👆 My answer: #SST
The lecture was about dying a language, which comprised coming and going throughout the history. The spokesperson determined 6000 languages, and the essence of being seriously in danger emphasized dying out every two weeks. Although both physical reasons and genocides could be inferred from globalization and cash, the impacts of crushing smaller languages, preserving languages by intentions of people, respecting minority languages, and not having a positive future were acknowledged. 70w
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📖📖📖📖 #reading 📖📖📖📖👇

‍ RWFIB 818. Black Plant Life Could Thrive on Other Planets
زندگی گیاهان سیاه می تواند در سیارات دیگر رشد و پرورش مناسب کند (رونق بگیرد)
ریدینگ اپیونی (غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni437
Photosynthetic plants on other planets that revolve around different kinds of suns could be mostly gray or black. Cynthia Graber reports

Full Transcript :
Most plants capture sunlight. And the results are usually green. Because in photosynthesis, plant chlorophyll uses wavelengths of blue and our sun’s abundant red, and reflects green. But what if—as many sci-fi scenarios suggest—there’s an Earth-like planet with multiple suns? Researchers at England’s University of Saint Andrews say that photosynthetic life on such a planet might end up as a drab black or gray. Or even with a high SPF.

A quarter of all stars like our sun actually exist in multi-star systems. Plants on a planet with two sunlike stars could need protection against too much radiation—they might evolve their own UV-blocking sunscreens.

Or a planet with two stars may have one sun-like star, along with a red dwarf star that’s also common in multi-star systems. Any photosynthetic life would be adapted to take advantage of the available light waves.

Plants that relied at times mostly on the dim red dwarf might need light from all across the visible spectrum. They wouldn’t reflect any wavelengths, so they'd appear black. These ideas were presented at the current Royal Astronomical Society meeting. So for healthy eating on some other planets, try the leafy dark salad.
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🟢 #collocation
capture sunlight, plant chlorophyll, wavelengths of blue, many sci-fi scenarios, an Earth-like planet, England's University of, photosynthetic life, a drab black, a high SPF, A quarter of all stars, multi-star systems, sunlike stars, protection against/from, a red dwarf star, take advantage of, the available light waves, the dim red dwarf, the visible spectrum.

👇 RWFIB 821. Future of Science Coverage
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‍ RWFIB 821. Future of Science Coverage
آینده پوشش علمی
سوال ریدینگ اپیونی (غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni471
At the World Conference of Science Journalists in London last week, outgoing Scientific American Editor in Chief John Rennie talked to writers about the future of what they do, remarks that also pertain to this podcast. Steve Mirsky reports

Full Transcript :
At the World Conference of Science Journalists last week in London, outgoing Scientific American Editor in Chief John Rennie talked to writers about the future of what they do, remarks that also pertain to this podcast:

The question then is, how could science writing for the public possibly be better? I think there are a couple of different ideas. One of them is, maybe there should just be less of it. And because I would like to leave this room unlynched, let me amend that to say that at least there should be less of some of it. If our job is, ultimately as we see it, to try to inform the public better about science and technology, I for one think that we could all do with a lot fewer of the “what causes/cures cancer this week” story.

I think that in fact is directly related, that kind of story is really related to a different problem, which is that we have a model of following what defines science news as that 95 percent of the time it is “interesting paper that appears in prestigious journal this week.” That constitutes science news. Except that we’re all smart enough to know that that has absolutely nothing to do with how science works. That has to do with how publishing works. That’s what did they put into press this week.

Science actually doesn’t change when one, new important paper comes out. We all know that. The reality of science is it takes time for science to play itself out. When interesting new results come in, they’re tested and they’re confirmed and people rework them. One paper can be the landmark that starts to affect some of that, but the reality is the actual change in the science follows that often by a considerable amount of time. Sometimes long after we’ve actually written the big headlines about the exciting, dramatic, revolutionary change of whatever has come about because of something.

