RWFIB 25. Clown fish (33. rwfib apeuni) سوال ریدینگ
Clown Fish Know When to Cry Uncle
دلقکماهی میداند چه موقع باید تسلیم شود
Social hierarchy in clown fish is signaled via different types of calls, which obviates the need for physical conflict. Sophie Bushwick reports
Full Transcript:
Clown fish became famous thanks to the movie Finding Nemo. In real life, their social hierarchy is simple: larger fish dominate their smaller counterparts. Now we know that to reinforce this social structure, the fish communicate with aggressive and submissive audio signals. The new info is in the journal PLoS ONE. [Orphal Colleye and Eric Parmentier, Overview on the Diversity of Sounds Produced by Clown Fishes (Pomacentridae): Importance of Acoustic Signals in Their Peculiar Way of Life]
Researchers recorded clown fish calls, capturing this noise as one chased a smaller fish. [Aggressive audio] These popping sounds function as an aggression signal. When a clown fish has been chased and wishes to submit, it shakes its head in a submissive gesture and produces clicking noises like these. [Submissive audio] The researchers compared the aggressive and submissive calls, and found that the sound pulses in a submissive signal were shorter and more high-pitched.
Unlike many animals that use sound to draw in potential mates, clown fish appear to use their calls only as labels of social status. When a little fish makes submissive sounds to a larger one, neither has to invest in a physical confrontation. Which is good news for small-fry like Nemo.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Transcript #reading #rwfib
🟢 #vocabulary :
🔺 say (or cry) uncle
تسلیم شدن،لنگ انداختن
🔺 hierarchy
سلسله مراتب
🔺 Counterpart
همتا، هم نوع
🔺 Reinforce (Verb) strengthen
تقویت کردن
🔺 Aggressive (Adj) hostile. OPP=Submissive.
مهاجم، سلطهجو، (در مورد رفتار با دیگران) اهل فشار و تحمیل، خصمانه
🔺 Submissive : (Adj)
. معتدل.ملایم. مطیع
🔺 potential mate = Partner
همسران احتمالی.
🔺 small-fry
noun [uncountable]
people or things that are not important when compared to other people or things.
بچه ماهی ها، ماهی های کوچک.
🟢 #collocation
social hierarchy, capture the noise, smaller counterparts, reinforce this social structure, communicate with (aggressive and submissive) audio signals, new info, recorded clown fish calls, popping sounds function,an aggression signal, a submissive gesture, produces clicking noises, compared the aggressive and submissive calls, sound pulses, draw in potential mates, labels of social status, a little fish, invest in a physical confrontation.
Clown Fish Know When to Cry Uncle
دلقکماهی میداند چه موقع باید تسلیم شود
Social hierarchy in clown fish is signaled via different types of calls, which obviates the need for physical conflict. Sophie Bushwick reports
Full Transcript:
Clown fish became famous thanks to the movie Finding Nemo. In real life, their social hierarchy is simple: larger fish dominate their smaller counterparts. Now we know that to reinforce this social structure, the fish communicate with aggressive and submissive audio signals. The new info is in the journal PLoS ONE. [Orphal Colleye and Eric Parmentier, Overview on the Diversity of Sounds Produced by Clown Fishes (Pomacentridae): Importance of Acoustic Signals in Their Peculiar Way of Life]
Researchers recorded clown fish calls, capturing this noise as one chased a smaller fish. [Aggressive audio] These popping sounds function as an aggression signal. When a clown fish has been chased and wishes to submit, it shakes its head in a submissive gesture and produces clicking noises like these. [Submissive audio] The researchers compared the aggressive and submissive calls, and found that the sound pulses in a submissive signal were shorter and more high-pitched.
Unlike many animals that use sound to draw in potential mates, clown fish appear to use their calls only as labels of social status. When a little fish makes submissive sounds to a larger one, neither has to invest in a physical confrontation. Which is good news for small-fry like Nemo.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #Transcript #reading #rwfib
🟢 #vocabulary :
🔺 say (or cry) uncle
تسلیم شدن،لنگ انداختن
🔺 hierarchy
سلسله مراتب
🔺 Counterpart
همتا، هم نوع
🔺 Reinforce (Verb) strengthen
تقویت کردن
🔺 Aggressive (Adj) hostile. OPP=Submissive.
مهاجم، سلطهجو، (در مورد رفتار با دیگران) اهل فشار و تحمیل، خصمانه
🔺 Submissive : (Adj)
. معتدل.ملایم. مطیع
🔺 potential mate = Partner
همسران احتمالی.
🔺 small-fry
noun [uncountable]
people or things that are not important when compared to other people or things.
بچه ماهی ها، ماهی های کوچک.
