👇 RWFIB 797. Cash Rewards Help Dieters
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‍ RWFIB 797. Cash Rewards Help Dieters
جوایز نقدی به رژیم های غذایی کمک می کنند
ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni122
A study in JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association finds that people who were rewarded with a few hundred dollars for losing a few pounds were much more successful than those who just dieted. Steve Mirsky reports

Full Transcript:
Finally, science has something you can give people that really does help them lose weight: money. Rewarding dieters with a few hundred dollars is effective for promoting at least short-term weight loss. That’s according to a study in the December 10th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

The researchers tried two approaches. In one, study subjects got paid if they lost 16 pounds in 16 weeks. In the other, participants invested their own money, which they lost if they didn’t make that same goal. A control group just tried to lose weight without any economic incentive. And the losers are:

Dieters who got paid for losing—53 percent of them met the target. Followed by those who risked their own money—47 percent of them lost the 16 pounds. And the regular old dieters, for whom losing weight was its own reward? Only 10.5 percent of them got to their goal. And that group averaged just a four-pound loss, compared with 14 pounds for the paid dieters.

So, what do you do with the money you win by losing weight? That’s easy: pizza!
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👇🗣🎧🗣🎧 #RL 🗣🎧🗣🎧👇

little languages are disappearing #RL
(Extinction of Language) Apeuni122
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Why worry if languages die?
Professor David Crystal, author of The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Languages responds:👇

1. How do languages die?

A language dies only when the last person who speaks it dies. But you know, some people say it dies when the second-last person who speaks it dies. Because then the last person has no one left to talk to. Well, of course, languages have come and gone throughout history as communities have come and gone. But what's happening now is something quite extraordinary.
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🗣 David Crystal

2. How many languages are dying?

There are about 6000 languages in the world, more or less. Nobody knows the exact number. And of these, people think that about half of them are so seriously endangered that they are likely to die out in the course of the present century. Now the present century is a hundred years, half is 3000 languages, so that means one language is dying out somewhere in the world, on average, every two weeks.
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3. Why are they dying?

There are all kinds of reasons why languages die. One is the physical reasons when people are affected by famine and disease and earthquake. Another is genocide, when some countries deliberately try to stamp out a small language. The main reason is globalisation. That is, there are some huge languages in the world, like English and Spanish, and Arabic and French, and these are like steamrollers crushing the smaller languages that they find in their path.
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4. Can anything be done?

A great deal can be done to preserve an endangered language. The first thing is that the people themselves must want the language to be preserved. That's very important. The second thing is the powers-that-be must want the language to be preserved. They must have a respect for the minority languages that are in their care. And the third thing that has to be there, of course, is cash. It costs quite a lot of money to preserve an endangered language. Think about it - you have to train the teachers, you have to write books for the children, and all that sort of thing. It doesn't cost an extraordinary amount of money, but it does cost a bit. So without money, endangered languages don't have a positive future.
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👆 My answer: #SST
The lecture was about dying a language, which comprised coming and going throughout the history. The spokesperson determined 6000 languages, and the essence of being seriously in danger emphasized dying out every two weeks. Although both physical reasons and genocides could be inferred from globalization and cash, the impacts of crushing smaller languages, preserving languages by intentions of people, respecting minority languages, and not having a positive future were acknowledged. 70w
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📖📖📖📖 #reading 📖📖📖📖👇

‍ RWFIB 818. Black Plant Life Could Thrive on Other Planets
زندگی گیاهان سیاه می تواند در سیارات دیگر رشد و پرورش مناسب کند (رونق بگیرد)
ریدینگ اپیونی (غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni437
Photosynthetic plants on other planets that revolve around different kinds of suns could be mostly gray or black. Cynthia Graber reports

Full Transcript :
Most plants capture sunlight. And the results are usually green. Because in photosynthesis, plant chlorophyll uses wavelengths of blue and our sun’s abundant red, and reflects green. But what if—as many sci-fi scenarios suggest—there’s an Earth-like planet with multiple suns? Researchers at England’s University of Saint Andrews say that photosynthetic life on such a planet might end up as a drab black or gray. Or even with a high SPF.

A quarter of all stars like our sun actually exist in multi-star systems. Plants on a planet with two sunlike stars could need protection against too much radiation—they might evolve their own UV-blocking sunscreens.

Or a planet with two stars may have one sun-like star, along with a red dwarf star that’s also common in multi-star systems. Any photosynthetic life would be adapted to take advantage of the available light waves.

Plants that relied at times mostly on the dim red dwarf might need light from all across the visible spectrum. They wouldn’t reflect any wavelengths, so they'd appear black. These ideas were presented at the current Royal Astronomical Society meeting. So for healthy eating on some other planets, try the leafy dark salad.
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🟢 #collocation
capture sunlight, plant chlorophyll, wavelengths of blue, many sci-fi scenarios, an Earth-like planet, England's University of, photosynthetic life, a drab black, a high SPF, A quarter of all stars, multi-star systems, sunlike stars, protection against/from, a red dwarf star, take advantage of, the available light waves, the dim red dwarf, the visible spectrum.

