‍ Industrial Revolutions (Version 2) #SST Apeuni175
انقلاب های صنعتی (2)
Through the 1950s and into the 1960s, the idea of the Industrial Revolution was that it was the work of some genius inventors who created machines used primarily in the textile industry but also in mining that eliminated blocks to assembly line production. Then everybody was crowded into factories and the new brave world opened up. In fact, one of the most interesting books and great classics that is still in print was written by an economic historian at Harvard who's still alive called David Landes. It's a good book called The Unbound Prometheus, which was basically that. Some of the inventions that I briefly describe in your reading, the spinning Jenny, etc., refer to that. Well, and that kind of analysis led one to concentrate on England where the Industrial Revolution began, and to view industrialization as beginning a situation of winners and losers by not going as fast. Now, that analysis has been really rejected greatly over the past years, because Industrial Revolution is measured by more than simply large factories with industrial workers and the number of machines. This is the point of the beginning of this. The more that we look at the Industrial Revolution, the more that we see that the Industrial Revolution was first and foremost an intensification of forms of production, of kinds of production that were already there. And thus, we spend more time looking at, you know, the intensification of artisanal production, craft production, of domestic industry, which we've already mentioned, that is people mostly women but also men and children, too, working in the countryside. The rapid rise of industrial production was very much tied to traditional forms of production.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #podcast #Summarize_spoken_text

#Sample_answer :
نمره 10/10 از اپیونی:
The lecture was discussing the Industrial Revolution. The lecturer firstly provided information about large factories, which indicates that industrial workers and machines are fundamental elements. Secondly, whereas unique aspects of the intensification of production were delineated, he asserted that the significance of artisanal production and craft production really could not be overestimated. Finally, he deduced domestic industries and working in the countryside from what elaborated on traditional forms of production. 70w

‍ The history of software #SST Apeuni171
تاریخچه نرم‌افزار
The history of software is of course very very new. And the whole IT industry is really only 67 years old which is extraordinary and to be so close to the birth of a major new technology, a major new discipline is quite remarkable given where we got to in those 67 years. And the progression has been not so much a progression as a stampede because Moore's Law, the rapid expansion in the power of computing and the rapid fall of the cost of computing and storage and communications has made it feasible for information technology to move into all sorts of areas of life that were never originally envisaged. What has happened is that there has been as I said a stampede for people to pick the low-hanging fruit. And that is what's guided the development of software and information technology over the past decades and continues to do so with a number of consequences that we will explore.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #podcast #Summarize_spoken_text

My answer:
نمره 10/10 از اپیونی:
The lecture was about the history of software, which comprised the IT industry and a new technology. The spokesperson determined new disciplines, and the essence of the Moore's Law emphasized the significance of the fall of the cost of computing, storage and communications. Although both the development of software and information technology could be inferred from the areas of life, the impacts of a stampede and the progression were acknowledged. (70w)


قانون مور Moore's Law
که نخستین بار گوردون مور، در سال ۱۹۶۵ آن را ارائه کرد، قاعده‌ای سرانگشتی است که بیان می‌کند تعداد ترانزیستورهای روی یک تراشه با مساحت ثابت هر 2 سال ، به طور تقریبی دو برابر می‌شود. (آیندهٔ صنعت نیمه‌رساناها) به عنوان معیاری برای پیش بینی آیندهٔ صنعت میکروالکترونیک مورد توجه قرار گرفت.
پیشرفت در الکترونیک دیجیتال ، مانند کاهش قیمت ریزپردازنده با کیفیت تنظیم شده ، افزایش ظرفیت حافظه (RAM و فلش) ، بهبود سنسورها و حتی تعداد و اندازه پیکسل در دوربین های دیجیتال ، به شدت با قانون مور مرتبط است.

🗣🎧🗣🎧 #RL 🗣🎧🗣🎧

‍ Cognitive Advantages of Bilingualism #RL #SST
مزایای شناختی دوزبانگی
So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with what's called wonder babies. This was a study which was done a few years ago in Trieste which is basically at the border on Slovenia and Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a lot of Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed marriages. What they did was they took three groups of babies, all babies were seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian speaking babies, bunch of Slovenian speaking babies and a bunch of Italian-Slovenian babies from mixed families. They showed those babies various puppets and then they switched the situation. Typically when the seven-month-old baby is used to particular setting and the situation switches it takes them a little while to regroup.So turned out that seven-month-old Italian and seven-month-old Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet appearing on the right, and then when the puppet would appear on the left they would continue looking to the right as if nothing had changed. Whereas the bilingual babies very quickly would turn their head and notice that the puppet has changed its position.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #podcast #Summarize_spoken_text #Retell_Lecture