🟢 #collocation
social hierarchy, capture the noise, smaller counterparts, reinforce this social structure, communicate with (aggressive and submissive) audio signals, new info, recorded clown fish calls, popping sounds function,an aggression signal, a submissive gesture, produces clicking noises, compared the aggressive and submissive calls, sound pulses, draw in potential mates, labels of social status, a little fish, invest in a physical confrontation.
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🗓 array
RWFIB 00. Children’s Musical Cultures and Play.
a wide array of electronic devices
یک لیست (دسته- فهرست- سری- مجموعه) وسیعی از...
RWFIB 178. Latin America declare independence.
a vibrant array of popular movements
RWFIB 478. Threat posed by climate change.
the worldwide array of newspapers
RWFIB 580. Deforestation.
a vast array of resources
RWFIB 592. United Nation’s Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
The enormous array of marine life
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #reading #vocabulary
Longman Dictionary:
a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive.
array of
a bewildering array of options.
a vast/impressive/wide array
RWFIB 00. Children’s Musical Cultures and Play.
a wide array of electronic devices
یک لیست (دسته- فهرست- سری- مجموعه) وسیعی از...
RWFIB 178. Latin America declare independence.
a vibrant array of popular movements
RWFIB 478. Threat posed by climate change.
the worldwide array of newspapers
RWFIB 580. Deforestation.
a vast array of resources
RWFIB 592. United Nation’s Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
The enormous array of marine life
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #reading #vocabulary
Longman Dictionary:
a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive.
array of
a bewildering array of options.
a vast/impressive/wide array
بر اساس بخشنامه شماره ۴۹۹۵۳ مورخ ۱۳۹۹/۸/۰۵ سازمان محترم سنجش و آموزش كشور، نرخ جدید ثبت نام آزمون آيلتس مبلغ ۶,۱۵۱,۰۴۰ تومان محاسبه و به مراکز برگزاری آزمون، ابلاغ گردیده است.
Authentic materials-کتابهای رفرنس برای ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک
در ادامه مقاله قبل (مجلات و روزنامه های منابع ریدینگ آکادمیک آیلتس و PTE)، تعدادی کتاب که رفرنس ریدینگ آکادمیک آیلتس هستند رو به شما معرفی میشود.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #IELTS
معرفی کتابهای مناسب برای مطالعه آزاد (Extensive reading):
1⃣ Archeology: theories, methods and practice (By Collin Renfrew, Paul G.Bahn)
همون جور که از اسم کتاب مشخصه، این کتاب یک کتاب کاملا آکادمیک درباره باستان شناسی، تئوریها ومتدهاست وشامل مطالبی غنی، عکسهای رنگی، جدولها وطراحی های مرتبط هست. میدونیم که باستان شناسی یکی از موضوعات رایج و پرتکرار در ریدینگ های آیلتس آکادمیک هست و از این کتاب هم ریدینگی در آزمون ۴ آکادمیک آورده شده.
2⃣ The Oxford history of world cinema (By Geoffrey Newell Smith)
این کتاب تاریخچه کامل سینما از شروع آروم و ضعیفش تا مبدل شدن به یک اقتصاد میلیارد دلاری روایت میکنه و همینطور تاثیراتش رو بر فرهنگ بررسی می کنه. داستان تمام اختراعات و پیشرفتهای بیزنس سینما، موسسات، ژانرها رو می تونید در این کتاب بخونید. یکی از ریدینگهای آزمون آیلتس ۴ آکادمیک هم از این کتاب گرفته شده.
3⃣ The Story of English (by Robert McCrum, Robert MacNeil)
این کتاب یک کتاب بسیار جذاب هست وتقریبا میشه گفت که اولین کتابی هست که کاملترین اطلاعات رو درباره زبان انگلیسی به شما میده وداستان این زبان را برای شما به صورت کامل تعریف میکنه. این کتاب زبان انگلیسی محاوره ای ونوشتاری از دو هزار سال پیش تا زمان حال بررسی میکنه. همینطور که میدونیم در حال حاضر این زبان در بخش تجارت و فرهنگ زبان حاکم در دنیا هست وبیش از یک میلیارد انسان که به این زبان صحبت می کنند. در کتاب کمبریج ۵ آکادمیک مقاله های از این کتاب آورده شده .
4⃣ A History of Computing Technology (By Michael Roy Williams)
این کتاب یک مرجع عالی در رابطه با پیشرفتهای علمی وتکنولوژی محسوب میشه. این کتاب تاریخچه حساب و ریاضی ودیوایسهایی که در این زمینه به کمک انسان اومدن تا به صورت اتوماتیک و ماشینی این پروسه رو برای انسان راحتتر کنن رو بررسی می کنه. این کتاب شما می گه که سه اکتشاف مهم در ریاضی یعنی عدد صفر، لگاریتم وکامپیوتر چه جوری باعث پیشرفت در این علم شدن وکلی داستان جالب درباره مبدعین، مکتشفین ومخترعین این علوم برای شما بازگو میکنه. در کتاب کمبریج ۶ آکادمیک مقاله ای از این کتاب آورده شده.