👇 RWFIB 821. Future of Science Coverage
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‍ RWFIB 821. Future of Science Coverage
آینده پوشش علمی
سوال ریدینگ اپیونی (غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni471
At the World Conference of Science Journalists in London last week, outgoing Scientific American Editor in Chief John Rennie talked to writers about the future of what they do, remarks that also pertain to this podcast. Steve Mirsky reports

Full Transcript :
At the World Conference of Science Journalists last week in London, outgoing Scientific American Editor in Chief John Rennie talked to writers about the future of what they do, remarks that also pertain to this podcast:

The question then is, how could science writing for the public possibly be better? I think there are a couple of different ideas. One of them is, maybe there should just be less of it. And because I would like to leave this room unlynched, let me amend that to say that at least there should be less of some of it. If our job is, ultimately as we see it, to try to inform the public better about science and technology, I for one think that we could all do with a lot fewer of the “what causes/cures cancer this week” story.

I think that in fact is directly related, that kind of story is really related to a different problem, which is that we have a model of following what defines science news as that 95 percent of the time it is “interesting paper that appears in prestigious journal this week.” That constitutes science news. Except that we’re all smart enough to know that that has absolutely nothing to do with how science works. That has to do with how publishing works. That’s what did they put into press this week.

Science actually doesn’t change when one, new important paper comes out. We all know that. The reality of science is it takes time for science to play itself out. When interesting new results come in, they’re tested and they’re confirmed and people rework them. One paper can be the landmark that starts to affect some of that, but the reality is the actual change in the science follows that often by a considerable amount of time. Sometimes long after we’ve actually written the big headlines about the exciting, dramatic, revolutionary change of whatever has come about because of something.

And I think that’s something that I don’t have a particular prescription on all of this. But I really think this comes down to why it is that we have a responsibility as editors to try to rethink what counts as science news.
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🟢 #collocation
a couple of different ideas, be less of it, to inform the public better, all do with, that kind of story, a different problem, science news, interesting paper, prestigious journal, nothing to do with, coming out new important paper , takes time, play itself out, interesting new results, a considerable amount of time, the big headlines, a particular prescription on, have a responsibility as editors,
the exciting, dramatic, revolutionary change.

‍ RWFIB 822. A Little Yolk for Boys
یک زرده کوچکتر (کمتر) (تخم مارمولک) برای پسر شدن نوزاد
سوال مشترک ریدینگ اپیونی (غیرامتحان/تمرینی) و HIW (امتحان)
When it comes to lizard sex, size does matter. But not in the way you might think. Because in the June 4th online issue of the journal Current Biology, scientists say that for at least one type of lizard, larger eggs are more likely to make girls while smaller eggs yield boys.
For many animals, the sex of an individual is dictated solely by its chromosomes. But for small alpine lizards, gender isn't so cut-and-dried. The scientists had earlier found that nest temperature can influence the sex of lizard hatchlings. Cooler nests turn out more boys—no matter what their chromosomes say. At the same time, the researchers noticed that larger eggs seemed to make more daughters. But they wanted to put their observation to the test. So they took big eggs and removed some yolk—and, voila, they made males. Adding yolk to a little egg was a recipe for a female.
This egg size manipulation might allow moms to balance their babies' sexes when a chilly nest would otherwise produce mostly sons. Because when it comes to alpine lizards, sex determination all comes down to a practical yolk.

#RWFIB Apeuni483: scientists chromosomes influence daughters manipulation determination practical.
#HIW Apeuni121: scientists influence chromosomes manipulation otherwise determination.

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🟢 #vocabulary :

🔸 lizard sex= gender جنسیت مارمولک
🔸 size does matter
اندازه تخم (گذاشته شده) مارمولک مهم است
🔸 cut and dried adj.
a situation, decision, result etc that is cut and dried cannot now be changed.
(تصمیم، شرایط و اوضاع) غیر قابل تغییر. (نتایج) از قبل معلوم و قابل پیش بینی. (شغل) کسل کننده.
🔸 hatchling
نوزاد، جوجه سراز تخم دراورده، جانور تازه متولد. جوجه.
🔸 voila (voilà) /vwɑːˈlɑː/ interjection
used when you are showing or telling someone something surprising.
(فرانسه، حرف ندا) این است!، بفرمایید!، ببینید!، آن است! این جا هست...

🔸a practical yolk
یک زرده بدرد بخور

🟢 #collocation :
make girls, the sex of an individual, is dictated solely by, nest temperature, Cooler nests, larger eggs , made males, size manipulation, balance their babies' sexes, a chilly nest, produce sons, sex determination.

