The coffee industry in Vietnam
🆔 @EngStud #sst #rl #PTE #transcript

☝️ The coffee industry in Vietnam

♦️ staggering سرسام آور، شوکه کننده
extremely great or surprising. SYN=amazing
a staggering million and half tons of coffee

♦️ Vietnamese Communist Party

♦️ sweep away ویران کردن، جاروب کردن. ازبین بردن
sweep something ↔️ away.
to completely destroy something or make something disappear.
e.g: the state plan collective farms were swept away.

♦️ relax the rules (=make them less strict) راحت کردن،آسان گرفتن،
If you relax a rule or your control over something, or if it relaxes, it becomes less firm or strong.
SYN=relax restrictions
e.g: Britain relaxed its immigration rules.
🆔 @EngStud #sst #rl #PTE #vocabulary

♦️ smallholding noun [countable]
British English a piece of land used for farming, that is smaller than an ordinary farm
(انگلیس - کشاورزی) زمین کوچک (برای خرید یا کرایه). خرده ملک (خرده ملک‏ ها معمولاً مزارعی هستند که از یک خانواده واحد با محصولات زراعی و معیشت کشاورزی پشتیبانی می‏ کنند).
☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️

🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀
as far as I know تا آنجایی که من میدانم

📙 Longman Dictionary
as/so far as I know/I can remember/I can tell/I can see etc.
[spoken] used to say that you think that something is true, although it is possible that you do not know all the facts or cannot remember completely.
e.g: There weren’t any buildings there at all, as far as I can remember.
e.g: As far as I can see, there’s nothing else to discuss.
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary

📙 Collins dictionary
as far as I know ADVERB
You can use far in expressions like 'as far as I know' and 'so far as I remember' to indicate that you are not absolutely sure of the statement you are about to make or have just made, and you may be wrong.

📙 Cambridge dictionary
as far as someone knows (as far as someone can tell)
based on what someone knows.
As far as the doctors can tell, she didn't have a stroke.
🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀

REFIB 165. Story of English.
.... when dialed variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary
〽️ uncontentious ( adjective )
not likely to cause people to disagree.
not apt to arouse argument or conflict.
بدون اختلاف نظر. غیر قابل بحث ، بدون مناقشه ، بی چون و چرا ، بدون مباحثه. بی‌پروا. قابل قبول.
به احتمال زیاد باعث اختلاف نظر مردم نمی شود.
مناسب برای برانگیختن بحث یا درگیری نیست.
e.g: an uncontentious issue
e.g: an established and uncontentious fact

〽️ reminiscent ( adjective ) یادآور. تداعی کننده
1 → reminiscent of something
2 [literary] thinking about the past
e.g: .... reminiscent of that found in Middle English,...

more information about geoengineering:
Climate engineering or climate intervention, commonly referred to as geoengineering, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth's climate system, usually with the aim of mitigating the adverse effects of global warming. The most prominent subcategories of climate engineering are solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal.

Geoengineering: most commonly refers to climate engineering.
مهندسی آب‌وهوا
Geo-engineering, may also refer to:
Geological engineering, a hybrid discipline that comprises elements of civil engineering, mining engineering, petroleum engineering, and earth science
Engineering geology, the application of the geological sciences to engineering study
Geotechnical engineering, the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials
Geophysical engineering, the application of geophysics to the engineering design of facilities, including roads, tunnels, and mines
#vocabulary #sst

RWFIB 174. The foreign policy
No doubt an exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. مقدار کمی (تا حدی) حقیقت دارد
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary
element of surprise/truth/risk/doubt etc.
an amount, usually small, of a quality or feeling.
یک مقدار معمولا کم از یک کیفیت یا احساس.
e.g: There is an element of truth in your argument.

‍ RWFIB 180. Politics and international relations
سوال در ریدینگ، ریتل لکچر، و خلاصه متن گفتاری.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #retell_lecture #sst
🍀Politics and international relations🍀
This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of politics and international relations. Students will learn about the workings of political institutions in countries around the world and explore the complex field of relations between nations. Topics in governance, public policy, public administration, national security and border control ensure that students receive a broad and current education in the range of issues which are covered under the label of politics and international relations. Students will undertake four compulsory units and two majors, one in politics and international relations and the other in governance and policy. They will also choose an elective major from a wide choice of options including political communication, international studies, international business and national security studies. In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and competencies in Politics and International Relations and Commerce, students will graduate with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced communication abilities, problem-solving and strong capacities to work with others. They will also develop ethically based and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.