And I think that’s something that I don’t have a particular prescription on all of this. But I really think this comes down to why it is that we have a responsibility as editors to try to rethink what counts as science news.
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🟢 #collocation
a couple of different ideas, be less of it, to inform the public better, all do with, that kind of story, a different problem, science news, interesting paper, prestigious journal, nothing to do with, coming out new important paper , takes time, play itself out, interesting new results, a considerable amount of time, the big headlines, a particular prescription on, have a responsibility as editors,
the exciting, dramatic, revolutionary change.

‍ RWFIB 822. A Little Yolk for Boys
یک زرده کوچکتر (کمتر) (تخم مارمولک) برای پسر شدن نوزاد
سوال مشترک ریدینگ اپیونی (غیرامتحان/تمرینی) و HIW (امتحان)
When it comes to lizard sex, size does matter. But not in the way you might think. Because in the June 4th online issue of the journal Current Biology, scientists say that for at least one type of lizard, larger eggs are more likely to make girls while smaller eggs yield boys.
For many animals, the sex of an individual is dictated solely by its chromosomes. But for small alpine lizards, gender isn't so cut-and-dried. The scientists had earlier found that nest temperature can influence the sex of lizard hatchlings. Cooler nests turn out more boys—no matter what their chromosomes say. At the same time, the researchers noticed that larger eggs seemed to make more daughters. But they wanted to put their observation to the test. So they took big eggs and removed some yolk—and, voila, they made males. Adding yolk to a little egg was a recipe for a female.
This egg size manipulation might allow moms to balance their babies' sexes when a chilly nest would otherwise produce mostly sons. Because when it comes to alpine lizards, sex determination all comes down to a practical yolk.

#RWFIB Apeuni483: scientists chromosomes influence daughters manipulation determination practical.
#HIW Apeuni121: scientists influence chromosomes manipulation otherwise determination.

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🟢 #vocabulary :

🔸 lizard sex= gender جنسیت مارمولک
🔸 size does matter
اندازه تخم (گذاشته شده) مارمولک مهم است
🔸 cut and dried adj.
a situation, decision, result etc that is cut and dried cannot now be changed.
(تصمیم، شرایط و اوضاع) غیر قابل تغییر. (نتایج) از قبل معلوم و قابل پیش بینی. (شغل) کسل کننده.
🔸 hatchling
نوزاد، جوجه سراز تخم دراورده، جانور تازه متولد. جوجه.
🔸 voila (voilà) /vwɑːˈlɑː/ interjection
used when you are showing or telling someone something surprising.
(فرانسه، حرف ندا) این است!، بفرمایید!، ببینید!، آن است! این جا هست...

🔸a practical yolk
یک زرده بدرد بخور

🟢 #collocation :
make girls, the sex of an individual, is dictated solely by, nest temperature, Cooler nests, larger eggs , made males, size manipulation, balance their babies' sexes, a chilly nest, produce sons, sex determination.

👇 RWFIB 823. Bonobos Share With Strangers First
در همان ابتدا Bonobos (غذای خود را) با غریبه ها تقسیم میکند
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‍ RWFIB 823. Bonobos Share With Strangers First
در همان ابتدا (بدون آشنایی قبلی) Bonobos (غذای خود را) با غریبه ها تقسیم میکند (به اشتراک میگذارد)(دیگران را سهیم میکند/ با هم غذا میخورند)

سوال مشترک LFIB (امتحان) و ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni484
Sharing is one of the hallmarks of human behavior : give me a cookie and I'm more likely to give you one later. But our bonobo cousins have an odd variation on the practice. They share with strangers before friends. The finding is in the journal PLoS ONE.
Researchers tested bonobo sharing in experiment s involving fourteen of the apes. All were born in the wild. In the primary experiment, bonobos were placed in a cage with food, and they could choose to admit either a known member of their group, a stranger, or both. In 51 trials, most bonobos shared the feast, but they let the stranger in first.
Why choose an outsider over a friend? In another experiment, the scientists found bonobos only shared when doing so led to a social interaction. Giving up some food to strangers lets these apes expand their social network. This behavior may have evolved to promote social tolerance, in contrast with chimps' sometimes deadly aggression against strangers. Which means that even when food is offered, there's still no such thing as a free lunch.

