (70w)

🟢 #vocabulary
🔺mediocre intelligence هوش متوسط، پایین تر یا بدتر از حد معمول
🔺 memoir شرح حال .خاطره

🔺 you can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear
used to mean that you cannot make something good out of something that is naturally bad.
به این معنی است که شما نمی توانید از چیزی که به طور طبیعی بد است چیزی خوب درست کنید. (فکر کنم منظورش اینه که میگه تو با هوش متوسط و پایینت به هیچ جا نمیرسی و موفق نخواهی شد).

📝📝📝📝#Essay 📝📝📝📝

Increasing petrol price is considered as a solution to the issue of air pollution. How far do you agree or disagree with this statement and what other measures can be taken to tackle this problem?
🆔 @EngStud #WE #Essay #writing

My Answer:
❇️T1: the relationship between a solution to the issue of air pollution and increasing the prices of fuels
🏵 tackling big cities' problems
🏵air pollutants management

❇️T2: the soluble issues of air pollution
🏵 fuel improvements
🏵 air pollution strategies
🏵 the increased prices of fuels
🏵both taking effective measures and reducing pollution

❇️T3: increasing the prices of fuels
🏵 tackling pollution problems
🏵 using public transportation as an alternative solution
🏵 preventing air pollution

❇️T4: the correlation between a solution to the problem of air pollution and increasing the prices of petrol
🏵 the issues of air-polluting particles
🏵 practical measures for polluted cities

دو تاتپیک مرتبط که قبلا در کانال گذاشته شده بود: 1 و 2

📖📖📖📖 #RO 📖📖📖📖👇

the agricultural surplus #RO

D. With the pressure on resources of development becoming increasingly severe, the issue of tapping the agricultural surplus cannot be put off.
با افزایش شدید فشار بر منابع توسعه ، نمی توان بحث استفاده از (تولید محصولات بیش از حد نیاز /مازاد) کشاورزی را کنار گذاشت. [اینجا بحث را برای اولین بار مطرح میکنه]
A. The existence of a substantial surplus in this sector is not in doubt.
[اگرچه] وجود (محصولات) مازاد بسیار زیاد، در این بخش (بخش کشاورزی[اشاره به جمله قبل]) تردیدی نیست. [این جمله نیاز به تکمیل دارد و سپس یک معنی متضاد باید مطرح کنه]
B. But the methods of utilizing these resources more efficiently have not been debated sufficiently
[در ادامه جمله قبلی که مازاد زیاد هست] اما روشهای استفاده بهینه از این منابع (محصولات مازاد) به اندازه کافی بحث نشده است.
C. There has been a tendency to concentrate on the possibilities of using an agricultural income tax to tap these resources.
[جمع بندی و راه حل برای استفاده بهینه]: تمایل به تمرکز بر روی امکان های استفاده از مالیات بر درآمد کشاورزی برای بهره برداری از این منابع (محصولات مازاد) وجود داشته است.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #Reorder_Paragraph

#vocabulary :
➡️ agricultural surplus
An agricultural production that exceeds the needs of the society for which it is being produced, and may be exported or stored for future times.
یک محصول کشاورزی که بیش از نیاز جامعه ای است که برای آن تولید می شود و ممکن است برای زمان های آینده صادر یا ذخیره شود.

