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👆ویدیوی کامل لکچر بالا : ناپلئون بناپارت سوم و پاریس جدید
Napoleon III video of new Paris
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Retell_Lecture #RL
Napoleon III video of new Paris
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Retell_Lecture #RL
Reconstruction of Paris #RL #128 apeuni
بازسازی پاریس
Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugene Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of crowded and unhealthy medieval neighborhoods, the building of wide avenues, parks and squares, the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris, and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts. Haussmann's work met with fierce opposition, and he was finally dismissed by Napoleon III in 1870; but work on his projects continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of Paris today is largely the result of Haussmann's renovation.In the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of Paris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy. In 1845 the French social reformer Victor Considerant wrote "Paris is an immense workshop of putrefaction, where misery, pestilence and sickness work in concert, where sunlight and air rarely penetrate. Paris is a terrible place where plants shrivel and perish, and where, of seven small infants, four die during the course of the year." The street plan on the Tie de la Cite and in the neighborhood called the "quartier des Arcis", between the Louvre and the "Hotel de Ville" (City Hall), had changed little since the Middle Ages. The population density in these neighborhoods was extremely high, compared with the rest of Paris；in the neighborhood of the Champs—EIysees, there was one resident for every 186 square meters；in the neighborhoods of Arc is and Saint- Avoye, in the present Third Arrondissement, there was one inhabitant for every three square meters. In 1840, a doctor described one building in the tie de la Cite where a single room five meters squares on the fourth floor was occupied by twenty-three people, both adults and children. In these conditions, disease spread very quickly. Cholera epidemics ravaged the city in 1832 and 1848. In the epidemic of 1848, five percent of the inhabitants of these two neighborhoods died. Traffic circulation was another major problem. The widest streets in these two neighborhoods were only five meters wide； the narrowest were only one or two meters wide. Wagons, carriages and carts could barely move through the streets. The center of the city was also a cradle of discontent and revolution；between 1830 and 1848, seven armed uprisings and revolts had broken out in the centre of Paris, particularly along the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, around the Hotel de Vi Ile, and around Montagne Sainte Genevive on the left bank. The residents of these neighborhoods had taken up paving stones and blocked the narrow streets with barricades, and had to be dislodged by the army.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Retell_Lecture
بازسازی پاریس
Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugene Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of crowded and unhealthy medieval neighborhoods, the building of wide avenues, parks and squares, the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris, and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts. Haussmann's work met with fierce opposition, and he was finally dismissed by Napoleon III in 1870; but work on his projects continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of Paris today is largely the result of Haussmann's renovation.In the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of Paris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy. In 1845 the French social reformer Victor Considerant wrote "Paris is an immense workshop of putrefaction, where misery, pestilence and sickness work in concert, where sunlight and air rarely penetrate. Paris is a terrible place where plants shrivel and perish, and where, of seven small infants, four die during the course of the year." The street plan on the Tie de la Cite and in the neighborhood called the "quartier des Arcis", between the Louvre and the "Hotel de Ville" (City Hall), had changed little since the Middle Ages. The population density in these neighborhoods was extremely high, compared with the rest of Paris；in the neighborhood of the Champs—EIysees, there was one resident for every 186 square meters；in the neighborhoods of Arc is and Saint- Avoye, in the present Third Arrondissement, there was one inhabitant for every three square meters. In 1840, a doctor described one building in the tie de la Cite where a single room five meters squares on the fourth floor was occupied by twenty-three people, both adults and children. In these conditions, disease spread very quickly. Cholera epidemics ravaged the city in 1832 and 1848. In the epidemic of 1848, five percent of the inhabitants of these two neighborhoods died. Traffic circulation was another major problem. The widest streets in these two neighborhoods were only five meters wide； the narrowest were only one or two meters wide. Wagons, carriages and carts could barely move through the streets. The center of the city was also a cradle of discontent and revolution；between 1830 and 1848, seven armed uprisings and revolts had broken out in the centre of Paris, particularly along the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, around the Hotel de Vi Ile, and around Montagne Sainte Genevive on the left bank. The residents of these neighborhoods had taken up paving stones and blocked the narrow streets with barricades, and had to be dislodged by the army.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Retell_Lecture
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The Renovation of Paris #SST
نوسازی پاریس
Cities are interesting places. Some cities are carefully planned, built for a reason and reflect the needs of the people as it grows. Others are less conscientiously designed. Paris, for example, was originally founded in the 3rd century as a small village, and with every passing generation it grew in size and importance. It grew from a medieval city to a modern city, but the transition was not always smooth. Emperor Napoleon the 3rd had to hire someone to oversee the rebuilding of Paris. The man he chose was George Eugene Haussmann. In 1853 Haussmann began the process of renovating France’s capital city. His basic instructions were to bring light and air into the central districts, improve the sanitation in living areas, and make Paris a more modern beautiful city. Not your average weekend renovation. Haussmann's projects included the destruction of the old medieval neighborhoods, widening of streets, building large parks and public squares, and addition of fountains and sewer lines. To add to all of this, the size of Paris had to be increased, doubled actually, and Napoleon the 3rd issued official decrees annexing nearby suburbs to make them part of the city. One of the main priorities of this massive renovation was to connect all of the districts together.