My answer: #SST Apeuni194
نمره 10/10 از اپیونی:
The lecture was about the superiority of bilingual babies over monolingual babies, which comprised wonder babies. The spokesperson determined mixed marriages, and the essence of studies on three groups of seven-month-old babies emphasized. Although both two bunches of monolingual babies and a bunch of Italian-Slovenian babies could be inferred from switching the situation of puppets, the impacts of noticing the change of the puppet’s position by bilingual babies were acknowledged. (70w)

Cognitive Advantages of Bilingualism - Maria Polinsky
این ویدیو کامل با کیفیت بالاتر
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #podcast #SST #RL
👆در آزمون در همان حد لکچر و متن بالا، آمده بود. و این ویدیو کامل برای اطلاعات بیشتر است.

‍ the smell of books (libraries) #RL Apeuni58 #transcript
بوی کتابهای(کتابخانه های) (تاریخ ساز- قدیمی)
Indeed, the library. We've all been to a historic library. We've all enjoyed the smell of a historic library. But what is it? And what does it mean? When we've recently, when at UCL Center for Sustainable Heritage, we've recently been asked to access the environment at another historical library at Saint Paul's Cathedral, the Wren library, an incredible place. And it has a such an intensive smell of old books, and we were also asked for the first time really I was actually taken aback by the brief, we were asked what you do please preserve the smell. It is so important to our audience. It is so important how people perceive the library. So, that is, that was quite an important message in our research. And indeed the smell is an important way of how we communicate with the environment. This piece of research was done by an advertising company because advertisers are so interested in how we, how we interact with each other and the environment. And we see that the majority of people use sight (site) obviously to interact with the environment, but on the second place, we see the smell is also very, very important.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #podcast #Retell_Lecture

My answer: #SST
The lecture was about the smell of historic libraries, which comprised preserving the smell and perceiving libraries. The spokesperson determined , and the essence of an intensive smell of old books emphasized being important to our audience. Although both interacting with each other and the environment could be inferred from the smell as an important way of how we communicate with the environment, the impacts of using sight were acknowledged. (70w)

‍ An innovative musical instrument #RL Apeuni57
یک ابزار نوآورانه موسیقی
The Skoog is a new university accessible musical instrument. It is designed to use by children or adults with special needs or in fact be used by anyone. It’s soft, it’s easy to play, it’s robust and it can be customized to suit anyone’s abilities. The Skoog helps students with special needs by allowing them to get involved in making music themselves. It’s an instrument that they can play it and they can take ownership of and start creating their own sounds and music. traditional instruments are the shape and size and made of the materials they are because of the sound that they need to make. If you want to make a sound like a plucked string, you need a string and it needs to be under tension, whereas with a Skoog, because it’s a mixture of software and a sensor, then thus the computer can handle making the sound. And so we can design an object that’s designed to be touched and designed to be played with. In developing the screen and working with kids in the schools and in the classrooms, it’s really helped us make the Skoog something that’s usable by the children themselves. They’ve informed us massively on how it needs to work and they’ve given their opinions on colors and designs. And just the feedback they’ve given to us has been just marvelous. It’s just so enriching and it’s really inspiring to actually work with these kids, particularly when you can provide them with an ability to start to playing their own music as opposed to just taking part through listening and listening to other musicians and really learning from.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #podcast #reading tell_Lecture #vocabulary

🔺 robust /rəˈbʌst, ˈrəʊbʌst $ rəˈbʌst, ˈroʊ-/ adj.
a robust system, organization etc is strong and not likely to have problems.
قدرتمند. قوی. نیرومند قابل اعتماد. انعطاف پذیر.

My answer: #SST
The lecture was about the Skoog as an innovative musical instrument, which comprised easy using by the people with special needs. The spokesperson determined being suitable for anyone’s abilities, and the essence of getting involved in making music themselves emphasized creating their own sounds. Although both a mixture of software and a sensor could be inferred from handling by computers, the impacts of being usable by the children were acknowledged. (70w)

📖📖📖📖 #reading 📖📖📖📖

‍ RWFIB 807. The Myth of Multitasking (Modern humans) Apeuni275 (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی)
افسانه چند وظیفه ای (انسان مدرن)
A study in the journal Neuron shows that when we think we're getting better at multitasking, we're really getting faster at switching back and forth between two different things at different times. Karen Hopkin reports

Full Transcript :
Modern humans are masters of multitasking. We eat while driving, watch TV while studying, and of course talk on our cell phones while doing, well, everything. How do we do it? A study in the July 16th issue of Neuron suggests that though we can train our brains to work faster as we juggle, we never actually manage to do more than one thing at a time.