5⃣ The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850 (by Brian Fagan)
این کتاب یک تصویر واضح از وضعیت آب وهوا در دوران مختلف وعلی الخصوص عصر یخبندان به شما میده. علاوه بر اون یک توضیح کامل از اصطلاح Global warming، چگونگی و علل پیدایش اون به شما میده. ارتباط بین پدیده های جوی واتفاقاتی خاص در تاریخ، چگونگی تاثیر آب وهوا در کیفیت محصولات کشاورزی و تاثیرات انقلاب صنعتی در افزایش گرمایش زمین از موضوعاتی هستند که در این کتاب به اونها پرداخته میشه. در کتاب کمبریج ۸ آکادمیک مقاله ای از این کتاب آورده شده.
6⃣ Children’s Personal and Social Development (by Sharon Ding Karen Littleton)
این کتاب یک سری اطلاعات به روز در زمینه روانشناسی کودک به شما میده. هر فصل این کتاب بر روی مسائل، مشکلات و موضوعاتی خاصی از قبیل والدین، هویت جنسی رو بررسی میکنه. در ریدینگهای کتاب کمبریج ۹ آکادمیک بخشی از این کتاب آورده شده.
7⃣ The Unfolding of Language: An Evolutionary Tour of Mankind’s Greatest Invention (by Guy Deutscher)
زبان یکی از پیچیده ترین اختراعات بشر محسوب میشه. این کتاب به تاریخچه پیدایش زبان از ابتدایی ترین کلمات تا پیچیده ترین ساختارها وقواعد زبان می پردازه. از این کتاب بخشهایی در ریندینگ کتاب کمبریج ۱۱ آکادمیک آورده شده.
8⃣ The CIA World Factbook 2019-2020 (By Central Intelligence Agency)
از افغانستان تا زیمبابوه این کتاب اطلاعات به روزی در زمینه های سیاست، جمعیت واقتصاد در رابطه با ملتها و کشورهای مختلف به شما میده. این اطلاعات شامل نقشه، آمار، آب و هوا، توافقات بی المللی، ارگانهای بین المللی و …. میشه. این کتاب یک مرجع و راهنمای عالی برای دانش آموزان، مسافران، روزنامه نگاران وتجار محسوب میشه. از این کتاب بخش هایی در ریدینگ کتاب کمبریج شماره ۱۳ آکادمیک آورده شده.
در ادامه مقاله قبل (مجلات و روزنامه های منابع ریدینگ آکادمیک آیلتس و PTE)، تعدادی کتاب که رفرنس ریدینگ آکادمیک آیلتس هستند رو به شما معرفی میشود.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #IELTS
معرفی کتابهای مناسب برای مطالعه آزاد (Extensive reading):
1⃣ Archeology: theories, methods and practice (By Collin Renfrew, Paul G.Bahn)
همون جور که از اسم کتاب مشخصه، این کتاب یک کتاب کاملا آکادمیک درباره باستان شناسی، تئوریها ومتدهاست وشامل مطالبی غنی، عکسهای رنگی، جدولها وطراحی های مرتبط هست. میدونیم که باستان شناسی یکی از موضوعات رایج و پرتکرار در ریدینگ های آیلتس آکادمیک هست و از این کتاب هم ریدینگی در آزمون ۴ آکادمیک آورده شده.
2⃣ The Oxford history of world cinema (By Geoffrey Newell Smith)
این کتاب تاریخچه کامل سینما از شروع آروم و ضعیفش تا مبدل شدن به یک اقتصاد میلیارد دلاری روایت میکنه و همینطور تاثیراتش رو بر فرهنگ بررسی می کنه. داستان تمام اختراعات و پیشرفتهای بیزنس سینما، موسسات، ژانرها رو می تونید در این کتاب بخونید. یکی از ریدینگهای آزمون آیلتس ۴ آکادمیک هم از این کتاب گرفته شده.
3⃣ The Story of English (by Robert McCrum, Robert MacNeil)
این کتاب یک کتاب بسیار جذاب هست وتقریبا میشه گفت که اولین کتابی هست که کاملترین اطلاعات رو درباره زبان انگلیسی به شما میده وداستان این زبان را برای شما به صورت کامل تعریف میکنه. این کتاب زبان انگلیسی محاوره ای ونوشتاری از دو هزار سال پیش تا زمان حال بررسی میکنه. همینطور که میدونیم در حال حاضر این زبان در بخش تجارت و فرهنگ زبان حاکم در دنیا هست وبیش از یک میلیارد انسان که به این زبان صحبت می کنند. در کتاب کمبریج ۵ آکادمیک مقاله های از این کتاب آورده شده .