If we think of Paris like a house, each district was its own room, existing essentially independently of the other districts. Napoleon the 3rd wanted it to be easier to travel between the most important districts, and to create a sense of this being one unified city, not a series of independent neighborhoods. So, Haussmann created large avenues that connected the districts. More than that, he made all the avenues look roughly the same. Buildings on a major avenue were required to be roughly the same height and style, and even had to use the same cream-colored stone for the façade. The result was to remove any local characteristics and create a uniform Paris. For the first time, the city had a specific look a style that people began to associate not with a district, but with Paris itself.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Summarize_spoken_text
#Sample_answer :
The lecture was about the renovation of Paris, which comprised growing in size and importance. The spokesperson described a medieval city, and the fundamental essence of a modern city emphasized the significance of Napoleon III. Ultimately, although bringing light and air into the central districts could be inferred evidently from improving sanitation and living areas, the corresponding impacts of a beautiful city and connecting districts together were acknowledged. (68words)
نوسازی پاریس
Cities are interesting places. Some cities are carefully planned, built for a reason and reflect the needs of the people as it grows. Others are less conscientiously designed. Paris, for example, was originally founded in the 3rd century as a small village, and with every passing generation it grew in size and importance. It grew from a medieval city to a modern city, but the transition was not always smooth. Emperor Napoleon the 3rd had to hire someone to oversee the rebuilding of Paris. The man he chose was George Eugene Haussmann. In 1853 Haussmann began the process of renovating France’s capital city. His basic instructions were to bring light and air into the central districts, improve the sanitation in living areas, and make Paris a more modern beautiful city. Not your average weekend renovation. Haussmann's projects included the destruction of the old medieval neighborhoods, widening of streets, building large parks and public squares, and addition of fountains and sewer lines. To add to all of this, the size of Paris had to be increased, doubled actually, and Napoleon the 3rd issued official decrees annexing nearby suburbs to make them part of the city. One of the main priorities of this massive renovation was to connect all of the districts together.
If we think of Paris like a house, each district was its own room, existing essentially independently of the other districts. Napoleon the 3rd wanted it to be easier to travel between the most important districts, and to create a sense of this being one unified city, not a series of independent neighborhoods. So, Haussmann created large avenues that connected the districts. More than that, he made all the avenues look roughly the same. Buildings on a major avenue were required to be roughly the same height and style, and even had to use the same cream-colored stone for the façade. The result was to remove any local characteristics and create a uniform Paris. For the first time, the city had a specific look a style that people began to associate not with a district, but with Paris itself.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Summarize_spoken_text
#Sample_answer :
The lecture was about the renovation of Paris, which comprised growing in size and importance. The spokesperson described a medieval city, and the fundamental essence of a modern city emphasized the significance of Napoleon III. Ultimately, although bringing light and air into the central districts could be inferred evidently from improving sanitation and living areas, the corresponding impacts of a beautiful city and connecting districts together were acknowledged. (68words)
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The history of laundry #SST
تاریخچه لباسشویی
Here in the wagon barn are some of the most important inventions in human history. Sure, you can see examples here of the wheel or the automobile, but the inventions I’m talking about are the domestic appliances that allowed for increased leisure time and redefined gender roles in society. To a degree as never seen before in human history. The evolution of the washing machine, as demonstrated in this barn, is a representative example of this changing domestic life. For many centuries, sailors used to place their clothing in a cloth bag, tie the bag to a rope and throw it overboard, letting the ship drag it for hours. The principle was simple: force water through the clothes to remove the dirt.But in the household before running water and electricity, washing clothes took a staggering amount of labor. To wash, boil and rinse a single load of clothes could take 50 gallons of water, which had to be hand carried from a pump or well. Hand-wringing, rubbing and lifting the clothes could expose women to caustic substances in the soaps. The whole process for a household's laundry could take an entire day or more of backbreaking labor. In 1846, a patented washing machine imitated the human hand moving cloth over a washboard, by using a lever to rub the clothes between two rib surfaces. This machine was sold in the U.S. as late as 1927. The first electric clothes washers, in which a motor rotated the tub, were introduced into America about 1900.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Summarize_spoken_text
هر سه پاسخ نمره 10/10 از اپیونی:
My answer:
The lecture was about the laundry history, which comprised electricity washing clothes and a staggering amount of labor. The spokesperson determined a single load of clothes, and the essence of imitating the hand moving cloth by patented washing machines emphasized time-consuming households laundries. Although both rubbing clothes and selling in the U.S could be inferred from rotating motors, the corresponding impacts of processes of function of washing machines were acknowledged. 70w