Neil Simon #RO

D. Neil Simon, who is, without a doubt, America’s Leading comedy writer, started his career when only sixteen years old, writing with his brother Daniel, scripts for radio.
نیل سایمون ، که بدون شک نویسنده برجسته کمدی آمریکا است ، کار خود را هنگامی آغاز کرد که فقط شانزده ساله بود ، و با برادرش دانیل می نوشت ، و برای رادیو نمایشنامه می نوشت. [سریالهای رادیویی]
C. With the advent of television, he progressed to shows like The Ed Sulli van programme and, in particular, two and a half years with the highly successful Bilko series which is still showing throughout the world.
با ظهور تلویزیون ، [نوشته ها و نمایشنامه های] او به نمایش هایی مانند برنامه ون Ed Sulli و به ویژه دو سال و نیم با سریال بسیار موفق بیلکو که هنوز در سراسر جهان در حال نمایش است ، پیشرفت کرد. [سریالهای کمدی تلویزیونی]
B. His first play for Broadway was ‘Come Blow Your Horn’, which had a limited success and encouraged him to write his first real smash Broadway hit, ‘Barefoot in the Park’.
اولین نمایشنامه او برای برادوی "بیا با شاخ خود بوز" بود که با موفقیت محدودی روبرو شد و او را ترغیب کرد تا داغترین نمایشنامه خود در برادوی ، "پابرهنه در پارک" را بنویسد. [او را به "داغترین نمایشنامه نویس جدید در برادوی" تبدیل کرد]
A. In fact, during the 1966-67 season in New York, theater-goers could have seen ‘Barefoot in the park’;’ The odd Couple’;’ Sweet Charity’ and ‘The Star-Spangled Girl’, which were all running simultaneously.
در واقع ، در طول فصل 1966-67 در نیویورک ، تماشاگران تئاتر می توانستند "پابرهنه در پارک" ؛ "زوج عجیب" ، "خیریه شیرین" و "دختر ستاره دار" را ببینند که همه همزمان در حال اجرا بود. [احتمالا تئاتر تلویزیونی یا در سالنهای تئاتر]
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #Reorder_Paragraph

✅ توضیح و تحلیل: در دو قسمت (جمله) اول، به معرفی کلی زندگی او می پردازد (که ابتدا برای رادیو و سپس برای تلویزیون نمایشنامه و فیلمنامه مینوشت)، سپس در ادامه در دو قسمت بعدی به معرفی اسم نوشته ها و نمایشنامه ها و فیلمنامه ها او میپرازد.

✳️ ماروین نیل سایمون ، نمایشنامه نویس ، فیلمنامه نویس و نویسنده آمریکایی بود. او بیش از 30 نمایشنامه و تقریباً به همین تعداد فیلمنامه فیلم نوشت که بیشتر اقتباس از نمایشنامه هایش بود. وی پس از فارغ التحصیلی از دبیرستان و گذراندن چند سال در نیروی ذخیره نیروی هوایی ارتش ، شروع به نوشتن فیلمنامه های کمدی برای برنامه های رادیویی و نمایش های مشهور تلویزیونی اولیه کرد. او برای صحنه و صفحه نمایش نوشت. او چهار تولید موفق داشت که همزمان در برادوی اجرا می شد.

📝🎧📝🎧 #SST 📝🎧📝🎧 👇

‍ 12th August 1865: Joseph Lister carries out world's first antiseptic surgery
#SST
جوزف لیستر، اولین جراحی همراه با مواد ضدعفونی‌کننده در جهان را انجام داد (نسخه دوم)
HistoryPod
Published on Aug 11, 2015
On the 12th August 1865 Joseph Lister carried out the world’s first antiseptic surgery using the chemical phenol, otherwise known as carbolic acid. Lister is remembered among the greats of medical science for being the first person to identify the link between clean hospital conditions and infection rates.

To understand the importance of Lister’s achievement, it’s important to remember that in the 19th Century up to 50% of all hospital patients died of infection. This often occurred after surgery, during which time patients developed ‘ward fever’ – a non-specific range of secondary infections caused through poor hospital hygiene where surgeons weren’t required to wash their hands or even their stained operating gowns.

Having read the work of the Frenchman Louis Pasteur regarding the spread and growth of bacteria, Lister became interested in finding a way to remove infection-causing micro-organisms from hospitals. Germ theory of disease was only just becoming more widely accepted, but after discovering that carbolic acid, now referred to as phenol, had successfully been used to reduce the smell of raw sewage Lister began experiments using it as what became termed an ‘antiseptic’.

