سخنان یک استاد ریدینگ آیتلس
4. چگونگی بالابردن درک مطلب در ریدینگ.
5. معرفی کتاب و منابع ریدینگ.
Inside Reading, National Geographic,BBC,...
🆔 @EngStud #reading #IELTS #vocabulary #PTE #reading_skills

RWFIB 87. The Texas Cosmology Center.
RWFIB 396. Leading scientists.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
interdisciplinary
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combining of two or more academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several other fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics etc. It is about creating something by thinking across boundaries.
میان‌رشته‌ای یا اندررشته‌ای، اشاره به حوزه‌های نوین در دانش دارد که بیش از یک زمینهٔ محض دانشی را مورد مطالعه قرار می‌دهد. روش برخورد میان‌رشته‌ای فرصت عبور از مرزهای سنتی رشته‌های گوناگون دانش را با هدف رسیدن به نتیجهٔ مطلوب در یک رشته فراهم می‌سازد. به عبارت دیگر، یک حوزهٔ میان‌رشته‌ای، عبارتست از «تلفیق دانش، روش و تجارب دو یا چند حوزهٔ علمی و تخصصی برای شناخت و حل یک مسئلهٔ پیچیده یا معضل اجتماعی چندوجهی».

RWFIB 396. A financial director.

In Europe’s top 1,000 quoted companies, nearly one quarter of all invoices are unpaid at any .... (Answer: point) in time, according to recent research carried out by the ASF organization.
🔰 at any point in time در هر مقطع زمانی
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
🔰 point in time
A specific or particular moment or period in time.
یک لحظه یا دوره زمانی منحصربفرد یا خاص. برهه از زمان. مقطع زمانی.

Government policies, though tough, have been a blessing in disguise.
سیاست های دولت گرچه سخت (سختگیرانه) است اما (در نهایت) مبدل (چیزها) به خیر و برکت بوده است. (تبدیل به و باعث خیر و برکت شده، در پشت آن نعمت و برکت بوده).
#rs #repeat_sentences
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary #PTE
a blessing in disguise حکمتی در چیزی بودن/در چیزی خیری وجود داشتن
From Longman Dictionary:
something that seems to be bad or unlucky at first, but which you later realize is good or lucky.

wikipedia:
A blessing in disguise is an English language idiom referring to the idea that something that appears to be a misfortune can have unexpected benefits.

need to + verb.
need + sth. (noun.).
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #GeneralEnglish
eg.: I need to study hard to succeed in my exam and I need a detailed plan for doing it.

RWFIB 571. Radioactive waste
از سوالات ریدینگ
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
Deep geological repository
A deep geological repository is a way of storing toxic or radioactive waste within a stable geologic environment (typically 200–1000 m deep). It entails a combination of waste form, waste package, engineered seals and geology that is suited to provide a high level of long-term isolation and containment without future maintenance.
مخزن زمین شناسی عمیق راهی برای ذخیره زباله های سمی یا رادیواکتیو در یک محیط زمین شناسی پایدار (عمقاً 200-1000 متر عمق) است.این شامل ترکیبی از فرم زباله ، بسته زباله ، مهر و موم مهندسی شده و زمین شناسی است که مناسب برای ایجاد سطح بالایی از انزوا و مهار طولانی مدت بدون نگهداری در آینده است.

‍ #RL Arctic and Antarctic
And so when we talk about the polar regions, just to clarify exactly what we mean and we have first of all the Arctic at the top of the Earth and the Antarctic at the bottom. And so the Arctic was named after the Greek word for bear. now surprisingly it’s not after the polar bears that live in Antarctic and live in the Arctic and space after the little and Great Bear constellations that can be seen in the sky now the Greeks also hypothesize that there would be an Anti-Arctic which is how we get the name Antarctic and that’s because it wasn’t discovered until much later on now these regions are opposite in many ways other than just their names and their location on the globe and so we look at the arts accessible and the Arctic is actually ocean surrounded by land so you can see here this is UK down here and it’s kind of Russia and then American Canada around here. and so there is a bit of land recognize and ice in the under in the Arctic which is Greenland here and but mostly all this area here surprisingly a lot of people don’t realize that this isn’t actually land the North Pole isn’t on land it’s just one big ocean and see if you have to go to the North Pole you could stand on it if you were drill down through the ice you would find ocean.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #sst #listening #Retell_Lecture
🔺Polar bears live in the Arctic
Arctic = the North Pole.

🔺Adélie penguins live in the Antarctica.
Antarctica = the South Pole, meaning "opposite to the Arctic".