#Sample_answer
The evolution of the washing machine is a representative example of changing domestic life. Previous washing process could take an entire day or more of back-breaking labor, while a patented washing machine was invented by using a lever to rub the clothes between two rib surfaces in 1846, and the first electric clothes washers were introduced into America in 1990. (60 words)
The lecture was about the evolution of the washing machine, which comprised domestic appliances and increasing leisure time. The spokesperson described changing domestic life, and essences of using force water emphasized the significance of dirt removing. Ultimately, although taking a staggering amount of labor and exposing women to caustic substances could be inferred from running water and electricity, impacts of household’s laundry and imitating the human hand moving were acknowledged. (70)
تاریخچه لباسشویی
Here in the wagon barn are some of the most important inventions in human history. Sure, you can see examples here of the wheel or the automobile, but the inventions I’m talking about are the domestic appliances that allowed for increased leisure time and redefined gender roles in society. To a degree as never seen before in human history. The evolution of the washing machine, as demonstrated in this barn, is a representative example of this changing domestic life. For many centuries, sailors used to place their clothing in a cloth bag, tie the bag to a rope and throw it overboard, letting the ship drag it for hours. The principle was simple: force water through the clothes to remove the dirt.But in the household before running water and electricity, washing clothes took a staggering amount of labor. To wash, boil and rinse a single load of clothes could take 50 gallons of water, which had to be hand carried from a pump or well. Hand-wringing, rubbing and lifting the clothes could expose women to caustic substances in the soaps. The whole process for a household's laundry could take an entire day or more of backbreaking labor. In 1846, a patented washing machine imitated the human hand moving cloth over a washboard, by using a lever to rub the clothes between two rib surfaces. This machine was sold in the U.S. as late as 1927. The first electric clothes washers, in which a motor rotated the tub, were introduced into America about 1900.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Summarize_spoken_text
هر سه پاسخ نمره 10/10 از اپیونی:
My answer:
The lecture was about the laundry history, which comprised electricity washing clothes and a staggering amount of labor. The spokesperson determined a single load of clothes, and the essence of imitating the hand moving cloth by patented washing machines emphasized time-consuming households laundries. Although both rubbing clothes and selling in the U.S could be inferred from rotating motors, the corresponding impacts of processes of function of washing machines were acknowledged. 70w
#Sample_answer
The evolution of the washing machine is a representative example of changing domestic life. Previous washing process could take an entire day or more of back-breaking labor, while a patented washing machine was invented by using a lever to rub the clothes between two rib surfaces in 1846, and the first electric clothes washers were introduced into America in 1990. (60 words)
The lecture was about the evolution of the washing machine, which comprised domestic appliances and increasing leisure time. The spokesperson described changing domestic life, and essences of using force water emphasized the significance of dirt removing. Ultimately, although taking a staggering amount of labor and exposing women to caustic substances could be inferred from running water and electricity, impacts of household’s laundry and imitating the human hand moving were acknowledged. (70)
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RWFIB 811. Protect the Right Places for Biodiversity
Apeuni339 (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی)ریدینگ
از مکانهای مناسب برای تنوع زیستی محافظت کنید
Full Transcript:
"Protected areas are hugely important for conservation. Over the last 20 years there's been a massive growth in the number of protected areas, both in the marine realm and the terrestrial realm."
James Watson with the Wildlife Conservation Society's Global Conservation Program and the University of Queensland.
"But what we're noticing is that these protected areas aren't well placed. They don't really stop biodiversity loss in many places, because they're not where important areas of biodiversity is. We also notice that protected areas aren't well managed and therefore often protected areas don't actually lead to any significant conservation outcome."
To address these issues Watson and colleagues published a blueprint describing how "the scientific community can actually really help national governments and protected area managers really place protected areas that really prioritize important biodiversity areas and achieve ecological representation."
Their report is in the journal Conservation Biology.
"Protected areas aren't the only tool in the toolbox and we've got to make sure that other efforts actually work together holistically with protected areas. So scientists can help identify metrics that help allow us to assess this. In these three ways, scientists can really help the conservation movement ensure that the protected areas are in the right place and managed effectively and can achieve conservation outcomes in the long-term."
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening
🟢 #collocation
Protected areas, be important for (sth.) , a massive growth in the number of, the marine realm, the terrestrial realm, be well placed, biodiversity loss, be well managed, significant conservation outcome, the scientific community, national governments, protected area managers, important biodiversity areas, achieve ecological representation, identify metrics, the conservation movement, managed effectively.