On the 12th August Lister used a piece of lint covered in carbolic acid to cover the compound fracture wound of a seven-year-old boy, and found that over a period of six weeks the wound healed without developing gangrene. Developments in surgical hygiene followed. As well as surgeons wearing gloves, they began to wash their hands in carbolic acid, as well as washing their instruments in Lister’s 5% solution and spraying it liberally around the operating theatre.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Summarize_spoken_text

My answer:
The lecture was about Joseph Lister, which comprised the first antiseptic surgery with carbolic acid and medical science. The spokesperson determined links between clean hospital conditions and infection rates, and the essence of dying patients of infection emphasized removing infection-causing micro-organisms from hospitals. Although both ‘ward fever’ and secondary infections could be inferred from Louis Pasteur, the impacts of the growth of bacteria, and Germ theory of disease were acknowledged. (70w)

‍ Student loans #RL Apeuni65
وام های دانشجویی
I'm 43 years old and I owe tens of thousands of dollars in student loans. Oh sure, I knew the loans were piling up as I went through school. But with one loan coming from here, another from there, I had no idea of the rockslide that was building. Fifteen years later, I still experience moments of sheer horror regarding my family's financial situation. My monthly student loan payment is more than triple my car payment. OK, so without my college degree, I would not have been able to get my current job. For that I'm grateful; but at what cost? My loans have been accruing at a rate of 10 percent, and now they have burgeoned to — well, I'm an English major, you do the math. I don't think they'll ever get paid off. We're in debt way past our eyeballs, and there's no hope in sight. I'm being kept in class — a financial class of graduates whose only hope for attending college meant borrowing money from the government. Because of our mounting credit card debt
and monthly payments that far exceed our family's income, my kids will also join the class of citizens who can't rely on their parents for college support. Do I wish I'd chosen another educational route? You bet. Perhaps trade school — I've thought that being a plumber might not be such a bad gig. But if your job aspirations require a four-year degree, take my advice and choose a college you can afford, both during and after graduation. Take a realistic look at your anticipated income, and factor in priorities that don't carry a price — like the spouse and children you might want to have some day. I was overconfident that my student-loan debt would pale in comparison to the lucrative writing career I'd enjoy after graduation. Now I'm paying for that decision — in more ways than I'd ever imagined.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Summarize_spoken_text

هر دو پاسخ نمره 10/10 از اپیونی:
#SST Apeuni68
#Sample_answer :
The lecture was about student loans, which comprised the family's financial situation and monthly loan payment. The spokesperson described finding jobs at a high cost, and the essence of being in massive debts emphasized the significance of borrowing money from the government. Ultimately, although both joining the class of citizens and relying on parent’s income could be inferred from choosing different educational routes, the impacts of affordable colleges were acknowledged. (70 words)

#Sample_Answer :
The lecture was about paying off student loans, which comprised monthly loan payment and the family's financial situation. The spokesperson described finding a job at a high cost, and the essence of being in massive debts emphasized the significance of using governmental support. Ultimately, although both joining the class of citizens and relying on parent’s income could be inferred from choosing different educational routes, impacts of affordable colleges were acknowledged. (70w)