My answer: #SST
The lecture was about polar regions, which comprised the Arctic at the top of the earth and the Antarctic at the bottom. The spokesperson determined little and great bear constellations, and essences of the Anti-arctic emphasized being ocean surrounded by land. Although both opposite regions and the location on the globe could be inferred from not placing on land, impacts of the north pole as a big ocean were acknowledged. (70w)

‍ Podcast for "Note Taking"
#transcript
Spiritual Crusading
🆔 @EngStud #podcast #listening
The crusades impacted Medieval European culture through a practice which I call spiritual crusading. Beginning in 1187, various popes attempted to expand the crusading movement by encouraging Christians to carry out specific liturgical rites that would provide spiritual support for the crusades. These devotions provided a way for all Christians to participate in the crusading movement. Even if they were not warriors, they could help liberate Jerusalem through their prayers. The papacy and the Church hierarchy understood that concern for the crusades and the Holy Land was widespread among Christians and that encouraging the clergy and laity to pray for the crusades offered a powerful incentive for Christians to more actively participate in the liturgical life of the Church. This practice therefore became a powerful and effective vehicle for Church reform in medieval society. I first examine medieval liturgical manuscripts from different communities to understand the local implementation of this program. Medieval Christians did not just passively adopt the devotions prescribed by the papacy, but adapted them to suit their own immediate concerns, extending the crusading mindset to local pious intentions and political rivalries. Spiritual crusading therefore both changed liturgical practices through papal prescription, and simultaneously provided local communities with the agency to shape the liturgies of the Church to address their particular concerns. The other aspect of my research explores how spiritual crusading transformed medieval devotional observance. By serving as a vehicle to encourage widespread piety, this spiritual campaign codified a broader program of Christian renewal, infusing emerging spiritual movements such as the Franciscans and flagellants with the rhetoric of the crusades. My scholarship therefore reveals how the practice of spiritual crusading expanded the crusading movement to incorporate all Christians and also reshaped medieval devotional practice through the dissemination of the crusading mindset to new areas of this society.

Spiritual Crusading
🆔 @EngStud #podcast #listening #vocabulary #Note_Taking
crusades جنگهای صلیبی
one of a series of wars fought in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Christian armies trying to take Palestine from the Muslims

devotions عبادات
strong religious feeling

Jerusalem اورشلیم

Church hierarchy سلسله سران روحانی کلیسا

clergy روحانیون
the official leaders of religious activities in organized religions, such as priests, rabbis, and mullahs → clerical

laity مردم غیر روحانی
all the members of a religious group apart from the priests → layman

liturgical آیین مقدس. وابسته به آیین نیایش کلیسایی
relating to church services and ceremonies

pious . مقدس. نیکوکارانه. مذهبی
having strong religious beliefs, and showing this in the way you behave → piety

piety تقوی. خداترسی
when you behave in a way that shows respect for your religion → pious

political rivalries رقابتهای سیاسی
rivalry → competition

liturgies (کلیساهای فرقه های گوناگون) آیین تجویز شده ی نیایش در کلیسا
a way of praying in a religious service using a fixed order of words, prayers etc

codified قانون وضع کردن، تدوین کردن
to arrange laws, principles, facts etc in a system

infusing برانگیختن. القا کردن
formal to fill something or someone with a particular feeling or quality

rhetoric .شعارها
language that is used to persuade or influence people, especially language that sounds impressive but is not actually sincere or useful

dissemination . ترویج .انتشار
to spread information or ideas to as many people as possible

RFIB 582. What can science tell us about human nature? (Human Nature)
از سوالات ریدینگ
Come along the Great Debate, hear the arguments and have your say.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
have your say نظر خود را بیان کنید
to have the opportunity to give your opinion about something.

You should raise your concern with the head of school.
#rs #repeat_sentences
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary #PTE
raise your concern with sb.
مطرح کردن نگرانی خود با کسی
the fact of feeling worried about something, or something that makes you worry:
Please raise any concerns regarding this decision with your manager.

‍ ‍ Fast Radio Burst
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #sst #listening #Australian_accent
A fast radio burst is very much like what it sounds. It’s a very fast burst of radio waves. It comes from outer space, a long way away. And by fast, I mean really fast. So it starts and stops in about a thousandth of a second, so you click your fingers, and it’s finished. Fast radio bursts are a real mystery. We don’t exactly understand where they come from, or what actually makes them. And there’s a lot of open questions that we really don’t have an answer for. There are probably more theories about what makes fast radio bursts, than there are actual detections of these things. So since 2007 we’ve only had 20, but there are probably 30 or 40 different theories on what makes them. The most interesting thing about this burst is the fact that we found it with the Australian square kilometre ray path finder. So that is, it wasn’t really obvious that we would be able to do this, as well as we ended up being able to do it. So this telescope is really a fantastic telescope.