Apeuni339 (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی)ریدینگ
از مکانهای مناسب برای تنوع زیستی محافظت کنید
Full Transcript:
"Protected areas are hugely important for conservation. Over the last 20 years there's been a massive growth in the number of protected areas, both in the marine realm and the terrestrial realm."
James Watson with the Wildlife Conservation Society's Global Conservation Program and the University of Queensland.
"But what we're noticing is that these protected areas aren't well placed. They don't really stop biodiversity loss in many places, because they're not where important areas of biodiversity is. We also notice that protected areas aren't well managed and therefore often protected areas don't actually lead to any significant conservation outcome."
To address these issues Watson and colleagues published a blueprint describing how "the scientific community can actually really help national governments and protected area managers really place protected areas that really prioritize important biodiversity areas and achieve ecological representation."
Their report is in the journal Conservation Biology.
"Protected areas aren't the only tool in the toolbox and we've got to make sure that other efforts actually work together holistically with protected areas. So scientists can help identify metrics that help allow us to assess this. In these three ways, scientists can really help the conservation movement ensure that the protected areas are in the right place and managed effectively and can achieve conservation outcomes in the long-term."
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening
🟢 #collocation
Protected areas, be important for (sth.) , a massive growth in the number of, the marine realm, the terrestrial realm, be well placed, biodiversity loss, be well managed, significant conservation outcome, the scientific community, national governments, protected area managers, important biodiversity areas, achieve ecological representation, identify metrics, the conservation movement, managed effectively.
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Apeuni158: Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as skydiving and motorcycling. Are you in favour of them? Use examples to support your opinion.
#Sample_Answer :
نمره 15/15 از اپیونی:
❇️T1: engaging more in dangerous activities
🏵N1: the danger of motorcycling
🏵N2: people's favorite actions
❇️T2: people's engagement in harmful sports like motorcycling
🏵N3: skydiving teams
🏵N4: favorite activities
🏵N5: increased dangerous participation
❇️T3: being in favor of risky activities
🏵N6: dangerous levels
🏵N7: going motorcycling
🏵N8: engaged athletic people
❇️T4: individuals' increased involvement in high-risk actions
🏵N9: dangerous hobbies
🏵N10: going skydiving as favorite sport activities
🆔 @EngStud #WE #Essay #writing
🖍🖍🖍🖍🖍🖍
Other N:
leisure-time activities
hazardous outdoor activities
physical danger
avoiding high-risk acts
#Sample_Answer :
نمره 15/15 از اپیونی:
❇️T1: engaging more in dangerous activities
🏵N1: the danger of motorcycling
🏵N2: people's favorite actions
❇️T2: people's engagement in harmful sports like motorcycling
🏵N3: skydiving teams
🏵N4: favorite activities
🏵N5: increased dangerous participation
❇️T3: being in favor of risky activities
🏵N6: dangerous levels
🏵N7: going motorcycling
🏵N8: engaged athletic people
❇️T4: individuals' increased involvement in high-risk actions
🏵N9: dangerous hobbies
🏵N10: going skydiving as favorite sport activities
🆔 @EngStud #WE #Essay #writing
🖍🖍🖍🖍🖍🖍
Other N:
leisure-time activities
hazardous outdoor activities
physical danger
avoiding high-risk acts
Conversation & PTE & IELTS
وجه سببی در زبان انگلیسی و کاربرد have, make, get, let | گرامر کاربردی انگلیسی | مکالمه انگلیسی 🆔 @EngStud #grammar مطلب ساختار سببی مجهول که قبلا قرارداده شده بود
#WFD
✅ Lots of students had money and passports stolen especially at night.
پول و پاسپورت بسیاری دانشجویان بخصوص در شب (توسط افرادی) دزدیده شد.
دانشجویان (باعث شدند) پول و پاسپورت شان در شب (توسط افرادی) دزدیده شد(شود).
(به نظر میرسد) جمله بالا، وجه سببی مجهول است.
have + sth.+ p.p.
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #PTE #write_from_dictation
✅ Lots of students had money and passports stolen especially at night.
پول و پاسپورت بسیاری دانشجویان بخصوص در شب (توسط افرادی) دزدیده شد.
دانشجویان (باعث شدند) پول و پاسپورت شان در شب (توسط افرادی) دزدیده شد(شود).
(به نظر میرسد) جمله بالا، وجه سببی مجهول است.
have + sth.+ p.p.