‍ Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov #RL #SST
شرطی‌شدن کلاسیک (شرطی‌شدن واکنشی) - ایوان پاولوف
(در متریال نیست ولی در یوتیوپ بعنوان سوال آزمون قرارداده بودند)
Behavioral psychologists have come up with new views.
Not only on animal behavior but of human nature as well. And these use all concerned a process that we take for granted learning. Because we are all truly born to learn. Ironically one of the most important figures in the study of learning. Ivan Pavlov. Wasn't concerned with the subject at all at least not at first. Pavlov a noted Russian scientist won the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1984. As this original footage shows Pavlov was initially interested in digestion and the action of the salivary glands.
By diverting the saliva of dogs into test tubes. He could precisely measure if and how much they salivated during digestion. When food was presented the dogs salivated quickly and inherited salivary reflex. But over repeated testings a strange thing happened. The dog salivated before contact with the food. Just the sight of the food was enough to stimulate their drooling. Then just seeing the food dish or even hearing the footsteps of Pavlov or his assistants was enough to trigger this built in reflex. What was going on to elicit this response. Pavlov decided to find out by systematically varying the stimuli and measuring the dog's reaction. Metro.
Gnomes.
Lights and bells were all used as stimuli and they all work as stand ins for the food. What mattered was not the kind of stimulus that was used for the fact that it be lively signal that food was on the way. Have long had discovered a fundamental type of learning called classical conditioning.
And original stimulus elicits an automatic unlearned response. Both stimulus and response happened naturally. They are unconditioned. Then a second neutral stimulus that never elicits the unconditioned response by itself is introduced just before the presentation of the original stimulus if the neutral or signaling stimulus is presented alone and a response occurs as if the original stimulus was still there.
We say that conditioning has taken place arbitrary neutral stimulus becomes a condition stimulus. The reverse is also true. Pavlov and others study the extinction over time of such conditioned responses when the subject learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer signals a desired event.
The acquisition process is reversed as the learned connection is gradually weakened Pavlov's work and the work of those who followed him led to a remarkable conclusion.
And that is any stimulus an organism can perceive is capable of eliciting any reaction. The organism is capable of making. This means that virtually any sound sight or smell can influence the way our muscles tense or relax our moods fluctuate or even the way our attitudes are formed. For instance if I say relax. And then do this. You're going to be startled and upset. After five or six pairings of. Relax. Just saying the word relax. Is going to generate a negative response rather than its usual learned reaction.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Summarize_spoken_text

My Answer:
The lecture was about classical conditioning, which comprised Pavlov. The spokesperson determined granted learning, and the essence of introducing a neutral stimulus before presenting the original stimulus emphasized turning the neutral stimulus into a condition stimulus. Although happening conditioned responses by presenting the signaling stimulus without original stimulus could be inferred from the extinction over time of conditioned responses, the corresponding impacts of no signaling a desired event were acknowledged. (70w)
شرطی‌شدن کلاسیک

‍ Why girls do better at school than boys | The Economist #RL #SST
چرا دختران در مدرسه از پسران بهتر عمل می کنند | مجله اقتصاددان (اکونومیست)

For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that’s no longer the case.

A new study by the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, examined how 15-year-old boys and girls performed at reading, mathematics and science. Boys still score somewhat better at maths, and in science the genders are roughly equal. But when it comes to the students who really struggle, the difference is stark: boys are 50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in all three areas.

Why are girls performing better at school than their male classmates?

First, girls read more than boys. Reading proficiency is the basis upon which all other learning is built. When boys don’t do well at reading, their performance in other school subjects suffers too.

Second, girls spend more time on homework. On average, girls spend five and a half hours per week doing homework while boys spend a little less than four and a half hours. Researchers suggest that doing homework set by teachers is linked to better performance in maths, reading and science. Boys, it appears, spend more of their free time in the virtual world; they are 17% more likely to play collaborative online games than girls every day. They also use the internet more.

Third, peer pressure plays a role. A lot of boys decide early on that they are just too cool for school. They adopt a concept of masculinity that includes a disregard for authority, which means they’re more likely to be rowdy in class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous tests, boys perform better. In fact, the gender gap in reading drops by a third when teachers don’t know the gender of the pupil they are marking.

So what can be done to close this gap? Getting boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help. And offering boys a chance to read non-fiction would help too: they’re keener on comics and newspapers. But most of all, abandoning gender stereotypes would benefit all students. Boys in countries with the best schools read much better than girls. And girls in Shanghai excel in mathematics.
They outperform boys from anywhere else in the world.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Retell_Lecture #Summarize_spoken_text

My Answer:
The lecture was about doing better girls at school than boys, which comprised girls' reading proficiency. The spokesperson determined spend more time on homework by girls, and the essence of spending more of boys' free time in the virtual world emphasized peer pressure. Although the gender gap could be inferred from getting boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time, the impacts of abandoning gender stereotypes were acknowledged. (70w)

RWFIB 1. Poison frogs
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #vocabulary #reading

what difference between source and resource

Sources vs Resources
Source and resource are two different words with totally different meanings. Source is a place or a thing that provides us what we are looking for. We go to school to obtain knowledge and to a college to obtain a degree. In this sense, these are sources of knowledge and degree for us. A well is a source of fresh underground water for us while the sun is a source of constant energy. There is another word resource that means something valuable for us and something that we consume to serve a function.

