‍ #WFD
✅ Lots of students had money and passports stolen especially at night.
پول و پاسپورت بسیاری دانشجویان بخصوص در شب (توسط افرادی) دزدیده شد.
دانشجویان (باعث شدند) پول و پاسپورت شان در شب (توسط افرادی) دزدیده شد(شود).

(به نظر میرسد) جمله بالا، وجه سببی مجهول است.
have + sth.+ p.p.
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #PTE #write_from_dictation

📝📖📝 #SWT 📝📖📝

Plastic Particles #SWT Apeuni86
ذرات پلاستیکی
Fish are being killed, and prevented from reaching maturity, by the litter of plastic particles finding their way into the world's oceans, new research has proved. Some young fish have been found to prefer tiny particles of plastic to their natural food sources, effectively starving them before they can reproduce. The growing problem of microplastics - tiny particles of polymer-type materials from modern industry - has been thought for several years to be a peril for fish, but the study published on Thursday is the first to prove the damage in trials. Microplastics are near-indestructible in natural environments. They enter the oceans through litter, when waste such as plastic bags, packaging and other convenience materials are discarded. Vast amounts of these end up in the sea, through inadequate waste disposal systems and sewage outfall. Another growing source is microbeads, tiny particles of hard plastics that are used in cosmetics, for instance as an abrasive in modern skin cleaners. These easily enter waterways as they are washed off as they are used, flushed down drains and forgotten, but can last for decades in our oceans.
The impact of these materials has been hard to measure, despite being a growing source of concern. Small particles of plastics have been found in seabirds, fish and whales, which swallow the materials but cannot digest them, leading to a build-up in their digestive tracts. For the first time, scientists have demonstrated that fish exposed to such materials during their development show stunted growth and increased mortality rates, as well as changed behavior that could endanger their survival.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #Summarize_written_text #writing

My answer:
Whereas the essence of killing fish emphasizes the significance of preventing from reaching maturity, the impacts of the growing problem of near-indestructible microplastics such as microbeads usage and a peril for fish are acknowledged, and preferring tiny particles of plastic to the natural food sources could be inferred from entering the oceans through litter, from which the implications of a build-up in the digestive tracts, waste disposal systems, and stunted growth are presumed. (73w)

#Sample_answer :
Whereas the fundamental essence of plastic particles and killing fish emphasizes the significance of waste disposal systems and sewage outfall, the corresponding impacts of endangering survival and changing behaviors such as being near-indestructible and entering through litter are acknowledged, and a source of concern could be inferred evidently from stunted growth and mortality rates, which the potential implications of natural food resources as well as digestive tracts are presumed. (69w)

📖📖📖📖 #reading 📖📖📖📖👇

‍ RWFIB 814. Bird Literally Weighs Its Food Options
پرنده به معنای واقعی کلمه گزینه های غذایی خود را وزن می کند
سوال #HIW (امتحان) و ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی)
If you've ever been to an all-you-can-eat buffet, you know how important it is to carefully weigh your options. You don't want to fill up on salad when so many calorie-laden delights await. It seems some birds also weigh their mealtime choices—literally. A study finds that Mexican Jays pick up and shake peanuts to assess their relative heft before choosing one. That report is served up in the Journal of Ornithology.
Foods that hide their edible bits on the inside present a challenge to hungry diners. How can you tell which fruits are ripe or which shells harbor the biggest nuts? We humans knock on melons or squeeze avocados. But how do other species select the highest quality snacks?
To find out how the jays do it, researchers fiddled with their feed. First they doctored peanuts so that some contained three nuts while others had none. When they offered these pods to some jays, the birds turned their beaks up at the empty shells and instead chose those that were full. And when the jays were allowed to choose between normal peanuts and those that weighed just one gram more, because the researchers had stuffed them with clay, the birds again went for the heavier meal.
Videos revealed that the jays shake the nuts before selecting one, which apparently lets them gauge the nut's mass and perhaps also listen for the rattle of a well-packed shell. Pretty clever for a bird brain.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening
#RWFIB 379: important carefully calorie-laden choosing Ornithology revealed selecting .

#HIW 212: important delights researchers doctored contained revealed .