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #PTE #write_from_dictation
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Plastic Particles #SWT Apeuni86
ذرات پلاستیکی
Fish are being killed, and prevented from reaching maturity, by the litter of plastic particles finding their way into the world's oceans, new research has proved. Some young fish have been found to prefer tiny particles of plastic to their natural food sources, effectively starving them before they can reproduce. The growing problem of microplastics - tiny particles of polymer-type materials from modern industry - has been thought for several years to be a peril for fish, but the study published on Thursday is the first to prove the damage in trials. Microplastics are near-indestructible in natural environments. They enter the oceans through litter, when waste such as plastic bags, packaging and other convenience materials are discarded. Vast amounts of these end up in the sea, through inadequate waste disposal systems and sewage outfall. Another growing source is microbeads, tiny particles of hard plastics that are used in cosmetics, for instance as an abrasive in modern skin cleaners. These easily enter waterways as they are washed off as they are used, flushed down drains and forgotten, but can last for decades in our oceans.
The impact of these materials has been hard to measure, despite being a growing source of concern. Small particles of plastics have been found in seabirds, fish and whales, which swallow the materials but cannot digest them, leading to a build-up in their digestive tracts. For the first time, scientists have demonstrated that fish exposed to such materials during their development show stunted growth and increased mortality rates, as well as changed behavior that could endanger their survival.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #Summarize_written_text #writing
My answer:
Whereas the essence of killing fish emphasizes the significance of preventing from reaching maturity, the impacts of the growing problem of near-indestructible microplastics such as microbeads usage and a peril for fish are acknowledged, and preferring tiny particles of plastic to the natural food sources could be inferred from entering the oceans through litter, from which the implications of a build-up in the digestive tracts, waste disposal systems, and stunted growth are presumed. (73w)
#Sample_answer :
Whereas the fundamental essence of plastic particles and killing fish emphasizes the significance of waste disposal systems and sewage outfall, the corresponding impacts of endangering survival and changing behaviors such as being near-indestructible and entering through litter are acknowledged, and a source of concern could be inferred evidently from stunted growth and mortality rates, which the potential implications of natural food resources as well as digestive tracts are presumed. (69w)
ذرات پلاستیکی
Fish are being killed, and prevented from reaching maturity, by the litter of plastic particles finding their way into the world's oceans, new research has proved. Some young fish have been found to prefer tiny particles of plastic to their natural food sources, effectively starving them before they can reproduce. The growing problem of microplastics - tiny particles of polymer-type materials from modern industry - has been thought for several years to be a peril for fish, but the study published on Thursday is the first to prove the damage in trials. Microplastics are near-indestructible in natural environments. They enter the oceans through litter, when waste such as plastic bags, packaging and other convenience materials are discarded. Vast amounts of these end up in the sea, through inadequate waste disposal systems and sewage outfall. Another growing source is microbeads, tiny particles of hard plastics that are used in cosmetics, for instance as an abrasive in modern skin cleaners. These easily enter waterways as they are washed off as they are used, flushed down drains and forgotten, but can last for decades in our oceans.
The impact of these materials has been hard to measure, despite being a growing source of concern. Small particles of plastics have been found in seabirds, fish and whales, which swallow the materials but cannot digest them, leading to a build-up in their digestive tracts. For the first time, scientists have demonstrated that fish exposed to such materials during their development show stunted growth and increased mortality rates, as well as changed behavior that could endanger their survival.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #Summarize_written_text #writing
My answer:
Whereas the essence of killing fish emphasizes the significance of preventing from reaching maturity, the impacts of the growing problem of near-indestructible microplastics such as microbeads usage and a peril for fish are acknowledged, and preferring tiny particles of plastic to the natural food sources could be inferred from entering the oceans through litter, from which the implications of a build-up in the digestive tracts, waste disposal systems, and stunted growth are presumed. (73w)
#Sample_answer :
Whereas the fundamental essence of plastic particles and killing fish emphasizes the significance of waste disposal systems and sewage outfall, the corresponding impacts of endangering survival and changing behaviors such as being near-indestructible and entering through litter are acknowledged, and a source of concern could be inferred evidently from stunted growth and mortality rates, which the potential implications of natural food resources as well as digestive tracts are presumed. (69w)
RWFIB 814. Bird Literally Weighs Its Food Options
پرنده به معنای واقعی کلمه گزینه های غذایی خود را وزن می کند
سوال #HIW (امتحان) و ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی)
If you've ever been to an all-you-can-eat buffet, you know how important it is to carefully weigh your options. You don't want to fill up on salad when so many calorie-laden delights await. It seems some birds also weigh their mealtime choices—literally. A study finds that Mexican Jays pick up and shake peanuts to assess their relative heft before choosing one. That report is served up in the Journal of Ornithology.
Foods that hide their edible bits on the inside present a challenge to hungry diners. How can you tell which fruits are ripe or which shells harbor the biggest nuts? We humans knock on melons or squeeze avocados. But how do other species select the highest quality snacks?