Our brains aren’t really built to handle the sort of parallel processing we think we’re capable of. The good news is: studies have shown that extensive training can make us better at doing two things at once. But how?

One theory is that with lots of practice some routines become “automatic.” And if we don’t need to run every little thing past the part of the brain that’s spends time thinking about stuff, we can multitask just fine.

But this new study finds that that’s not the way it works. Turns out that multitaskers still consult the prefrontal cortex, but training gets the “Thinking Brain” to think a little faster. So we’re switching tasks quickly enough to appear to be doing them simultaneously. Which is still nothing to shake a stick and sneeze at.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening #vocabulary

🎈It's nothing to shake a stick at
it is important.

🎈 ‘Nothing to Sneeze At’ means something that is not an inconsequential matter, not a trifling thing.
به معنای چیزی است که نه یک موضوع بی نتیجه است ، نه یک چیز بی اهمیت است.
Example of use: “When Daniel was chosen to be valedictorian, he was so proud, because the honor of being chosen to represent your entire class is nothing to sneeze at.”
Nothing to sneeze at describes something of consequence, something important enough to be paid attention to. Originally, the term to sneeze at was an idiom used to describe something that should be held in contempt, something unimportant.
چیزی از پیامد را توصیف نمی کند ، چیزی که به اندازه کافی مهم است که باید به آن توجه شود. در اصل ، اصطلاح عطسه کردن اصطلاحی بود که برای توصیف چیزی مورد تحقیر قرار می گرفت ، چیزی غیر مهم.

🟢 #collocation
Modern humans, masters of multitasking, A study in (journal) suggests that, train our brains to work , be built to handle sth. , parallel processing, good news, extensive training, make sb. better at doing sth. , some routines become automatic , the part of the brain, spends time, the prefrontal cortex, switching tasks quickly, gets the “Thinking Brain” to think a little faster.
➡️ get something to do something (=to make something do a particular thing)

‍ RWFIB 808. Science Societies Urge Education
Apeuni294 ریدینگ (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی)
جوامع علمی خواستار آموزش (علمی) هستند
A consortium of scientific societies wants the scientific community to get more involved in science education, including evolution--before it's too late. Steve Mirsky reports.

Full Transcript :
The scientific community needs to be involved in promoting science education, including evolution. So says the January issue of the FASEB Journal. FASEB is the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Sixteen other organizations also signed on to the recommendation, including the National Academy of Sciences and the American Institute of Physics. The article notes that the introduction of nonscience, such as creationism and intelligent design, undermines fundamentals of science education—such as using the scientific method, understanding how to reach scientific consensus and telling scientific explanations for natural phenomena apart from nonscientific ones.

The article included a survey of a thousand likely US voters. Those able to answer simple questions about plate tectonics, proper antibiotic use and prehistory were far more likely to support evolution education. Said journal editor Gerald Weissman, “The bottom line is that the world is round, humans evolved from an extinct species, and Elvis is dead. This survey is a wake-up call for anyone who supports teaching information based on evidence rather than speculation or hope; people want to hear the truth, and they want to hear it from scientists.”
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening #vocabulary

🔸 creationism noun [uncountable]
belief that god created the universe in the way described in the Bible.
آفرینش گرایی (فلسفه - این باور: اصل و منشا مخلوقات از خداست - و این باور: خداوند برای هر انسانی که زاده می شود یک روح تازه می آفریند)، آفرینش باوری.
🔸 nonscience : A non-science is an area of study that is not scientific, especially one that is not a natural science or a social science that is an object of scientific inquiry. In this model, history, art, and religion are all examples of non-sciences
غیر علمی.

🟢 #collocation :
the scientific community, promoting science education, sign on to the recommendation, intelligent design, fundamentals of science education, using the scientific method, reach scientific consensus, telling scientific explanations, natural phenomena, plate tectonics, proper antibiotic use, support evolution education, journal editor, evolved from an extinct species, a wake-up call, supports teaching information, hear the truth, hear it from scientists.