#RWFIB 484: hallmarks behavior strangers experiment fourteen scientists sometimes .
#LFIB : behavior, involving, admit, interaction, promote, offered.

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🟢 #vocabulary :
💠 hallmark /ˈhɔːlmɑːk $ ˈhɒːlmɑːrk/ noun [countable]
an idea, method, or quality that is typical of a particular person or thing.
hallmark of
ویژگی بارز. نماد. ویژگی اصلی. مشخصه بارز. نشانه بارز.
💠 variation /ˌveəriˈeɪʃən $ ˌver-/ noun [countable]
something that is done in a way that is different from the way it is usually done.
variation on sth.
دگرگونی، اختلاف، تنوع گوناگونی.
💠 contrast /ˈkɒntrɑːst $ ˈkɑːntræst/ noun
[countable, uncountable] a difference between people, ideas, situations, things etc that are being compared.
in contrast (to/with)

💠 in contrast with chimps' sometimes deadly aggression against strangers
این یه عبارت اسمیه
chimps' sometimes deadly aggression
این هم یه عبارت اسمیه:
noun+ 's + adv. +adj+ noun

قبل از اسم، صفت میاید و قبل از صفت، قید میاید

Sometimes adv.
Sometimes means ‘not always or not often’:
on some occasions but not always → occasionally.
گهگاه، بعضی وقتها

ترجمه: تهاجم گاه مرگبار شامپانزه ها

🟢 #collocation :
one of the hallmarks of , human behavior , have an odd variation on the practice, were born in, the primary experiment, were placed in, another experiment, a social interaction, Giving up some food to strangers, expand their social network, promote social tolerance, chimps' sometimes deadly aggression, a free lunch.

👇 824 Really Mass Media (Cell Phone Use)
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‍ RWFIB 824. Really Mass Media (Cell Phone Use)
واقعا رسانه های جمعی (استفاده از تلفن همراه)
سوال ریدینگ اپیونی (غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni493
In London last week at the World Conference of Science Journalists, Philip Hilts, the director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at M.I.T., reviewed the worldwide state of Internet and cell phone use, two of the major ways people now get news

Full Transcript:
Ever-increasing numbers of people are consuming news via the Internet and cell phones. In London last week at the World Conference of Science Journalists, Philip Hilts, the director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at M.I.T., reviewed the worldwide state of internet and cell phone use. “Internet use, it’s about 1.5 to 2 billion internet users, subscribers. And so there is this discussion about, well, we have it in North America but Africa is not got it, so we are on two different planets and so on. That's true, 5.6 percent in Africa now, 17 percent in Asia, but this is moving very rapidly. In Africa, it's growing 12 times right now. In Asia it's growing almost 6 times right now. So the greatest growth is where we're short in penetration.
Cell phone use where news will be also as the smart phones get around the world and as Africa gets wired up, the cables are now going in that will be useful in Africa. They haven't been there. 1980, we had 11,200,000 cell phone subscribers which was zero penetration. And we are looking at 60 percent penetration now, 4.1 billion subscribers. China and India is the core of cell phone usage on earth, and then it goes on down from there, US, Brazil, Japan, UK.”
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🟢 #collocation :
Ever-increasing numbers of people, consuming news, reviewed the worldwide state of internet use, cell phone use, internet users, the greatest growth, are short in penetration, the smart phones, cell phone subscribers, was zero penetration, the core of cell phone usage on earth.

👇 RWFIB 825. Scientists to Bacteria: Resistance Is Futile
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‍ RWFIB 825. Scientists to Bacteria: Resistance Is Futile
دانشمندان به باکتری ها: مقاومت بیهوده است
سوال مشترک ریدینگ اپیونی (غیرامتحان/تمرینی) و HIW (امتحان)
By taking advantage of evolutionary principles, researchers may have found a way to outwit some pathogens that ordinarily become resistant to antibiotics.