To find out how the jays do it, researchers fiddled with their feed. First they doctored peanuts so that some contained three nuts while others had none. When they offered these pods to some jays, the birds turned their beaks up at the empty shells and instead chose those that were full. And when the jays were allowed to choose between normal peanuts and those that weighed just one gram more, because the researchers had stuffed them with clay, the birds again went for the heavier meal.
Videos revealed that the jays shake the nuts before selecting one, which apparently lets them gauge the nut's mass and perhaps also listen for the rattle of a well-packed shell. Pretty clever for a bird brain.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening
#RWFIB 379: important carefully calorie-laden choosing Ornithology revealed selecting .
#HIW 212: important delights researchers doctored contained revealed .
🟢 #vocabulary :
🔺 calorie-laden
full of calories. often not very healthy ones. Some of these foods inculde desserts, high-fat meats and dairy, and fatty foods.
A high calorie content. This does not necessarily mean it is high in fat but foods to be aware of if you are watching your weight.
مملو از کالری- پُر کالری.
laden adjective
2 -laden used to form adjectives showing that something is full of, or loaded with, the thing mentioned.
پُر
calorie-laden cream cakes
کیک خامه ای پر کالری
🔺 pod noun [countable]
1 a long narrow seed container that grows on various plants, especially peas and beans.
a pea pod
(نخود و لوبیا و غیره) غلاف،پوست،هر گنجانه یا محفظه ی غلاف مانند
🔺 mealtime /ˈmiːltaɪm/ noun [countable, uncountable]
a time during the day when you have a meal.
موقع صرف غذا. وقت خوراک.
🔺 literally /ˈlɪtərəli/ adverb
according to the most basic or original meaning of a word or expression
به معنای واقعی کلمه.
🔺 serve up
عرضه کردن، ارائه کردن.
🔺 shell
the hard outer part that covers and protects an egg, nut, or seed.
پوست فندق و غیره. پوسته. صدف،
🔺 avocados
آوکادو.
🔺 fiddle verb [transitive]
to give false information about something, in order to avoid paying money or to get extra money.
fiddle with
حقه سوار کردن، کلک زدن، دستکاری کردن.
🔺 doctor /ˈdɒktə $ ˈdɑːktər/ verb [transitive] (doctored, doctoring)
to dishonestly change something in order to gain an advantage.
(به منظور تقلب و غیره) دست بردن در. دستکاری کردن،
🔺 beak /biːk/ noun [countable]
the hard pointed mouth of a bird.
نوک، منقار، نوک پرنده (به ویژه نوک قلابدار و تیز پرندگان شکاری).
🔺 stuff /stʌf/ verb [transitive]
to fill something until it is full
(با چیزی) پرکردن تا نهایت (کامل شدن) ظرفیت آن. انباشتن، چپاندن، آکنده.
🔺 gauge /ɡeɪdʒ/ verb [transitive]
to measure or calculate something by using a particular instrument or method
اندازه گرفتن، سنجیدن. حدس زدن.
🔺 rattle /ˈrætl/ noun
a short repeated sound, made when something shakes.
rattle of
سر و صدا، تق تق، صدای جغجغه ای، تلق تلق کردن.
🟢 #collocation :
an all-you-can-eat buffet, to carefully weigh your options, many calorie-laden delights, mealtime choices, edible bits, fruits are ripe, the highest quality snacks, fiddled with their feed, stuffed them with clay, the heavier meal, Videos revealed that, gauge the nut's mass, a well-packed shell.
پرنده به معنای واقعی کلمه گزینه های غذایی خود را وزن می کند
سوال #HIW (امتحان) و ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی)
If you've ever been to an all-you-can-eat buffet, you know how important it is to carefully weigh your options. You don't want to fill up on salad when so many calorie-laden delights await. It seems some birds also weigh their mealtime choices—literally. A study finds that Mexican Jays pick up and shake peanuts to assess their relative heft before choosing one. That report is served up in the Journal of Ornithology.
Foods that hide their edible bits on the inside present a challenge to hungry diners. How can you tell which fruits are ripe or which shells harbor the biggest nuts? We humans knock on melons or squeeze avocados. But how do other species select the highest quality snacks?
To find out how the jays do it, researchers fiddled with their feed. First they doctored peanuts so that some contained three nuts while others had none. When they offered these pods to some jays, the birds turned their beaks up at the empty shells and instead chose those that were full. And when the jays were allowed to choose between normal peanuts and those that weighed just one gram more, because the researchers had stuffed them with clay, the birds again went for the heavier meal.
Videos revealed that the jays shake the nuts before selecting one, which apparently lets them gauge the nut's mass and perhaps also listen for the rattle of a well-packed shell. Pretty clever for a bird brain.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening
#RWFIB 379: important carefully calorie-laden choosing Ornithology revealed selecting .