👇 RWFIB 823. Bonobos Share With Strangers First
در همان ابتدا Bonobos (غذای خود را) با غریبه ها تقسیم میکند
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‍ RWFIB 823. Bonobos Share With Strangers First
در همان ابتدا (بدون آشنایی قبلی) Bonobos (غذای خود را) با غریبه ها تقسیم میکند (به اشتراک میگذارد)(دیگران را سهیم میکند/ با هم غذا میخورند)

سوال مشترک LFIB (امتحان) و ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni484
Sharing is one of the hallmarks of human behavior : give me a cookie and I'm more likely to give you one later. But our bonobo cousins have an odd variation on the practice. They share with strangers before friends. The finding is in the journal PLoS ONE.
Researchers tested bonobo sharing in experiment s involving fourteen of the apes. All were born in the wild. In the primary experiment, bonobos were placed in a cage with food, and they could choose to admit either a known member of their group, a stranger, or both. In 51 trials, most bonobos shared the feast, but they let the stranger in first.
Why choose an outsider over a friend? In another experiment, the scientists found bonobos only shared when doing so led to a social interaction. Giving up some food to strangers lets these apes expand their social network. This behavior may have evolved to promote social tolerance, in contrast with chimps' sometimes deadly aggression against strangers. Which means that even when food is offered, there's still no such thing as a free lunch.

#RWFIB 484: hallmarks behavior strangers experiment fourteen scientists sometimes .
#LFIB : behavior, involving, admit, interaction, promote, offered.

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🟢 #vocabulary :
💠 hallmark /ˈhɔːlmɑːk $ ˈhɒːlmɑːrk/ noun [countable]
an idea, method, or quality that is typical of a particular person or thing.
hallmark of
ویژگی بارز. نماد. ویژگی اصلی. مشخصه بارز. نشانه بارز.
💠 variation /ˌveəriˈeɪʃən $ ˌver-/ noun [countable]
something that is done in a way that is different from the way it is usually done.
variation on sth.
دگرگونی، اختلاف، تنوع گوناگونی.
💠 contrast /ˈkɒntrɑːst $ ˈkɑːntræst/ noun
[countable, uncountable] a difference between people, ideas, situations, things etc that are being compared.
in contrast (to/with)

💠 in contrast with chimps' sometimes deadly aggression against strangers
این یه عبارت اسمیه
chimps' sometimes deadly aggression
این هم یه عبارت اسمیه:
noun+ 's + adv. +adj+ noun

قبل از اسم، صفت میاید و قبل از صفت، قید میاید

Sometimes adv.
Sometimes means ‘not always or not often’:
on some occasions but not always → occasionally.
گهگاه، بعضی وقتها

ترجمه: تهاجم گاه مرگبار شامپانزه ها

🟢 #collocation :
one of the hallmarks of , human behavior , have an odd variation on the practice, were born in, the primary experiment, were placed in, another experiment, a social interaction, Giving up some food to strangers, expand their social network, promote social tolerance, chimps' sometimes deadly aggression, a free lunch.

👇 824 Really Mass Media (Cell Phone Use)
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‍ RWFIB 824. Really Mass Media (Cell Phone Use)
واقعا رسانه های جمعی (استفاده از تلفن همراه)
سوال ریدینگ اپیونی (غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni493
In London last week at the World Conference of Science Journalists, Philip Hilts, the director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at M.I.T., reviewed the worldwide state of Internet and cell phone use, two of the major ways people now get news

Full Transcript:
Ever-increasing numbers of people are consuming news via the Internet and cell phones. In London last week at the World Conference of Science Journalists, Philip Hilts, the director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at M.I.T., reviewed the worldwide state of internet and cell phone use. “Internet use, it’s about 1.5 to 2 billion internet users, subscribers. And so there is this discussion about, well, we have it in North America but Africa is not got it, so we are on two different planets and so on. That's true, 5.6 percent in Africa now, 17 percent in Asia, but this is moving very rapidly. In Africa, it's growing 12 times right now. In Asia it's growing almost 6 times right now. So the greatest growth is where we're short in penetration.
Cell phone use where news will be also as the smart phones get around the world and as Africa gets wired up, the cables are now going in that will be useful in Africa. They haven't been there. 1980, we had 11,200,000 cell phone subscribers which was zero penetration. And we are looking at 60 percent penetration now, 4.1 billion subscribers. China and India is the core of cell phone usage on earth, and then it goes on down from there, US, Brazil, Japan, UK.”
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🟢 #collocation :
Ever-increasing numbers of people, consuming news, reviewed the worldwide state of internet use, cell phone use, internet users, the greatest growth, are short in penetration, the smart phones, cell phone subscribers, was zero penetration, the core of cell phone usage on earth.

👇 RWFIB 825. Scientists to Bacteria: Resistance Is Futile
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