#rwfib blanks : workings - broad - knowledge - responsible.
#vocabulary Generic (adj): relating to a whole group of things rather than to one thing. کلی

#rl Sample answer: This lecture is about the course provides students with understanding of politics and international relations. Students will learn the workings of political institutions and relations between nations, such as governance and public policy. Moreover, students will undertake four compulsory units and two majors. They’ll also choose an elective major from political communication, international studies, and national security studies. Also, students will graduate with a range of generic skills. In conclusion, they will develop ethically and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.

RWFIB 185. Creative Writing

This exciting new M.A. in Creative Writing is designed for graduates who wish to examine and expand their work. Through workshops, seminars, and individual tutorials, students will discover new writing strategies and refine their writing. The course offers students the practical expertise needed for researching and structuring texts, and understanding traditions and genres, as well as the critical and creative proficiencies necessary to develop a career in creative writing or in a related field.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #rwfib #rfib #vocabulary
#تحلیل_ریدینگ
🖍 individual tutorials آموزشهای انفرادی. پشتیبانی تحصیلی انفرادی.

🖍 tutorial noun
1: a period of teaching and discussion with a tutor.
دوره مشاوره تحصیلی. یک دوره تدریس خصوصی.
e.g: the tutorial system.
سیستم پشتیبان آموزشی و تدریس خصوصی. سیستم مشاور تحصیلی.
2: a computer program that is designed to teach you how to use another program. برنامه خودآموز کامپیوتری

🖍 tutorial adj. آموزش
e.g: tutorial staff.



👩‍🏫 tutor
پشتیبان آموزشی. پشتیبان درسی. مشاور تحصیلی. مشاور برنامه ریزی تحصیلی. ناظر درس دانشجویان. معلم خصوصی. خودآموز.
👨‍🏫 personal tutor
پشتیبان درسی خصوصی. (معلم خصوصی).

🔺 refine verb [transitive]
1 to improve a method, plan, system etc by gradually making slight changes to it.
Car makers are constantly refining their designs.
بهبود بخشیدن. اصلاح کردن.

the critical and creative proficiencies which are necessary to develop a career ➡️
the critical and creative proficiencies necessary to develop a career

🔺 necessary adj
1 something that is necessary is what you need to have or need to do → essential.
it is necessary (for somebody) to do something.
The doctor says it may be necessary for me to have an operation.
make it necessary (for somebody) to do something.
necessary for (doing) something.

RWFIB 190. Prepare for the exams (Exams Looming)
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary

🟢 It can help you to plan your work and to think more clearly and logically about it. In other word, it can help you to stay on top of things.
کنترل کامل چیزها را (در دست) نگهدارید. مسلط به همه امور باشید.
🔺On top of something
in control of a situation and aware of changes. in complete control of a situation.
e.g: I should be more on top of my work next week.


🟢 Don’t give up hope, even if you start to feel ―snowballed when you think of the all the work you have to do.
🔺snowballed past simple and past participle of snowball.
snowball verb :
if a plan, problem, business etc snowballs, it grows bigger at a faster and faster rate.
بزرگتر شدن (تعداد) و مهمتر شدن کارها، مشکلات و...
e.g: Interest in the sport is snowballing.

RWFIB 195. E-Learning

📌 Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in the aisles, balancing books on their knees?
be bursting/bulging at the seams
if a room or building is bursting at the seams, it is so full of people that hardly anyone else can fit into it.
یک جایی پر از حجم زیادی از آدم و... باشد. جای خیلی شلوغ. پر از آدم،
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE

📌 temptation: noun [countable, uncountable] وسوسه
a strong desire to have or do something even though you know you should not.
وسوسه. دلیل. وسوسه انگیزی.
بخاطر خط بعدی انتخاب میکنیم
'Everything will be online so I don't need to go to class',"

RWFIB “Chhooti”, Stories by Rabindranath Tagore.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE

🟩 It is impossible to shower affection on him as on a little boy, and he is always getting in the way.
➡️ shower affection on sb.
محبت کردن بیش از حد به کسی.
shower: [TRANSITIVE] to give a large number of things or a large amount of something to someone
shower something on/upon someone: Susan showered kisses on the baby.
shower someone with something: He showered her with flowers and jewellery.


🟩 He grows out of his clothes with indecent haste, his voice grows hoarse and breaks, and quavers, his face grows suddenly angular and unsightly.
➡️ grow out of something #phrasal_verb
if a child grows out of clothes, he or she becomes too big to wear them. SYN=outgrow رشد کردن


🟩 The lad himself becomes painfully self-conscious. When he talks with elderly people he is either unduly forward, or else so unduly shy that he appears ashamed of his very existence.
➡️ self-conscious نگران و خجالت‌زده از دیدن اینکه نظر دیگران درباره شما چیست
worried and embarrassed about what you look like or what other people think of you.
➡️ lad ، پسرک، نوجوان، پسربچه
old-fashioned or informal a boy or young man → lass.