#HIW 212: important delights researchers doctored contained revealed .
🟢 #vocabulary :
🔺 calorie-laden
full of calories. often not very healthy ones. Some of these foods inculde desserts, high-fat meats and dairy, and fatty foods.
A high calorie content. This does not necessarily mean it is high in fat but foods to be aware of if you are watching your weight.
مملو از کالری- پُر کالری.
laden adjective
2 -laden used to form adjectives showing that something is full of, or loaded with, the thing mentioned.
پُر
calorie-laden cream cakes
کیک خامه ای پر کالری
🔺 pod noun [countable]
1 a long narrow seed container that grows on various plants, especially peas and beans.
a pea pod
(نخود و لوبیا و غیره) غلاف،پوست،هر گنجانه یا محفظه ی غلاف مانند
🔺 mealtime /ˈmiːltaɪm/ noun [countable, uncountable]
a time during the day when you have a meal.
موقع صرف غذا. وقت خوراک.
🔺 literally /ˈlɪtərəli/ adverb
according to the most basic or original meaning of a word or expression
به معنای واقعی کلمه.
🔺 serve up
عرضه کردن، ارائه کردن.
🔺 shell
the hard outer part that covers and protects an egg, nut, or seed.
پوست فندق و غیره. پوسته. صدف،
🔺 avocados
آوکادو.
🔺 fiddle verb [transitive]
to give false information about something, in order to avoid paying money or to get extra money.
fiddle with
حقه سوار کردن، کلک زدن، دستکاری کردن.
🔺 doctor /ˈdɒktə $ ˈdɑːktər/ verb [transitive] (doctored, doctoring)
to dishonestly change something in order to gain an advantage.
(به منظور تقلب و غیره) دست بردن در. دستکاری کردن،
🔺 beak /biːk/ noun [countable]
the hard pointed mouth of a bird.
نوک، منقار، نوک پرنده (به ویژه نوک قلابدار و تیز پرندگان شکاری).
🔺 stuff /stʌf/ verb [transitive]
to fill something until it is full
(با چیزی) پرکردن تا نهایت (کامل شدن) ظرفیت آن. انباشتن، چپاندن، آکنده.
🔺 gauge /ɡeɪdʒ/ verb [transitive]
to measure or calculate something by using a particular instrument or method
اندازه گرفتن، سنجیدن. حدس زدن.
🔺 rattle /ˈrætl/ noun
a short repeated sound, made when something shakes.
rattle of
سر و صدا، تق تق، صدای جغجغه ای، تلق تلق کردن.
🟢 #collocation :
an all-you-can-eat buffet, to carefully weigh your options, many calorie-laden delights, mealtime choices, edible bits, fruits are ripe, the highest quality snacks, fiddled with their feed, stuffed them with clay, the heavier meal, Videos revealed that, gauge the nut's mass, a well-packed shell.
Telegram
attach 📎
Conversation & PTE & IELTS
RWFIB 814. Bird Literally Weighs Its Food Options پرنده به معنای واقعی کلمه گزینه های غذایی خود را وزن می کند سوال #HIW (امتحان) و ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی) If you've ever been to an all-you-can-eat buffet, you know how important it is to carefully…
👆 Mexican Jays
جیجاق مکزیکی (نام علمی: Aphelocoma wollweberi).
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening #HIW
RWFIB 814. Bird Literally Weighs Its Food Options 👆
جیجاق مکزیکی (نام علمی: Aphelocoma wollweberi).
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening #HIW
RWFIB 814. Bird Literally Weighs Its Food Options 👆
👇 RWFIB 815. New Evidence for Comet Sources of Ocean Water
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening 👇
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening 👇
Conversation & PTE & IELTS
👇 RWFIB 815. New Evidence for Comet Sources of Ocean Water 🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening 👇
RWFIB 815. New Evidence for Comet Sources of Ocean Water
شواهد جدید برای منشاء ستاره دنبالهدارِ آب اقیانوس(ها)
ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni391
Earth's surface is dominated by oceans. But where did all that water come from?
Asteroids and comets smashing into the early Earth have long been thought to be a promising source. But measurements of Halley's Comet and five others threw cold water on the idea that comets provided a large share of the oceans. Because the chemical signatures of the comets did not match the oceans. Specifically, the ratio of heavy hydrogen , or deuterium, to regular hydrogen was too high in the comets.
But now astronomers have gotten a glimpse of a comet with a different origin, and it matches the oceans much better. They used the Herschel space telescope to examine Comet Hartley 2, which originated in the Kuiper Belt. Halley and its ilk came from a distant swarm of comets called the Oort Cloud.