Resource vs Source - What's the difference?
Resource is a related term of source.
As nouns the difference between resource and source is that resource is something that one uses to achieve an objective, e.g. raw materials or personnel while source is the person, place or thing from which something (information, goods, etc) comes or is acquired.
As verbs the difference between resource and source is that resource is to supply with s while source is (chiefly|us) to obtain or procure:.


🟥 از کلمهٔ source برای صحبت دربارهٔ منبعی که اطلاعات، کالا، یا چیزی رو ازش دریافت می‌کنیم، استفاده می‌کنیم. این منبع می‌تونه یه شخص، یه مکان، یا یه شیء باشه. کلمه source مفهوم مبدا و منبع و سرچشمه و منشا و ماخذ و مرجع یه چیزی رو داره ؛ مثلا سرچشمه ی رود نیل the source of Nile یا زبان مبدا the source language یا خورشید منبع انرژی ماست. The sun is source of our energy. یا در مبدا at source . کلمه source در واقع چیزی، جایی و یا شخصی است که ما از آن چیزی را دریافت می کنیم. مثلا گوشت منبع (source) پروتئین است یا یک کتاب منبع دانش است.
🔸مثال:
.Dairy products are a rich source of calcium
توی جملهٔ بالا، فرآورده‌های لبنی به عنوان منبع غنی کلسیم معرفی شده.
They claimed that they received this information from a reliable source, who wishes to remain anonymous
آن‌ها مدعی شدند كه این اطلاعات را از یك منبع معتبر، ‌که مایل است ناشناس بماند، دریافت كرده‌اند.‌
.Solar energy is an important source of renewable energy
انرژی خورشیدی یک منبع مهم انرژی تجدید‌پذیر است.

🟥 ولی resource به معنای منبعیه که برای رسیدن به یه هدف خاص، به بهترین شکل ممکن، ازش استفاده می‌شه—مثل منابع مالی، منابع انسانی، و یا هر منبع دیگه‌ای که یه شخص یا سازمان ازش استفاده می‌کنه تا به هدف مورد‌نظرش برسه. به عبارت دیگه، این دسته از منابع به کمک ما می‌آن تا بتونیم کار‌هایی رو که می‌خوایم انجام بدیم. resource دارایی ارزشمندی است که به رشد و توسعه کمک میکند. مثلا نفت یک منبع (resource) است که به یک کشور کمک می کند رشد کند. ‘مردم’ یک منبع هستند که به رشد کمک می کنند. در مورد resource فقط مفهوم منبع درآمدی یا وسیله امرار چیزی و مواردی از این قبیل موضوعیت داره. مثلا منابع درآمدی ما محدوده Our revenue resources are limited یا منابع گیاهی یا جنگلی ما محدوده.
🔸مثال:
.The principal advised the teachers to make maximum use of the available resources
مدیر پیشنهاد داد که معلم‌ها از منابع موجود حداکثر استفاده را ببرند.
.This book can be used as a reference and a teaching resource
این کتاب می‌تواند به عنوان مرجع و منبعی برای تدریس مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد.
.Our country is rich in natural resources
کشور ما سرشار از منابع طبیعی است.‌