4⃣ A History of Computing Technology (By Michael Roy Williams)
این کتاب یک مرجع عالی در رابطه با پیشرفتهای علمی وتکنولوژی محسوب میشه. این کتاب تاریخچه حساب و ریاضی ودیوایسهایی که در این زمینه به کمک انسان اومدن تا به صورت اتوماتیک و ماشینی این پروسه رو برای انسان راحتتر کنن رو بررسی می کنه. این کتاب شما می گه که سه اکتشاف مهم در ریاضی یعنی عدد صفر، لگاریتم وکامپیوتر چه جوری باعث پیشرفت در این علم شدن وکلی داستان جالب درباره مبدعین، مکتشفین ومخترعین این علوم برای شما بازگو میکنه. در کتاب کمبریج ۶ آکادمیک مقاله ای از این کتاب آورده شده.
5⃣ The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850 (by Brian Fagan)
این کتاب یک تصویر واضح از وضعیت آب وهوا در دوران مختلف وعلی الخصوص عصر یخبندان به شما میده. علاوه بر اون یک توضیح کامل از اصطلاح Global warming، چگونگی و علل پیدایش اون به شما میده. ارتباط بین پدیده های جوی واتفاقاتی خاص در تاریخ، چگونگی تاثیر آب وهوا در کیفیت محصولات کشاورزی و تاثیرات انقلاب صنعتی در افزایش گرمایش زمین از موضوعاتی هستند که در این کتاب به اونها پرداخته میشه. در کتاب کمبریج ۸ آکادمیک مقاله ای از این کتاب آورده شده.
6⃣ Children’s Personal and Social Development (by Sharon Ding Karen Littleton)
این کتاب یک سری اطلاعات به روز در زمینه روانشناسی کودک به شما میده. هر فصل این کتاب بر روی مسائل، مشکلات و موضوعاتی خاصی از قبیل والدین، هویت جنسی رو بررسی میکنه. در ریدینگهای کتاب کمبریج ۹ آکادمیک بخشی از این کتاب آورده شده.
7⃣ The Unfolding of Language: An Evolutionary Tour of Mankind’s Greatest Invention (by Guy Deutscher)
زبان یکی از پیچیده ترین اختراعات بشر محسوب میشه. این کتاب به تاریخچه پیدایش زبان از ابتدایی ترین کلمات تا پیچیده ترین ساختارها وقواعد زبان می پردازه. از این کتاب بخشهایی در ریندینگ کتاب کمبریج ۱۱ آکادمیک آورده شده.
8⃣ The CIA World Factbook 2019-2020 (By Central Intelligence Agency)
از افغانستان تا زیمبابوه این کتاب اطلاعات به روزی در زمینه های سیاست، جمعیت واقتصاد در رابطه با ملتها و کشورهای مختلف به شما میده. این اطلاعات شامل نقشه، آمار، آب و هوا، توافقات بی المللی، ارگانهای بین المللی و …. میشه. این کتاب یک مرجع و راهنمای عالی برای دانش آموزان، مسافران، روزنامه نگاران وتجار محسوب میشه. از این کتاب بخش هایی در ریدینگ کتاب کمبریج شماره ۱۳ آکادمیک آورده شده.
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ادامه مطلب معرفی کتابهای مناسب برای مطالعه آزاد (Extensive reading):
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #IELTS
9⃣ What Have Plants Ever Done for Us? Western Civilization in Fifty Plants (by Stephen A. Harris)
گیاهان یک بخش جدانشدنی از زندگی روزمره ما هستند. از دانه های قهوه ای که هر روز برای ما درست میشن تا علفهایی که خوراک دام و طیور ما میشن همه و همه بیانگر وابستگی زندگی هرروزه ما به گیاهان هست. این کتاب نقش گیاهان در به وجود آمدن دنیای غرب، تجارت، مسافرت، سیاست، شیمی و دارو رو بررسی میکنه و از تغییر نقش بعضی از گیاهان مثل لوبیا از منبع تغذیه به دارویی برای درمان جزام تا استفاده به عنوان سوخت در آینده صحبت میکنه. از این کتاب بخشهایی به عنوان ریدینگ کتاب کمبریج ۱۳ آکادمیک آورده شده.
ادامه مطلب معرفی کتابهای مناسب برای مطالعه آزاد (Extensive reading):
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #IELTS
9⃣ What Have Plants Ever Done for Us? Western Civilization in Fifty Plants (by Stephen A. Harris)
گیاهان یک بخش جدانشدنی از زندگی روزمره ما هستند. از دانه های قهوه ای که هر روز برای ما درست میشن تا علفهایی که خوراک دام و طیور ما میشن همه و همه بیانگر وابستگی زندگی هرروزه ما به گیاهان هست. این کتاب نقش گیاهان در به وجود آمدن دنیای غرب، تجارت، مسافرت، سیاست، شیمی و دارو رو بررسی میکنه و از تغییر نقش بعضی از گیاهان مثل لوبیا از منبع تغذیه به دارویی برای درمان جزام تا استفاده به عنوان سوخت در آینده صحبت میکنه. از این کتاب بخشهایی به عنوان ریدینگ کتاب کمبریج ۱۳ آکادمیک آورده شده.