Full Transcript:
If you want to see evolution at work, visit a hospital. Inside a sick patient, antibiotics wipe out infectious bacteria by the millions. But germs are always mutating. A few adapt to resist the drug, so they survive—and spread. Such antibiotic-resistant bacteria infect two million Americans every year; they kill 23,000. In this arms race between medicine and evolution, evolution is winning.
But could we turn evolution against bacteria?
It turns out that when bacteria mutate to become resistant to one antibiotic, they often become more vulnerable to a different drug. So maybe after a jab with the left, a roundhouse to the right will deliver a knockout blow.
To test this idea, researchers in Denmark dosed batches of E. coli with 23 different antibiotics, and waited for resistance to evolve. In three-quarters of the cases, the mutant germs became more susceptible to a second drug.
The work appears in the journal Science Translational Medicine.
[Lejla Imamovic and Morten O.A. Sommer, Use of Collateral Sensitivity Networks to Design Drug Cycling Protocols That Avoid Resistance Development]
One particular combination of widely used antibiotics—gentamicin, then cefuroxime, then gentamicin again, and so on—looks like it could hold the bugs at bay indefinitely.

#RWFIB Apeuni507: infectious mutating different knockout susceptible .
#HIW Apeuni309: evolution bacteria antibiotic-resistant vulnerable researchers.

🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening #Highlight_Incorrect_Words

🟢 #vocabulary
🔻 wipe out #phrasal_verb
wipe something ↔️ out
to destroy, remove, or get rid of something completely
کشتن، معدوم کردن، نابود کردن، از میان برداشتن،
🔻 mutate /mjuːˈteɪt $ ˈmjuːteɪt/ verb [intransitive]
if an animal or plant mutates, it becomes different from others of the same kind, because of a change in its genetic structure.
(زیست شناسی) جهش کردن، جهش دادن،
🔻 jab /dʒæb/ verb (jabbed, jabbing) [intransitive, transitive]
to push something into or towards something else with short quick movements.
jab somebody with something
مشت، (به ویژه در مشت زنی) ضربه ی تند و کوتاه زدن، ضربه ی تند و مستقیم.
🔻 roundhouse
ضربه دورانی (نیم دایره ای) از پهلو با پا یا دست به حریف.
🔻 knockout /ˈnɒk-aʊt $ ˈnɑːk-/ noun [countable]
when a boxer hits his opponent so hard that he falls down and cannot get up again.
ناک اوت. ضربه فنی. از پا درآوردن.
a knockout blow
یک ضربه ناک اوت.

🔻 become more vulnerable to a different drug=
became more susceptible to a second drug.

🟢 #collocation
a sick patient, infectious bacteria, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, arms race between X and Y, become resistant to, become more vulnerable to, the mutant germs, became more susceptible to, a second drug,

‍ RWFIB 826. Big Social Group Makes Lemurs Cannier
گروه بزرگ اجتماعی ، لمورها را پیشگام می کند
سوال ریدینگ اپیونی (غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni516
Lemurs that live in large social groups have more street smarts than their comrades with smaller social circles, evidenced by their strategy for stealing food from people. Amy Kraft reports

Full Transcript:
Good news for big-time networking primates: other primates that live in large social groups have more street smarts than their comrades with smaller social circles. So finds a study in the journal PLoS ONE. [Evan L. MacLean et al., Group Size Predicts Social but Not Nonsocial Cognition in Lemurs] [Also see

Researchers tested the circumstances under which lemurs would pilfer food from people. The study included ring-tailed lemurs, which come from large social groups, as well as lemurs from small-groups, like the mongoose lemur. The lemurs all had the same brain size, so would be presumed to have similar raw intelligence.