In fact it’s probably the best telescope on the planet at the moment for finding these bursts. So whereas in the past it’s taken ten years to find twenty bursts, once we’re really going with this new instrument, we’ll be able to find them much more quickly. One or two every week.

RFIB 587. Hippocrates بقراط
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
🍁 Practice noun/ verb(American)
Longman Dictionary
4 DOCTOR/LAWYER [countable] the work of a doctor or lawyer, or the place where they work
medical/legal practice
e.g.: Mary Beth had a busy legal practice in Los Angeles.
پرداختن (به حرفه یا شغلی)، حرفه، (پزشکی و وکالت)، دفتر وکالت یا مطب، به طبابت یا وکالت پرداختن.

🍁 medical practitioner طبیب. پزشک

🍁 Rational medicine
Rational use of medicines requires that "patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and their community".
استفاده منطقی از داروها مستلزم این است که "بیماران داروهای متناسب با نیازهای بالینی خود را ، در دوزهایی که نیازهای خاص خود را دارند ، برای مدت زمان کافی و با کمترین هزینه برای آنها و جامعه خود دریافت کنند".

RWFIB 598. Integrated Ticketing
سوال مشترک ریدینگ و لیسنینگ
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #LFIB
Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we have (Answer: introduced) a paper ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three (Answer: modes) in South East Queensland, so bus, train and (Answer: ferry) and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to (Answer: store) value so to put value on the card, and then to use the card for (Answer: traveling) around the system.

‍ Sociologist #SST Apeuni25
جامعه شناس
Thank you all for coming out this evening to meet sociologist Ellen Lambert. Ms. Lambert specializes in research on the workplace and recently has been writing about the future of work. This topic should be of special interest, since I know many of you are already at the forefront of workplace technology. For example, let's have a show of hands to see how many people here telecommute at least part of the time. Hmm. I see eight hands raised. Well, you eight folks who work at home and communicate with your office via computer represent one of the trends Ms. Lambert has described: that people are becoming less tied to the workplace. One of the important tools for telecommuting is electronic mail, or E-mail. E-mail lets you send and receive messages almost immediately on your computer, but you control when you read them and when you respond to them. This technology allows people to have more control over time than when relying solely on the telephone. Our guest tonight will discuss how these important changes will alter the way we work. But, before turning the floor over to Ms. Lambert, I would just like to remind you that she will be available to answer any individual questions at the reception immediately following this talk.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #sst #listening #transcript #Summarize_spoken_text

#Sample_answer :
The lecture was about researching on the workplace, which comprised the future of the work as well as workplace technology. The spokesperson described telecommunicating, and the fundamental essence of communicating via computers emphasized the significance of becoming less tied to the workplace. Ultimately, although sending and receiving messages and having more control over time could be inferred from E-mail, the corresponding impacts of altering the way of working were acknowledged. (70 words)

#vocabulary #sst
✳️ telecommute
دور کاری
works at home using a computer connected to a company’s main office.
🆔 @EngStud

✳️ turning the floor over to sb.
(ادامه) صحبت (تریبون) را به کسی سپردن
turn over to #phrasal_verb
to stop speaking at a meeting and allow someone else to speak

turn sth over to sb — phrasal verb
to give something to someone in authority or someone who has a legal right to it, or to give someone legal responsibility for something:

‍ Learning zone
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #RL #Transcript
We can create more spaces for growth by starting conversations with one another about when we want to be in each zone. What do we want to get better at and how? And when do we want to execute and minimize mistakes? That way, we gain clarity about what success is, when, and how to best support one another.
But what if we find ourselves in a chronic high-stakes setting and we feel we can't start those conversations yet? Then here are three things that we can still do as individuals. First, we can create low-stakes islands in an otherwise high-stakes sea. These are spaces where mistakes have little consequence. For example, we might find a mentor or a trusted colleague with whom we can exchange ideas or have vulnerable conversations or even role-play. Or we can ask for feedback-oriented meetings as projects progress. Or we can set aside time to read or watch videos or take online courses. Those are just some examples. Second, we can execute and perform as we're expected, but then reflect on what we could do better next time, like Beyoncé does, and we can observe and emulate experts. The observation, reflection and adjustment is a learning zone. And finally, we can lead and lower the stakes for others by sharing what we want to get better at, by asking questions about what we don't know, by soliciting feedback and by sharing our mistakes and what we've learned from them, so that others can feel safe to do the same.