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The Greatest Injustice: why we have failed to improve the health of Aboriginal people
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE
The frustrating and anguishing thing is that we have known what we need to do for 20 years; the evidence has been around in Royal Commissions, HREOC reports, a myriad of government reports as well as our research papers. How to .....1 .. is the major issue. Other countries with Indigenous colonised populations have similar problems but are doing much better than Australia - what can we learn from them? Suicides, child abuse and neglect, ... 2 .. violence and substance abuse are all outcomes - hence a better understanding of causal pathways to enable effective prevention is crucial to effective long and medium term strategies. But what do we do to help so many damaged kids now? Most deaths in young people are ... 3 ... and we have the knowledge to prevent them. However, Aboriginal human capacity is limited - over 50% of their population is aged under 20 years, over 30% of births are to girls aged under 19 and for each Aboriginal child there is on average only one adult compared with other Australian kids who average three. And many of the Aboriginal adults are sick, mentally ill, in prison or in need of care themselves. This depleted human ...4 ... needs to be factored into any service planning which demands Aboriginal participation.
A major and continuing aspect, which has never been appropriately acknowledged or managed, is the effect of the Stolen Generation. Our data document clearly the extent and impacts of the forced removal of children from families and people from land on today's children. I believe that this factor is a major ... 5 ... for much of today's dis-ease in Aboriginal populations. The Canadians have set up a major healing initiative some years ago, which we in Australia should consider.
1. instrument - implement - realise - instalment
2. private- foreign - domestic - weaponry
3. avoidable - predetermined - occasional - unscheduled
4. wherewithal - proficiency- capability- potency
5. interpretation- explanation- commentary- expression
مقاله اصلی:
https://www.unisa.edu.au/Business-community/Hawke-Centre/Annual-Hawke-Lecture/11th-Annual-Hawke-Lecture/
The Greatest Injustice: why we have failed to improve the health of Aboriginal people
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE
The frustrating and anguishing thing is that we have known what we need to do for 20 years; the evidence has been around in Royal Commissions, HREOC reports, a myriad of government reports as well as our research papers. How to .....1 .. is the major issue. Other countries with Indigenous colonised populations have similar problems but are doing much better than Australia - what can we learn from them? Suicides, child abuse and neglect, ... 2 .. violence and substance abuse are all outcomes - hence a better understanding of causal pathways to enable effective prevention is crucial to effective long and medium term strategies. But what do we do to help so many damaged kids now? Most deaths in young people are ... 3 ... and we have the knowledge to prevent them. However, Aboriginal human capacity is limited - over 50% of their population is aged under 20 years, over 30% of births are to girls aged under 19 and for each Aboriginal child there is on average only one adult compared with other Australian kids who average three. And many of the Aboriginal adults are sick, mentally ill, in prison or in need of care themselves. This depleted human ...4 ... needs to be factored into any service planning which demands Aboriginal participation.
A major and continuing aspect, which has never been appropriately acknowledged or managed, is the effect of the Stolen Generation. Our data document clearly the extent and impacts of the forced removal of children from families and people from land on today's children. I believe that this factor is a major ... 5 ... for much of today's dis-ease in Aboriginal populations. The Canadians have set up a major healing initiative some years ago, which we in Australia should consider.
1. instrument - implement - realise - instalment
2. private- foreign - domestic - weaponry
3. avoidable - predetermined - occasional - unscheduled
4. wherewithal - proficiency- capability- potency
5. interpretation- explanation- commentary- expression
مقاله اصلی:
https://www.unisa.edu.au/Business-community/Hawke-Centre/Annual-Hawke-Lecture/11th-Annual-Hawke-Lecture/
Conversation & PTE & IELTS
#rwfib #2 pte-practice.com The Greatest Injustice: why we have failed to improve the health of Aboriginal people 🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE The frustrating and anguishing thing is that we have known what we need to do for 20 years; the evidence has been around…
answer:
1 implement
2 domestic
3 avoidable
4 capability
5 explanation
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary
❎ anguishing . رنج آور. نگران کننده. آزاردهنده
mental or physical suffering caused by extreme pain or worry
❎ myriad بی شمار
very many
❎ implement verb [transitive] . کارسازی. به کارگیری. اعمال کردن. ایفاء. پیاده سازی. اجراکردن
to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen
❎ child neglect . قصور در انجام وظیفه نسبت به کودکان. بی توجهی و بی مهری کودکان
غفلت از کودکان یک اصطلاح حقوقی بوده و در برخی کشورها جریمه دارد
neglect : to fail to look after someone or something properly
❎ depleted .کم توان شده. به ته رسیده. فرسوده. تهی
❎ factored into . مد نظر قرار دادن. لحاظ (وارد) کردن در محاسبات
factor something → in/into/out phrasal verb [transitive]
if you factor an amount in or into a figure or sum, you include it. If you factor an amount out of a figure or sum, you do not include it.