🟩 Yet it is at this very age when in his heart of hearts, a young lad craves most for recognition and love; and he becomes the devoted slave of anyone who shows him consideration.
➡️ in your heart (of hearts)
عمیقا و قلبا چیزی را اعتقاد داشتن و احساس کردن
if you know, feel, or believe something in your heart, you are secretly sure about it although you may not admit it.
➡️ recognition noun
به رسمیت شناختن، مورد قبول قرار گرفتن، مورد تقدیر واقع شدن، به رسمیت شناخته شدن.
1 [singular, uncountable] the act of realizing and accepting that something is true or important.
2 [singular, uncountable] public respect and thanks for someone’s work or achievements.
🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺

🟨 RWFIB. Weather Predictions
All kinds of predictions may be about to get even more difficult thanks to climate change.
➡️ be about to do something در شرف انجام کاری. بزودی اتفاق میفته
if someone is about to do something, or if something is about to happen, they will do it or it will happen very soon.

🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE

🟨 RWFIB. The future of cities of Indian (urban services)
Respiratory illness in children living in urban areas is on the rise with more cases of asthma being reported because of pollution.
➡️ on the rise در حال افزایش است
increasing:
e.g: Police say that youth crime is on the rise again.

‍ Intercorporeality
#transcript
Theories of social cognition have historically centered on the minds of each individual in a social interaction, making sense of social sense-making through analogy or neural simulation of the other. But new theories of social cognition center the interaction itself, focusing on the new dynamic system that emerges in that interaction and is not reducible down to just the motivations or brains of the individuals. There ends up being something special about being in shared spaces, the absence of which many have been experiencing as rich deprivation during the current global pandemic. It's why students reject online learning, and why people rarely accept a broadcast concert as equivalent to the real thing: there's something special about being there, and it involves human bodies and felt experiences of presence. But what is that ineffable feeling that something is different about being in a physical space with other people? Every science breaks down the world into smaller and smaller pieces, and helps us understand the building blocks of different kind of interactions. But philosophers and cognitive scientists have long argued that embodiment matters in under-explored ways. My research explores how our bodies are not mere containers for our minds, but are rich sources of information, often pre- or sub-conceptual, and therefore not capable of being represented in language or through certain kinds of mediated technologies. Social interactions thus cannot be reduced back down just to what is "in the head" (or even on the face) of each individual participant. This idea of "intercorporeality" comes from phenomenology, and it offers us a hint of why even our synchronous video meetings are not capable of invoking the real presence of others in the same way as being bodily in the same space: the rich social cues of the lived body are stifled or absent in most of those telepresence technologies.
🆔 @EngStud #sst #rl #PTE #Note_Taking
#vocabulary
⚜️ telepresence
دورحضوری یا حضور از دور ؛ به فناوری‌ای گفته می‌شود که به فرد اجازه می‌دهد حضورش را از راه دور در مکانی دیگر احساس کند گاهی این حضور می‌تواند به صورت تله‌رباتیک یا کنفرانس ویدئویی باشد.

⚜️ ineffable feeling احساس غیرقابل توصیف
ineffable adjective
too great to be described in words. SYN=indescribable

⚜️ synchronous video meetings جلسات ویدیویی همزمان
synchronous adjective
if two or more things are synchronous, they happen at the same time or work at the same speed

⚜️ stifled verb سرکوب کردن،فرو نشاندن.خاموش کردن. خفه کردن
1 [transitive] to stop something from happening or developing OPP=encourage
2 [transitive] to stop a feeling from being expressed

‍ All Kids are born geniuses,but are crushed by society itself - Michio Kaku
🆔 @EngStud #sst #rl #PTE #podcast #listening
it's really hard to sell kids on math and science it's really easy to sell kids on cigarettes would help if we made science illegal there's another way to make science interesting for people first of all we are born scientists when we're born we wonder what's out there we begin to wonder about the Sun life the stars what makes the oceans the weather, we're born scientists and then something happens when we hit the danger years the danger years of junior high school in high school that's when it's literally crushed out of us those are the worst every little flower of curiosities that Einstein is crushed by society itself because we have to learn all these facts figures memorization we think that memorization is science and that's not true at all my daughter had to take the Regents exam once and she had to memorize all these facts and figures about minerals crystals for a geology exam no word that I see the true driving force of geology which is continental drift that's the organizing principle for all geology and yet the exam is memorizing all the names the crystals and the minerals and then later she comes up to me and says daddy why would anyone want to become a scientist that was the most humiliating event in my entire life I felt like taking that book and ripping it apart because that exam was crushing crushing curiosity right out of the next generation and then we wonder hey how come people are not more interested in science duh. (how come people are not going to sit in science?)