وجه سببی در زبان انگلیسی و کاربرد have, make, get, let |
گرامر کاربردی انگلیسی | مکالمه انگلیسی
🆔 @EngStud #grammar
مطلب ساختار سببی مجهول که قبلا قرارداده شده بود

present perfect زمان ها درانگلیسی قسمت یازدهم حال کامل
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #tenses

زمان ها در زبان انگلیسی قسمت سیزدهم گذشته استمراری Past continuous
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #tenses

زمان ها درانگلیسی قسمت چهاردهم گذشته کامل Past Perfect
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #tenses

👆📓📓📓📓 #grammar 📓📓📓📓👆

👇🗣🎧🗣🎧 #RL 🗣🎧🗣🎧👇

‍ Boys’ and Girls’ Performance (Performance of Genders) #RL Apeuni273
عملکرد پسران و دختران
You can see that the two charts, each give quite a different picture of the performance of boys and girls in the two key subjects of Math and English. It shows that in English, girls consistently outperform boys over a period of 6 years, achieving scores about 10% above their male peers. There is quite a different picture when we look at the Math results with no real difference between genders in the results. What is the explanation for these key differences? To answer this question, researchers look at biological and cognitive factors, and a range of social factors. The interaction between these different components in early childhood development are seen as maintained and reinforced in the school context. And this leads to distinct gender patterns of behavior and skills with direct consequences for school performance and achievement. The ultimate uses of this evidence (are) to show that biological factors, such as patterns of cognitive developments are closely linked to social factor, such as learned gender categories. This cognitive skills are learned both pre-school and subsequently at school, supported by the responses of teachers, creating a reinforcement of patterns.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #podcast #Retell_Lecture

My answer: #SST
The lecture was about the performance of boys and girls, which comprised Math and English. The spokesperson determined outperforming boys by girls, and the essence of key differences between genders emphasized gender patterns of behavior and skills. Although both biological and cognitive factors could be inferred from learning cognitive skills, the impacts of childhood development, a range of social factors, and the reinforcement creation of patterns were acknowledged. 68w

‍ Wilson in American Literature #RL
ویلسون در ادبیات آمریکا (نسخه اول)
And I want to say that Wilson who died over 30 years ago, began his career before modern lit was taught and analyzed in the universities , as he said at one time and I think a piece about Christian golfs Gauss's I called him Gauss as my father in his generation at Princeton a year or two after Wilson called him . When Wilson was studying there that the latest daring writers to get into the curriculum were widths of the 90s and maybe Gauss had his reputation as a bohemian romantic because he had known Oscar in Paris, but there was no modern lit Wilson came then from a different world and he became the focal point of a broad mainstream American culture that thought that modern literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people, they were not modernists in an abstract sense and certainly some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people, but this was a world before the division between the brows or between a lead or whatever had established itself as part of our consciousness.
@EngStud #PTE #listening #podcast #Retell_Lecture

my key points:
American writer Edmund Wilson
influenced many authors
taught and analyzed in the universities
daring writers to get into the curriculum
came then from a different world
the focal point of a broad mainstream American culture
modern literature
able to read and appreciated by ordinary people
were not modernists
a world before the division between the brows or between a lead
as part of our consciousness

این لکچر قسمت ابتدایی تر هست و لکچر بعدی، ادامه آن.

‍ Edmund Wilson #RL Apeuni55,142
ادموند ویلسون (نسخه دوم)
Wilson came from a different world. And he became the focal point of a board mainstream. American culture that thought that modern literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people. They were not modernists in an abstract sense. And certainly, some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people. But this was a world before the division between the brows or between a lead or whatever had established itself as a part of our consciousness. Wilson was a major player in the successful effort of his generation to establish at the heart of American life and innovative literature that would equal the great cultures of Europe. And he knew that the great cultures of Europe were there. He was not a product of a narrow American Studies kind of training at all. He joined a high artistic standard with an openness to all experience and a belief that literature was as much of a part of life for everyone as conversation. He thought the Proust and Joyce and Yeats and Eliot could and should be read by ordinary Americans and helped that to happen. Wilson was a very various man. Over a period of almost 50 years, he was a dedicated, a literary journalist, and an investigative reporter, a brilliant memoirist, and dedicated journal keeper. His biography, biographical histories to the Finland station and Patriotic Gore are profoundly influential with Americans today.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #podcast #Retell_Lecture #Summarize_spoken_text