❎ explanation . توجیه. دلیل. توضیح
❎ dis-ease (disease). بیقراری. بدحالی. ناخوشی
#vocabulary #rwfib #2 pte-practice.com
1 implement
2 domestic
3 avoidable
4 capability
5 explanation
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary
❎ anguishing . رنج آور. نگران کننده. آزاردهنده
mental or physical suffering caused by extreme pain or worry
❎ myriad بی شمار
very many
❎ implement verb [transitive] . کارسازی. به کارگیری. اعمال کردن. ایفاء. پیاده سازی. اجراکردن
to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen
❎ child neglect . قصور در انجام وظیفه نسبت به کودکان. بی توجهی و بی مهری کودکان
غفلت از کودکان یک اصطلاح حقوقی بوده و در برخی کشورها جریمه دارد
neglect : to fail to look after someone or something properly
❎ depleted .کم توان شده. به ته رسیده. فرسوده. تهی
❎ factored into . مد نظر قرار دادن. لحاظ (وارد) کردن در محاسبات
factor something → in/into/out phrasal verb [transitive]
if you factor an amount in or into a figure or sum, you include it. If you factor an amount out of a figure or sum, you do not include it.
❎ explanation . توجیه. دلیل. توضیح
❎ dis-ease (disease). بیقراری. بدحالی. ناخوشی
#vocabulary #rwfib #2 pte-practice.com
Rapid PCR Could Bring Quick Diagnoses
A technique for doing PCR amplification of DNA samples could make it possible to do genome analysis in minutes of infectious agents. Cynthia Graber reports
🆔 @EngStud #podcast #listening #Transcript
PCR—the polymerase chain reaction—is a crucial tool. The DNA amplification technique is used in genome sequencing, forensics and the diagnosis of various diseases.
To give researchers more genetic material to work with, a PCR instrument repeatedly heats and cools an original biological sample. Which gives enzymes a chance to replicate the DNA millions of times so it can be more easily analyzed.
Such sequence amplification would be a boon to diagnosis in a doctor’s office—especially when an infectious disease is spreading rapidly. Unfortunately, genetic tests usually take a day or two to complete. But researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory aimed to speed up the process.
First they created an extremely fast thermal cycle, in which a sample experiences 45 degrees Celsius temperature changes per second. Then they searched for DNA amplification enzymes that could operate at that thermal cycling speed. And they found two that worked without any tweaking. The technique accomplishes a billion-fold amplification in well under three minutes. The work is in the journal Analyst. [E. K. Wheeler et al., Under-three minute PCR: Probing the limits of fast amplification]
The system could make it possible to identify food contamination virtually instantly. Or an infection before you even finish coughing.
A technique for doing PCR amplification of DNA samples could make it possible to do genome analysis in minutes of infectious agents. Cynthia Graber reports
🆔 @EngStud #podcast #listening #Transcript
PCR—the polymerase chain reaction—is a crucial tool. The DNA amplification technique is used in genome sequencing, forensics and the diagnosis of various diseases.
To give researchers more genetic material to work with, a PCR instrument repeatedly heats and cools an original biological sample. Which gives enzymes a chance to replicate the DNA millions of times so it can be more easily analyzed.
Such sequence amplification would be a boon to diagnosis in a doctor’s office—especially when an infectious disease is spreading rapidly. Unfortunately, genetic tests usually take a day or two to complete. But researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory aimed to speed up the process.
First they created an extremely fast thermal cycle, in which a sample experiences 45 degrees Celsius temperature changes per second. Then they searched for DNA amplification enzymes that could operate at that thermal cycling speed. And they found two that worked without any tweaking. The technique accomplishes a billion-fold amplification in well under three minutes. The work is in the journal Analyst. [E. K. Wheeler et al., Under-three minute PCR: Probing the limits of fast amplification]
The system could make it possible to identify food contamination virtually instantly. Or an infection before you even finish coughing.
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Using cow waste to fight climate change
#Transcript
Soil erosion - a double problem. Here in the east of England, this isn't smog in the air, it's soil on a hot, windy day. Losing soil like this lowers our ability to grow crops. It also releases carbon trapped in the earth and that contributes to climate change.
Soil degradation is a problem, said to affect almost half the world's people. Look at this tsunami of dust last year in Phoenix, Arizona. It’s the result of a spectacular storm. For most farmers, soil loss is a creeping problem that's only noticed too late.