📝🎧📝🎧 #SST 📝🎧📝🎧 👇

‍ Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Cells #SST
پروکاریوت (پیش‌هسته‌ای) در مقابل یوکاریوت‌ها (نسخه دوم)
(در متریال نیست ولی در یوتیوپ بعنوان سوال آزمون قرارداده بودند)
On Earth, there are two major types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are the simplest and most ancient types of cells. They were the only form of life on Earth for billions of years before eventually giving rise to eukaryotic cells. If you take a look at prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells side by side, you can see a number of differences. To begin with, prokaryotic cells are a lot smaller than eukaryotic cells and have a simpler structure. But bear in mind that this simple structure is actually a good thing for prokaryotes, because it allows them to reproduce very quickly and very effectively. If you were to look inside a prokaryotic cell, you would probably be surprised at how simple it is. For example, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. In fact, the name “prokaryote” actually gives you a hint about its structure. “kary” means “kernel” or “nucleus” and “pro” means before. So basically, the word “prokaryote” means “before nucleus.” The inside of the prokaryotic cell is basically an open unit with no compartments. There are no membrane-bound organelles. However, small structures called ribosomes are scattered throughout its cytoplasm. The cell’s DNA is located in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid region. The nucleoid region is not the same thing as a nucleus because it’s not enclosed by a membrane. Prokaryotes also have a cell wall that surrounds the plasma membrane. The composition of the cell wall depends on whether the cell is an archaean or a bacteria, but basically it consists of complex polysaccharides. Prokaryotes also often possess one or more flagella, which are used for movement.
In contrast, eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The name “eukaryote” also gives a hint about its structure. “eu” means true- and remember that “kary” means nucleus, so in essence the word “eukaryote” means “true nucleus.” Eukaryotic cells are larger and much more complicated than prokaryotic cells. However, they do share a few things in common with prokaryotes. Let’s take a look at a Venn Diagram to compare prokaryotes to eukaryotes, and to also see what areas they have in common.
Let’s start with their commonalities: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
• Have DNA as their genetic material
• Have ribosomes
• Have cytoplasm
• Have a plasma membrane

Now let’s look at some of the ways they differ:
• Prokaryotic cells are the oldest type of cell. They are small and relatively simple. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells later. They are larger and much more complex internally.
• Prokaryotes lack both a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, and also contain organelles.
• Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms. Eukaryotes can be either single-celled or multicellular.
• And finally, the DNA of a prokaryote is usually organized as a single, circular chromosome, while the DNA of a eukaryote is organized as linear chromosomes.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Summarize_spoken_text

My answer:
The lecture was about prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells, which comprised being smaller and simpler than eukaryotic. The spokesperson determined prokaryotic without both a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and the essence of prokaryotic as single-celled organisms emphasized eukaryotic as either single-celled or multicellular. Although eukaryotic with a nucleus and organelles could be inferred from prokaryotic as a single, circular chromosome, the impacts of eukaryotic as linear chromosomes were acknowledged. (68w)

🔺 نسخه اول لکچر

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells with Amoeba Sisters (Updated)
👆ویدیویی در ارتباط با موضوع لکچر بالا 👆
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Summarize_spoken_text

📝📝📝📝#Essay 📝📝📝📝👇

Large shopping malls are replacing small local shops in cities and towns. In your own experience, is it a positive development? Apeuni30
🆔 @EngStud #WE #Essay #writing

#Sample_answer :
کلمات بولد نشده را بنده به اصل جواب اضافه کردم
❇️T1: replacing large shopping malls in towns
🏵N1: local shops
🏵N2: shopping development

❇️T2: small shopping centers
🏵N3: being replaced local hypermarkets
🏵N4: urban shopping malls
🏵N5: large online shopping

❇️T3: cities' shopping malls replacement
🏵N6: local shop assistants
🏵N7: being locally developed
🏵N8: large shopping centers

❇️T4: replacement shops
🏵N9: a positive local development
🏵N10: the large shopping area

🖍🖍🖍🖍🖍🖍
Other N:
large department stores
local bookshops
window shopping
weekly/daily shopping
supermarket shopping
urban local areas
the shopping list
a large commodity market