RWFIB. Legends of Spring Heeled Jack, the Uncatchable Demon of Victorian England.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE

❇️ Before Jack the Ripper began to kill, Victorian England was terrorized by another uncatchable demon:...
➡️ terrorize verb.
to deliberately frighten people by threatening to harm them, especially so they will do what you want.
با تهدید و ارعاب کاری انجام دادن، (سخت) ترساندن، ترساندن عمدی مردم با تهدید به آسیب رساندن (کشتن) به آنها که آنچیزی که میخواهند عملی خواهد کرد.
➡️ terrify verb ترساندن روحی با مدت اثر کوتاه.
to make someone extremely afraid.


❇️ Whenever townsfolk tried to catch him, he would easily get away, running swiftly down crowded alleys,...
➡️ swiftly [adv] با سرعت زیاد حرکت کردن
swift [adj] [only before noun] moving, or able to move, very fast.
e.g: a swift runner.
➡️ briskly adv.
brisk adj.
quick and full of energy.
بچابکی، به تندی، با شتاب. با نشاط و طراوت و سرزنده و سریع.
e.g: a brisk walk.


❇️ ..., and disappearing into the night as though he were a ghost.
➡️ disappear verb [intransitive]
to become impossible to see any longer.ناپدید شدن با سرعت کم
disappear behind/under/into etc.
➡️ vanish verb [intransitive]
to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained. . محو شدن. ناگهان ناپدید شدن. غیب شدن آنی
e.g: The bird vanished from sight.
e.g: She seemed to have just vanished into thin air (=suddenly disappeared in a very mysterious way). دود شده رفته هوا

🟩 Edmund Wilson #rl #sst #vocabulary
Wilson came from a different world. And he became the focal point of a board mainstream. American culture that thought that modern literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people.

🔶 mainstream noun روندکلی، خط فکری غالب، گرایش اصلی
the mainstream
the most usual ideas or methods, or the people who have these ideas or methods

🔶 focal point
1- نکته ی اصلی، مطلب مهم 2- نقطه ی کانونی .کانون اصلی. (مانند: کانون اصلی بحث یا کانون اصلی خطوط فکری).
➡️ focal /ˈfəʊkəl $ ˈfoʊ-/ adjective [only before noun]
the focal thing is the one that people pay most attention to → focus
e.g: This issue has now become the focal centre of interest.
کانون، نقطه تقاطع، قطب، مرکز.

➡️ focus 2 ●●○ S3 W2 AWL noun
1 [singular] the thing, person, situation etc that people pay special attention to → focal
e.g: The focus of recent research has been on environmental issues.
موضوع. کانون (مرکز) توجه. محور.

🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE
🟩 RWFIB 198. Experience-Based Learning
Another way that we learn is by associative learning, which is the focus of this module.

گرامر مالکیت:
's , of
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #advanced_grammar Betty Azar

🟩 RWFIB 683 Military service changes personality, makes vets less agreeable
It’s no secret that battlefield trauma can leave veterans with deep emotional scars that impact their ability to function in civilian life.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE

➡️ it is no secret that #phrase
این کاملا آشکار است که، این را همه میدانند که، این یک حقیقت واضح است که.
SYN= it is a well-known fact that, it is common knowledge, we all know, it is known, everyone know.

➡️ leave sb. with sth.
RESULT OF ACCIDENT/ILLNESS/EVENT [transitive] if an event, accident, illness etc leaves you in a particular condition, you are in that condition because of it.
e.g: An explosion at a chemical plant has left one worker dead and four injured.
leave somebody with something
e.g: Although the infection cleared up, he was left with a persistent cough.
روبرو شدن کسی با چیزی (شرایط خاص یا آثار باقیماندۀ بدی).

RWFIB 207. Roommate
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE

🟨 If there’s something you’re dead set against (e.g., a roommate who smokes) you can mark that and you will not be paired with someone who fits that criteria.
➡️ be dead set against (someone or sth.)
Completely opposed to someone or sth.
به شدت مخالف کسی یا چیزی بودن.

🟨 In fact, I lived with different people every year of college and it all worked out.
➡️ work out #phrasal_verb
GET BETTER: if a problem or complicated situation works out, it gradually gets better or gets solved
e.g: Things will work out, you’ll see.
e.g: I hope it all works out for Gina and Andy.
work itself out
e.g: I’m sure everything will work itself out.
خوب پیش رفتن(اوضاع). کم کم درست شدن. جور شدن چیزی.