Joanna Clark, Reading University
Soils are really important for climate change as well because they store a lot of carbon. There's three times more carbon stored in soil than there actually is in the atmosphere. So you imagine if all that carbon was released from the soil into the atmosphere, we'd have… This is the runaway climate change that people are concerned about.
So what to do? Well, we know cows' burps are a problem for climate change, but their dung also helps put carbon back into the soil. So, this mobile dairy in the south of England may prove part of a solution. It means cows spread their dung across the fields, not leave it in the farmyard. That way nutrients and carbon from the pasture return to the soil.
Here's the evidence. This field with its light stony soil is depleted from crops grown with chemical fertilisers: see the much darker carbon-rich soil in the far ploughed field previously fertilised by cows.
🆔 @EngStud #podcast #listening #vocabulary #RL
erosion – the gradual damage of something by wind, rain or waves.
degradation – process of changing into a worse condition.
dung – animal excrement.
pasture – an area of land covered in grass for farm animals to eat.
depleted – reduced in size, quantity or quality from what it was before.
#Transcript
Soil erosion - a double problem. Here in the east of England, this isn't smog in the air, it's soil on a hot, windy day. Losing soil like this lowers our ability to grow crops. It also releases carbon trapped in the earth and that contributes to climate change.
Soil degradation is a problem, said to affect almost half the world's people. Look at this tsunami of dust last year in Phoenix, Arizona. It’s the result of a spectacular storm. For most farmers, soil loss is a creeping problem that's only noticed too late.
Joanna Clark, Reading University
Soils are really important for climate change as well because they store a lot of carbon. There's three times more carbon stored in soil than there actually is in the atmosphere. So you imagine if all that carbon was released from the soil into the atmosphere, we'd have… This is the runaway climate change that people are concerned about.
So what to do? Well, we know cows' burps are a problem for climate change, but their dung also helps put carbon back into the soil. So, this mobile dairy in the south of England may prove part of a solution. It means cows spread their dung across the fields, not leave it in the farmyard. That way nutrients and carbon from the pasture return to the soil.
Here's the evidence. This field with its light stony soil is depleted from crops grown with chemical fertilisers: see the much darker carbon-rich soil in the far ploughed field previously fertilised by cows.
🆔 @EngStud #podcast #listening #vocabulary #RL
erosion – the gradual damage of something by wind, rain or waves.
degradation – process of changing into a worse condition.
dung – animal excrement.
pasture – an area of land covered in grass for farm animals to eat.
depleted – reduced in size, quantity or quality from what it was before.
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RFIB 57. The effects of Under-nutrition.
The tragic paradox of massive suffering amid global plenty traces in part to widespread poverty,..
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary
Longman Dictionary
💠 trace verb [transitive]
2 ORIGINS to find the origins of when something began or where it came from
trace something (back) to something ریشه داشتن چیزی در چیزی
جستجوکردن ریشه (منشا) وجود چیزی در چیزی
💠 in part تاحدودی، بخشی از آن
The tragic paradox of massive suffering amid global plenty traces in part to widespread poverty,..
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary
Longman Dictionary
💠 trace verb [transitive]
2 ORIGINS to find the origins of when something began or where it came from
trace something (back) to something ریشه داشتن چیزی در چیزی
جستجوکردن ریشه (منشا) وجود چیزی در چیزی
💠 in part تاحدودی، بخشی از آن
Learn how PTE Academic uses AI to mark an English test
نحوه ارزیابی آزموندهندگان توسط هوش مصنوعی در بخش اسپیکینگ آزمون پیتیای
🆔 @EngStud #PTE
This plain English video explains how Pearson can score an English test using artificial intelligence - including a candidate's speaking ability.
#Transcript
At PTE Academic we use AI for one very simple reason – to make the most unbiased English Test we can.
But how can a computer assess language as well as a human? Well, AI scoring means that it’s not simply a single human assessing your English, but a very clever algorithm that mimics how human markers would score based on many, many responses.
It all starts with our team of expert test developers. They create tests that reflect real-life scenarios - not just multiple-choice questions, but essay writing, listening tasks, and storytelling exercises. We then ask hundreds - sometimes thousands - of people from all around the world to answer the questions.
Each response is evaluated by experts who rate them on things such as use of language, content, or pronunciation.
These expert ratings become the sample data for our computers to understand what kinds of responses deserve what kind of marks.
This enables the machine, using AI, to imitate the expert ratings and assign human-like ratings to responses. Put simply that means that when you take our test, what you say or write is instantaneously compared with hundreds of previous responses and how they were scored. And because our test is built around state of the art technology it can be simply delivered and taken anywhere in the world - giving consistent scores every time.
So when you sit down to take the PTE Academic test you’re taking advantage of an algorithm that doesn’t simply evaluate your skin colour, your gender, or your shoes, but that cleverly evaluates your English on its own merits.
It’s simple really. Actually, maybe it’s the opposite of simple - clever.