#SST Apeuni102
My answer:
The lecture was about Wilson, which comprised the focal point of American culture and a major player. The spokesperson determined reading and appreciating by ordinary people, and the essence of difficult writings emphasized establishing an innovative literature. Although both a dedicated and a literary journalist could be inferred from the great cultures of Europe, the impacts of a very various man, an investigative reporter, and a brilliant memoirist were acknowledged. (70w)
فیلم لکچر کامل Edmund Wilson: A Life in Literature
چند لغت این لکچر

📖📖📖📖 #reading 📖📖📖📖 👇

🟢 #collocation
the finding of a study, the (poker) players' entire bodies, pushing chips into the pot, pushed into the center of the table, a psychology doctoral student at University, a co-author of the study, the video watchers, be even better at doing sth. , were familiar with sth. , 👇

‍ RWFIB 809. Poker Players' Arms Give Away Their Hands
بازوهای بازیکنان پوکر دست آنها را فاش میکنند
سوال #HIW (امتحان) و ریدینگ اپیونی (سوال غیرامتحان/تمرینی)
A good "poker face" can hide the quality of your cards. But your arms might still be giving away your hands. That's the finding of a study to come out in the journal Psychological Science.
Volunteers watched videos of the World Series of Poker. The videos were edited so the subjects saw one of three different views of the players: the poker players' entire bodies from the table up, or just the players' faces or just the players' arms pushing chips into the pot. "When participants were watching chips being pushed into the center of the table by the players, it was only then could they accurately perceive how good a hand was better than chance. They couldn't do it for the whole body and if anything they were worse from just watching the face." Michael Slepian, a psychology doctoral student at Stanford University , and a co-author of the study.
No pros were among the video watchers. But there's some evidence that, as might be expected, they'd be even better at catching arm cues. "In one of our studies, the more participants were familiar with poker—even though they were all novices—the better they did."
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #podcast #listening

#RWFIB 295 : participants watching accurately anything University evidence catching.
#HIW 157: watching accurately perceive anything evidence .

🟢 #vocabulary
📍 come out (in journal) #phrasal_verb
if a book, record etc comes out, it becomes publicly available.
منتشر شدن.

📍 give somebody/something away #phrasal_verb
3 to show where someone is or what they are doing or thinking when they are trying to keep this a secret.
فاش کردن. لو دادن. سوتی دادن.
5 to lose in a game or competition by doing sth badly or making mistakes.
باختن در بازی (با اشتباه بد).

📍 poker face noun [singular]
expressionless face
دارای قیافه‌ی عاری از بیان (مثل قیافه‌ی کسی که پوکر بازی می‌کند)، چهره‌ی بی‌حالت، خشک

📍 chips noun [countable]
[usually plural] a small flat coloured piece of plastic used in games such as poker or blackjack to represent a particular amount of money

📍 chips
Casino tokens (also known as casino or gaming chips, checks, or cheques) are small discs used in lieu of currency in casinos. Colored metal, injection-molded plastic or compression molded clay tokens of various denominations are used primarily in table games.

pot
The pot in poker refers to the sum of money that players wager during a single hand or game, according to the betting rules of the variant being played. At the conclusion of a hand, either by all but one player folding, or by showdown, the pot is won or shared by the player or players holding the winning cards. Sometimes a pot can be split between many players.
پات در پوکر به مجموع پولی اطلاق می شود که بازیکنان در طول یک دست یا بازی بر اساس قوانین شرط بندی نوع بازی شرط بندی می کنند.
قلک، جوایز

What Does Pot Mean in Poker?
The place in the center of the poker table where wagered chips are placed. The winner of the hand wins all the chips in the pot.
The pot is the prize a player collects from the center of the table after winning a hand of poker. The pot grows throughout the hand; every time a player makes a wager it is placed into the pot.

How to Bet Poker Chips | Poker Tutorials

🟢 #grammar
1️⃣ when + past continuous , past simple.

When we use these two tenses together, it shows us that the past simple action happened in the middle of the past continuous action, while it was in progress.
We often use these tenses to show an action interrupting another action.
در این متن ریدینگ با فرمول بالا اومده. فرمولهای دیگه هم میشود که مفهوم جمله فرق میکنه:
2️⃣ when + past simple , past continuous.
3️⃣ when + past simple , past simple.
مثال:
When the guests arrived, Jane was cooking dinner.
When the guests arrived, Jane cooked dinner.
در جمله اول: جین داشت آشپزی میکرد قبل از رسیدن مهمونا. (همزمانی دارد)
در جمله دوم: ابتدا مهمونا رسیدند و سپس جین شروع به آشپزی کرد. (ترتیب زمانی دارد)