🟢 #vocabulary :
🔺 calorie-laden
full of calories. often not very healthy ones. Some of these foods inculde desserts, high-fat meats and dairy, and fatty foods.
A high calorie content. This does not necessarily mean it is high in fat but foods to be aware of if you are watching your weight.
مملو از کالری- پُر کالری.
laden adjective
2 -laden used to form adjectives showing that something is full of, or loaded with, the thing mentioned.
پُر
calorie-laden cream cakes
کیک خامه ای پر کالری

🔺 pod noun [countable]
1 a long narrow seed container that grows on various plants, especially peas and beans.
a pea pod
(نخود و لوبیا و غیره) غلاف،پوست،هر گنجانه یا محفظه ی غلاف مانند

🔺 mealtime /ˈmiːltaɪm/ noun [countable, uncountable]
a time during the day when you have a meal.
موقع صرف غذا. وقت خوراک.
🔺 literally /ˈlɪtərəli/ adverb
according to the most basic or original meaning of a word or expression
به معنای واقعی کلمه.
🔺 serve up
عرضه کردن، ارائه کردن.
🔺 shell
the hard outer part that covers and protects an egg, nut, or seed.
پوست فندق و غیره. پوسته. صدف،
🔺 avocados
آوکادو.
🔺 fiddle verb [transitive]
to give false information about something, in order to avoid paying money or to get extra money.
fiddle with
حقه سوار کردن، کلک زدن، دستکاری کردن.
🔺 doctor /ˈdɒktə $ ˈdɑːktər/ verb [transitive] (doctored, doctoring)
to dishonestly change something in order to gain an advantage.
(به منظور تقلب و غیره) دست بردن در. دستکاری کردن،
🔺 beak /biːk/ noun [countable]
the hard pointed mouth of a bird.
نوک، منقار، نوک پرنده (به ویژه نوک قلابدار و تیز پرندگان شکاری).
🔺 stuff /stʌf/ verb [transitive]
to fill something until it is full
(با چیزی) پرکردن تا نهایت (کامل شدن) ظرفیت آن. انباشتن، چپاندن، آکنده.
🔺 gauge /ɡeɪdʒ/ verb [transitive]
to measure or calculate something by using a particular instrument or method
اندازه گرفتن، سنجیدن. حدس زدن.
🔺 rattle /ˈrætl/ noun
a short repeated sound, made when something shakes.
rattle of
سر و صدا، تق تق، صدای جغجغه ای، تلق تلق کردن.

🟢 #collocation :
an all-you-can-eat buffet, to carefully weigh your options, many calorie-laden delights, mealtime choices, edible bits, fruits are ripe, the highest quality snacks, fiddled with their feed, stuffed them with clay, the heavier meal, Videos revealed that, gauge the nut's mass, a well-packed shell.

👆 Mexican Jays
جیجاق مکزیکی (نام علمی: Aphelocoma wollweberi).
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening #HIW
RWFIB 814. Bird Literally Weighs Its Food Options 👆

👇 RWFIB 815. New Evidence for Comet Sources of Ocean Water
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening 👇

‍ RWFIB 815. New Evidence for Comet Sources of Ocean Water
شواهد جدید برای منشاء ستاره دنباله‌دارِ آب اقیانوس(ها)
ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni391
Earth's surface is dominated by oceans. But where did all that water come from?
Asteroids and comets smashing into the early Earth have long been thought to be a promising source. But measurements of Halley's Comet and five others threw cold water on the idea that comets provided a large share of the oceans. Because the chemical signatures of the comets did not match the oceans. Specifically, the ratio of heavy hydrogen , or deuterium, to regular hydrogen was too high in the comets.
But now astronomers have gotten a glimpse of a comet with a different origin, and it matches the oceans much better. They used the Herschel space telescope to examine Comet Hartley 2, which originated in the Kuiper Belt. Halley and its ilk came from a distant swarm of comets called the Oort Cloud.
At a planetary science meeting last week in France, and in a study in Nature, the researchers announced that Comet Hartley 2 has the same deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio as ocean water.
So maybe comets did play a major role in delivering Earth's oceans. Something to ponder next time you have a day at the beach.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening

🟢 #vocabulary :
💫 Asteroid سیارک
💫 comet ستاره دنباله دار
💫 smash /smæʃ/ verb [intransitive, transitive always + adverb/preposition]
to hit an object or surface violently, or to make something do this.
(محکم و با صدا) خوردن به، تصادم کردن، برخورد کردن، کوبیدن.
💫 throw cold water on sth.
to be negative about someone's ideas or plans.
measurements of Halley's Comet and five threw cold water on the idea...
رد شدن/کردن/باطل‌شدن/بی‌اثرکردن (نسبت به) ایده ها یا برنامه های کسی. (ریختن آب سردی بر روی چیزی).
💫 signature /ˈsɪɡnətʃə $ -ər/ noun [countable usually singular]
something that is closely related to an event, person, or style.
نشان ویژه، علامت مشخصه، اثر، ویژگی اختصاصی،
💫 glimpse ɡlɪmps/ noun [countable]
a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearly.
glimpse of
نگاهی اجمالی.
💫 swarm /swɔːm $ swɔːrm/ noun [countable]
swarm of
گروه، ازدحام، دسته زیاد.

💫 ponder verb [intransitive, transitive] formal
to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem, a difficult question, or something that has happened SYN consider.
He continued to ponder the problem as he walked home.
ponder on/over/about
The university board is still pondering over the matter.
ponder how/what/whether
Jay stood still for a moment, pondering whether to go or not.
سنجیدن، اندیشه کردن، تفکر کردن، تعمق کردن

🟢 #collocation :
Earth's surface, is dominated by sth., the early Earth, be a promising source, provided a large share of the oceans, the chemical signatures of the comets, a planetary science meeting, the researchers announced that, play a major role in, Earth's oceans.

👇 RWFIB 816. Champagne Bubbles Key to Taste
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening 👇

‍ RWFIB 816. Champagne Bubbles Key to Taste
حباب‌های شامپاین کلید طعم و مزه است
ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحانی/تمرینی) Apeuni415
A study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences finds that champagne's bursting bubbles provide aromatic compounds that add to the taste. Adam Hinterthuer reports

Full Transcript:
Let's raise a toast to champagne . And its ubiquitous bubbles. Because new research says the bubbles aren't just tickling your tongue. They're erupting with aromas vital to the taste of the beverage.
A team of (who else) French researchers used mass spectrometry to nose around a glass of champagne. They found that concentrations of certain molecular compounds were higher at the surface of the glass than in the liquid itself. They report the finding in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The scientists say the sea shares champagne's secret. If you've ever enjoyed ocean air, it's because compounds called surfactants are dragged along with bubbles in the waves. When those bubbles burst, the surfactants break into smaller molecules called aerosols that are suspended in the breeze, giving coastal areas their distinctive oceany odor. In essence, a glass of champagne hosts a small version of this process, but the bubbles bring more appetizing aerosols to the surface.
Legend has it that Dom Perignon shouted "I'm tasting the stars" when he uncorked his first bottle of champagne. But it was physics and chemistry, not astronomy, that he was really savoring.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening

🟢 #vocabulary :
🍾 raise a toast
to lift your glass (usually containing a drink like wine or cava) and express a wish or desire for success, happiness or other good news.
an act of proposing or of drinking in honor of a toast.
به سلامتی زدن.
🍾 ubiquitous /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ adj
seeming to be everywhere – sometimes used humorously
فراگیر. همه جا حاضر. همه جا موجود.
🍾 tickle /ˈtɪkəl/ verb
1 [transitive] to move your fingers gently over someone’s body in order to make them laugh.
2 [transitive] if a situation, remark etc tickles you, it amuses or pleases you.
غلغلک دادن. به نشاط آوردن،
🍾 mass spectrometry
طیف سنج جرمی
🍾 nose around (something) (also nose about (something) British English) #phrasal_verb [informal]
to look around a place in order to try to find something, when there is no one else there.
: گشتن به‌دنبال چیزی (عموماً اطلاعات مخفی/سری). تلاش برای سر درآوردن از چیزی. سر و گوشی آب دادن.
🍾 surfactants
سورفاکتانت ها. مواد فعال در سطح.
🍾 drag verb
(با آهستگی) حرکت کردن، خود را کشاندن، با سختی حرکت کردن،
🍾 burst /bɜːst $ bɜːrst/ verb (past tense and past participle burst)
[intransitive, transitive] if something bursts, or if you burst it, it breaks open or apart suddenly and violently so that its contents come out.
ترکیدن،
🍾 uncork /ʌnˈkɔːk $ -ˈkɔːrk/ verb [transitive]
to open a bottle by removing its cork.
چوب پنبه بطری را بر داشتن. (چوب پنبه ی) سر بطری را در آوردن.
🍾 cork
چوب پنبه.
🍾 savor (British English: savour) /ˈseɪvə $ -ər/ verb [transitive]
to fully enjoy the taste or smell of something.
مزه مزه کردن. چیزی را با لذت و با آرامش و آهستگی استشمام یا مزه کردن (چشیدن).
🍾 Dom Perignon
یک راهب بندیکتین فرانسوی بود که سهم مهمی در تولید و کیفیت شامپاین داشت.

are suspended in the breeze,
در نسیم معلق هستند

🟢 #collocation :
ubiquitous bubbles, the taste of the beverage, a glass of champagne, the surface of the glass, champagne's secret, ocean air, break into smaller molecules, suspended in the breeze, coastal areas, distinctive oceany odor, a small version of this process, bottle of champagne.

👇 RWFIB 817. Electronic Gifts
هدایای الکترونیکی
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening 👇

‍ RWFIB 817. Electronic Gifts
هدایای الکترونیکی
ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni418
According to the Consumer Electronics Association,
over two billion dollars was spent last year on electronic gifts for America's six million high school graduates. Well, here's some advice for anybody thinking of getting a computer or other big ticket electronic gift for a high schooler about to set off for college in a few months—check the college for info or even products . So says John Campbell, associate vice president for information technology at Purdue. He points out that some colleges or even individual departments may have certain system requirements that gift givers might want to be aware of. For example, some departments may suggest that students don't use a Mac, while others may insist they do. Schools buy in bulk and may offer discounts on computers , as well as printers, software, external hard drives, or even mp3 players. And university computers may be preloaded with software used on campus or configured to connect with specific campus networks. Consumer Electronic Association surveys found that a quarter of all high schoolers want a computer for graduation. The other three quarters presumably want a car and a computer.

#RWFIB Blanks: electronic - computer - products - departments - computers .
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening

🟢 #RL #SST key points:
✏️ electronic gifts for America’s six million high school graduates.
✏️ getting a computer or other big ticket electronic gift for a high schooler.
✏️ check the college for info or even products.
✏️ system requirements that gift givers.
✏️ Schools buy in bulk and may offer discounts on computers,
✏️ printers, software, external hard drives, mp3 players.
✏️ computers may be preloaded with software.
✏️ configured to connect with specific campus networks.

🟢 #vocabulary
💻 buy in bulk= Bulk purchasing.
خرید عمده
💻 preload verb [intransitive]
پیش بارگذاری. بارگذاری شده از قبل.
💻 set off #phrasal_verb
to start to go somewhere.
set off for
راهی (رهسپار) شدن. عازم شدن، شروع به کار کردن.

🟢 #collocation
electronic gifts, high school graduates, some advice for anybody, getting a computer, a high schooler, individual departments, system requirements, gift givers , offer discounts on computers, university computers, be preloaded with software, specific campus networks.

‍ RWFIB 796. Sports Results Affect Voter Behavior
نتایج ورزشی بر رفتار رای دهندگان تأثیر می گذارد
ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni121
Local college football wins before elections upped incumbents' vote totals, and college basketball wins influenced presidential ratings. Karen Hopkin reports

Full Transcript:
When it comes to elections, sometimes we vote with our heads and sometimes with our hearts. But scientists at Stanford say we might also be voting with our pompoms. Because they’ve found that our behavior at the polls is influenced by the results of local sporting events, work published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Andrew Healy, Neil Malhotra and Cecilia Hyunjung Mo, http://bit.ly/cURQ2E]

Humans are emotional creatures. And our strong feelings about one thing can spread to another. So the Stanford scientists wondered whether events that are unrelated to government performance might sway the way people feel about their elected officials. And what could be less relevant to the workings in Washington or your state capital than college football?