At a planetary science meeting last week in France, and in a study in Nature, the researchers announced that Comet Hartley 2 has the same deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio as ocean water.
So maybe comets did play a major role in delivering Earth's oceans. Something to ponder next time you have a day at the beach.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening
🟢 #vocabulary :
💫 Asteroid سیارک
💫 comet ستاره دنباله دار
💫 smash /smæʃ/ verb [intransitive, transitive always + adverb/preposition]
to hit an object or surface violently, or to make something do this.
(محکم و با صدا) خوردن به، تصادم کردن، برخورد کردن، کوبیدن.
💫 throw cold water on sth.
to be negative about someone's ideas or plans.
measurements of Halley's Comet and five threw cold water on the idea...
رد شدن/کردن/باطلشدن/بیاثرکردن (نسبت به) ایده ها یا برنامه های کسی. (ریختن آب سردی بر روی چیزی).
💫 signature /ˈsɪɡnətʃə $ -ər/ noun [countable usually singular]
something that is closely related to an event, person, or style.
نشان ویژه، علامت مشخصه، اثر، ویژگی اختصاصی،
💫 glimpse ɡlɪmps/ noun [countable]
a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearly.
glimpse of
نگاهی اجمالی.
💫 swarm /swɔːm $ swɔːrm/ noun [countable]
swarm of
گروه، ازدحام، دسته زیاد.
💫 ponder verb [intransitive, transitive] formal
to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem, a difficult question, or something that has happened SYN consider.
He continued to ponder the problem as he walked home.
ponder on/over/about
The university board is still pondering over the matter.
ponder how/what/whether
Jay stood still for a moment, pondering whether to go or not.
سنجیدن، اندیشه کردن، تفکر کردن، تعمق کردن
🟢 #collocation :
Earth's surface, is dominated by sth., the early Earth, be a promising source, provided a large share of the oceans, the chemical signatures of the comets, a planetary science meeting, the researchers announced that, play a major role in, Earth's oceans.
شواهد جدید برای منشاء ستاره دنبالهدارِ آب اقیانوس(ها)
ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی) Apeuni391
Earth's surface is dominated by oceans. But where did all that water come from?
Asteroids and comets smashing into the early Earth have long been thought to be a promising source. But measurements of Halley's Comet and five others threw cold water on the idea that comets provided a large share of the oceans. Because the chemical signatures of the comets did not match the oceans. Specifically, the ratio of heavy hydrogen , or deuterium, to regular hydrogen was too high in the comets.
But now astronomers have gotten a glimpse of a comet with a different origin, and it matches the oceans much better. They used the Herschel space telescope to examine Comet Hartley 2, which originated in the Kuiper Belt. Halley and its ilk came from a distant swarm of comets called the Oort Cloud.
At a planetary science meeting last week in France, and in a study in Nature, the researchers announced that Comet Hartley 2 has the same deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio as ocean water.
So maybe comets did play a major role in delivering Earth's oceans. Something to ponder next time you have a day at the beach.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening
🟢 #vocabulary :
💫 Asteroid سیارک
💫 comet ستاره دنباله دار
💫 smash /smæʃ/ verb [intransitive, transitive always + adverb/preposition]
to hit an object or surface violently, or to make something do this.
(محکم و با صدا) خوردن به، تصادم کردن، برخورد کردن، کوبیدن.
💫 throw cold water on sth.
to be negative about someone's ideas or plans.
measurements of Halley's Comet and five threw cold water on the idea...
رد شدن/کردن/باطلشدن/بیاثرکردن (نسبت به) ایده ها یا برنامه های کسی. (ریختن آب سردی بر روی چیزی).
💫 signature /ˈsɪɡnətʃə $ -ər/ noun [countable usually singular]
something that is closely related to an event, person, or style.
نشان ویژه، علامت مشخصه، اثر، ویژگی اختصاصی،
💫 glimpse ɡlɪmps/ noun [countable]
a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearly.
glimpse of
نگاهی اجمالی.
💫 swarm /swɔːm $ swɔːrm/ noun [countable]
swarm of
گروه، ازدحام، دسته زیاد.
💫 ponder verb [intransitive, transitive] formal
to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem, a difficult question, or something that has happened SYN consider.
He continued to ponder the problem as he walked home.
ponder on/over/about
The university board is still pondering over the matter.
ponder how/what/whether
Jay stood still for a moment, pondering whether to go or not.
سنجیدن، اندیشه کردن، تفکر کردن، تعمق کردن
🟢 #collocation :
Earth's surface, is dominated by sth., the early Earth, be a promising source, provided a large share of the oceans, the chemical signatures of the comets, a planetary science meeting, the researchers announced that, play a major role in, Earth's oceans.
Telegram
attach 📎