نحوه ارزیابی آزموندهندگان توسط هوش مصنوعی در بخش اسپیکینگ آزمون پیتیای
🆔 @EngStud #PTE
This plain English video explains how Pearson can score an English test using artificial intelligence - including a candidate's speaking ability.
#Transcript
At PTE Academic we use AI for one very simple reason – to make the most unbiased English Test we can.
But how can a computer assess language as well as a human? Well, AI scoring means that it’s not simply a single human assessing your English, but a very clever algorithm that mimics how human markers would score based on many, many responses.
It all starts with our team of expert test developers. They create tests that reflect real-life scenarios - not just multiple-choice questions, but essay writing, listening tasks, and storytelling exercises. We then ask hundreds - sometimes thousands - of people from all around the world to answer the questions.
Each response is evaluated by experts who rate them on things such as use of language, content, or pronunciation.
These expert ratings become the sample data for our computers to understand what kinds of responses deserve what kind of marks.
This enables the machine, using AI, to imitate the expert ratings and assign human-like ratings to responses. Put simply that means that when you take our test, what you say or write is instantaneously compared with hundreds of previous responses and how they were scored. And because our test is built around state of the art technology it can be simply delivered and taken anywhere in the world - giving consistent scores every time.
So when you sit down to take the PTE Academic test you’re taking advantage of an algorithm that doesn’t simply evaluate your skin colour, your gender, or your shoes, but that cleverly evaluates your English on its own merits.
It’s simple really. Actually, maybe it’s the opposite of simple - clever.
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Reduction Grammar.pdf
566 KB
گرامر Reduction
🆔 @EngStud #reading #writing #grammar #reduction #Reduced_Clauses
کلمه Reduction به معنای کاهش می باشد و در گرامر به معنای کوتاه کردن یک جمله و کاهش تعداد کلمه های آن است.. reduction دارای قواعد و قوانین خاص خود است به طوری که معنی جمله و ساختار صحیح آن باید حفظ شود. این گرامر، در ریدینگ و رایتینگ ها بسیار مهم است. شامل:
1_ Reduced Time Clauses
2_ Reduced Relative Clauses.
الف:کلمه ربط همراه با be
ب: کلمه ربط همراه با فعل اصلی
ج: کلمه ربط همراه با has , have
Being + p.p.
Having +p.p.
Having been+ p.p.
3_use infinitive “to”.
در این فایل صفحه 3 یک اشتباه تایپی دارد که بدین ترتیب اصلاح میشود:
Note: In non-defining sentences you neither omit the relative pronoun nor use "that":
My mother, who / whomthat you met yesterday, wants to talk to you.
My mother you met yesterday...
🆔 @EngStud #reading #writing #grammar #reduction #Reduced_Clauses
کلمه Reduction به معنای کاهش می باشد و در گرامر به معنای کوتاه کردن یک جمله و کاهش تعداد کلمه های آن است.. reduction دارای قواعد و قوانین خاص خود است به طوری که معنی جمله و ساختار صحیح آن باید حفظ شود. این گرامر، در ریدینگ و رایتینگ ها بسیار مهم است. شامل:
1_ Reduced Time Clauses
2_ Reduced Relative Clauses.
الف:کلمه ربط همراه با be
ب: کلمه ربط همراه با فعل اصلی
ج: کلمه ربط همراه با has , have
Being + p.p.
Having +p.p.
Having been+ p.p.
3_use infinitive “to”.
در این فایل صفحه 3 یک اشتباه تایپی دارد که بدین ترتیب اصلاح میشود:
Note: In non-defining sentences you neither omit the relative pronoun nor use "that":
My mother, who / whom
RWFIB 115. Rise in temperature
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary
🔆 In a worst case scenario
در بدترین حالت.
🔆 In a best case scenario
در بهترین حالت.
🔆 oasis آبادی
(plural: oases /siːz/ آبادی ها)
🔆 eke out a living/existence to manage to live with very little money or food
🆔 @EngStud #reading #PTE #vocabulary
🔆 In a worst case scenario
در بدترین حالت.
🔆 In a best case scenario
در بهترین حالت.
🔆 oasis آبادی
(plural: oases /siːz/ آبادی ها)
🔆 eke out a living/existence to manage to live with very little money or food
Longman Dictionary
human adjective
belonging to or relating to people, especially as opposed to machines or animals انسانی. بشری
e.g: theories of human behaviour
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #vocabulary #we #essay
human2 ●●● W3 (also human being) noun [countable] شخص، فرد. انسان
a person
e.g: The monkeys show no fear of humans.
human adjective
belonging to or relating to people, especially as opposed to machines or animals انسانی. بشری
e.g: theories of human behaviour
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #vocabulary #we #essay
human2 ●●● W3 (also human being) noun [countable] شخص، فرد. انسان
a person
e.g: The monkeys show no fear of humans.