The researchers looked at the election results from 20 years’ worth of presidential, senatorial and gubernatorial races. And they found that a home-team win before the election gave the incumbent a boost of almost two percentage points. The more beloved the team, the bigger the bounce.

And it’s not just football. In a separate survey, the scientists found that NCAA college basketball results affected presidential approval ratings. So next election day, you might think about practicing a little separation of stadium and state.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening

‍ RWFIB 800. Lemur Latrine Trees Serve as Community Bulletin Boards
درختان توالت Lemur بعنوان تابلوهای اعلانات جمعی (عمومی/همزیستگاه) بکار میروند
ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni208
Primatologists spent almost 1,100 hours watching lemurs do their business on their designated tree and concluded that urine and glandular secretions serve as posted messages. Steve Mirsky reports

Full Transcript:
People have been leaving messages on bathroom walls for thousands of years. Just google “ancient Roman bathroom graffiti.” But we’re not the only ones to use latrines for information exchange—as two German researchers have confirmed after hundreds of hours watching lemurs pee and poop. For science.

Primatologists Iris Dröscher and Peter Kappeler concentrated on seven sets of pair-bonded members of a species called white-footed sportive lemurs, at a nature reserve in southern Madagascar. Their report is in the journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. [Iris Dröscher & Peter M. Kappeler Maintenance of familiarity and social bonding via communal latrine use in a solitary primate (Lepilemur leucopus)]

Many animals use the same spots repeatedly to do their business, primates in particular. For these lemurs, a specific tree becomes the urine and feces focal point. And because chemical compounds in their waste transmit information, the so-called latrine tree becomes like a bulletin board to post messages for the rest of the community.

Based on their 1,097 hours of observations, the researchers conclude that urine and glandular secretions left on the tree trunk are the primary message vehicles. Feces mostly just collects on the ground.

Some urine telegrams are probably signals from a particular lemur to the neighbors that he or she is around. But male lemurs upped their latrine visits when potential competitors for females came into their home area. So the frequent chemical messages left on the tree probably say in that case, “Buzz off, buddy, she’s with me.” In lemur.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening #vocabulary

🐀 lemur
لمورها گروه ویژه‌ای از نخستی‌ها هستند که تنها در ماداگاسکار و جزایر کومورو یافت می‌شوند.

‍ RWFIB 810. Spit Analysis Reveals Hocker's Age
تجزیه و تحلیل تُف، سنّ تف‌کننده را نشان می‌دهد
ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحانی/تمرینی) Apeuni328
An analysis of a person's DNA methylation finds that the number of methyl groups attached to the DNA correlates with the person's age--making saliva analysis a possible CSI tool. Cynthia Graber reports

Full Transcript:
Saliva contains many useful components. Lubricants. Enzymes for breaking down food. And now, compounds that can reveal a person’s age. That’s according to a study in the journal Public Library of Science ONE. [Sven Bocklandt et al., "Epigenetic Predictor of Age"]

During normal development, DNA in your body gets what’s called methylated. Small chemicals called methyl groups bind to the DNA, helping to determine which genes become active. But the patterns of methylation change as we grow older. Which was a clue that measuring methylation might give away age.

The researchers studied DNA in saliva contributed by 34 pairs of male identical twins, ages 21 to 55. They found 88 sites on the men’s DNA where the amount of methylation correlated with their ages. The scientists next verified that finding in 60 men and women, ages 18 to 70.

Then they narrowed in on two genes that had the strongest age-related correlation. And using just that data, they found that they could estimate the ages of their saliva contributors to within five years.

This technique might help in crime scene investigations—recovered saliva could tell the age of a perpetrator. So if you’re worried about anyone knowing how old you are, be careful where you spit.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening #vocabulary

➡️ Saliva بزاق دهان

collocation:
the patterns of methylation, The researchers studied DNA, the amount of methylation correlated with their ages, The scientists next verified that, had the strongest age-related correlation, crime scene investigations.