Humans sat in a room with either a plate of food on the table in front of them or behind them. A third group of people was blindfolded, with the plate in front of them.

Lemurs from large social groups tended to steal the food if the person’s back was to it. Lemurs from smaller social groups went for the food as frequently regardless of its position. And no lemurs appeared to understand the purpose of a blindfold.

The researchers interpret the results as showing that social factors can influence a species’ smarts. So you could be outwitted by a birdbrain, if he has a lot of friends.
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🟢 #vocabulary :
🔺 street smarts noun [uncountable]
the ability to manage or succeed in difficult or dangerous situations, especially in big towns or cities.
skills and knowledge needed to survive in an urban environment.
مهارت لازم برای زندگی در شهر بزرگ و پرجنجال، فن شهر زیستی.
🔺 comrade /ˈkɒmrəd, -reɪd $ ˈkɑːmræd/ noun [countable]
a friend, especially someone who shares difficult work or danger.
شریک، همراه، رفیق.
🔺 pilfer /ˈpɪlfə $ -ər/ verb [intransitive, transitive]
to steal things that are not worth much, especially from the place where you work.
pilfer from
کش رفتن، دله دزدی کردن.
🔺 Ring-tailed lemur
لمور دم‌حلقه‌ای.
🔺 Mongoose lemur
لمور خدنگی.
🔺 was blindfolded
چشم بسته شده بود
🔺 blindfold verb [transitive]
to cover someone’s eyes with a piece of cloth.
با بی توجهی انجام دادن، چشم بستن، چشم کسی را بستن، جلو درک یا دیدن چیزی را گرفتن، کور کردن.

🔺 blindfold noun [countable]
a piece of cloth that covers someone’s eyes to prevent them from seeing anything.
چشم بند.

🔺 birdbrain noun [countable] American English [informal]
someone who is silly or stupid
کودن، ادم احمق. کوچک مغز.
🔺 outwit /aʊtˈwɪt/ verb (outwitted, outwitting) [transitive]
to gain an advantage over someone using tricks or clever plans.
گول زدن، زرنگ تر بودن از. بیشتر (از دیگری) زرنگی کردن، ترفند بهتری زدن،

🔺 have similar raw intelligence
اول این حیوانات با هوش خام/ناآموخته مشابه را انتخاب کردند و بعد میگه
social factors can influence a species’ smarts.

🟢 #collocation :
Good news, big-time networking primates, large social groups, smaller social circles, small-groups, similar raw intelligence, the person's back, regardless of, interpret the results, social factors, a species' smarts.

👇🗣🎧🗣🎧 #RL 🗣🎧🗣🎧👇

‍ Early Robot (The First Robots) #RL Apeuni124
اولین ربات ها
This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with when you had the term robot, but I’m gonna show you the very, very first robots. These were the very first robots. They were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s Universal Robots and they, the play was written by Czech writer called Karel Capek. And basically, these robots, you know, people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or, you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War, you know, it finished had a devastating impact across Europe and so people will kind and people are kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human, what makes us human, those kinds of question. And this kind of context is what inspired Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly, these robots being human, they are actually in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots are designed to labour, and that is their primary purpose in society.
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#Sample_answer: This lecture talks about the very first robots that were characters in a play. People tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or devoid of politics, but the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. Because of the First World War, there was a devastating impact across many countries and so people will be kind and people are kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human, what makes us human, and etc. However, the primary purpose is designed to be labour in a manufacturing production line.

My answer: #SST
The lecture was about the first robots, which comprised cute cuddly toys and Hollywood depictions. The spokesperson determined being characters in a play, and the essence of the devoid of politics emphasized being created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. Although both having a devastating impact across Europe and being human could be inferred from assembling on production lines, the impacts of designing to labor were acknowledged. (70w)

Will robots take over the world? (24 Feb 2011)
فیلم کامل لکچر بالا
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Early Robot (The First Robots) #RL Apeuni124

📝🎧📝🎧 #SST 📝🎧📝🎧