☘️ high-stakes پر مخاطره- ریسک بالا
a) if the stakes are high when you are trying to do something, you risk losing a lot or it will be dangerous if you fail.
b) if the stakes are high when you are doing something such as playing a card game, you risk losing a lot of money.
e.g: a chronic high-stakes setting
شرایط پرمخاطره دائمی (شدید)

☘️ vulnerable
a place, thing, or idea that is vulnerable is easy to attack or criticize
e.g: have vulnerable conversations
گفتگوهای انتقادپذیر (آسیب پذیر- آماده پذیرش-در خطر- حساس)
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary

☘️ role-play
نقش بازی کردن، ایفای نقش، نقش آفرینی. ادا کسی را درآوردن. تمرین و تقلید کردن.
به انجام عملی گفته می‌شود که در آن، فرد به صورت خودآگاه یا ناخودآگاه تلاش می‌کند تا با تغییر رفتار خود به جهت انجام عملی یا تنها برای به نمایش گذاشتن، آن را به انجام برساند. گاه فرد به قصد تقلید رفتار فرد دیگری اقدام به انجام عمل نقش بازی نماید.
Role play is the act of imitating the character and behaviour of a type of person who is very different from yourself. role play is usually used as a training exercise.
Pretending to be someone else, especially as part of learning a new skill:
e.g: Role play is used in training courses, language-learning and psychotherapy.
we might find a mentor or a trusted colleague with whom we have role-play.

☘️ Create low-stakes islands in an otherwise high-stakes sea (work environment)
این جزایر کم خطر، شامل تمرینات نقش آفرینی و مربیگری ویدئویی است که مربیان می توانند آنها را بررسی کنند ، بازخورد ارائه دهند و تمرینات بیشتری را بخواهند. سیستم عامل های مربیگری ویدئویی یک محیط عالی با ریسک کم برای تمرین و بهبود تکرارها بدون به خطر انداختن منطقه اجرای نهایی را فراهم می کنند.

‍ How to Spend Life
‍ What If Money Was No Object? - Alan Watts
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #listening #RL #SST #Transcript #motivation
What do you desire? What makes you itch? What sort of a situation would you like?
Let’s suppose, I do this often in vocational guidance of students, they come to me and say, well, "we’re getting out of college and we have the faintest idea what we want to do". So I always ask the question, "what would you like to do if money were no object? How would you really enjoy spending your life?"
Well, it’s so amazing as a result of our kind of educational system, crowds of students say well, we’d like to be painters, we’d like to be poets, we’d like to be writers, but as everybody knows you can’t earn any money that way. Or another person says well, I’d like to live an out-of-doors life and ride horses. I said you want to teach in a riding school? Let’s go through with it. What do you want to do? When we finally got down to something, which the individual says he really wants to do, I will say to him, you do that and forget the money, because, if you say that getting the money is the most important thing, you will spend your life completely wasting your time. You’ll be doing things you don’t like doing in order to go on living, that is to go on doing things you don’t like doing, which is stupid. Better to have a short life that is full of what you like doing than a long life spent in a miserable way. And after all, if you do really like what you’re doing, it doesn’t matter what it is, you can eventually turn it – you could eventually become a master of it. It’s the only way to become a master of something, to be really with it. And then you’ll be able to get a good fee for whatever it is. So don’t worry too much. That’s everybody is – somebody is interested in everything, anything you can be interested in, you will find others will. But it’s absolutely stupid to spend your time doing things you don’t like, in order to go on spending things you don’t like, doing things you don’t like and to teach our children to follow in the same track. See what we are doing, is we’re bringing up children and educating to live the same sort of lifes we are living. In order that they may justify themselves and find satisfaction in life by bringing up their children to bring up their children to do the same thing, so it’s all retch and no vomit. It never gets there. And so, therefore, it’s so important to consider this question: What do I desire?

#Sample_answer #SST Apeuni206
The lecture is mainly about individuals’ desires. While the impacts of getting out of college such as not considering money as an object are important, the effects of the educational system and the joy of spending life such as living in an out-of-doors life and riding horses are significant. Finally, the influences of wasting the time by doing unsatisfactory jobs such as the importance of money are remarkable. (68 words)

become concrete
🟪 Concrete
definite and specific.
عینی، قابل لمس.
e.g: a dialogue about concrete issues and problems
e.g: the lack of any concrete evidence.
e.g: Books are concrete objects.

🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary #rl #focus_on_vocabulary

opposite of concrete -> 🟪 Abstract ، غیر قابل لمس، غیر عملی، انتزاعی
existing only as an idea or quality rather than as something real that you can see or touch.
e.g: Love and beauty are abstract things.
e.g: the abstract nature of beauty.

RWFIB 630. Anopheles mosquitoes .جزوه ریدینگ
e.g: So researchers are trying to help people—by pumping up the mosquitoes' immunity.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
🔸 Pump up your immune system
افزایش سطح سیستم ایمنی

pump something/somebody ↔️ up #phrasal_verb
[informal] to increase the value, amount, or level of something.
برای افزایش ارزش ، مقدار یا سطح چیزی
e.g: The US was able to pump up exports.
e.g: Come on, pump up the volume (=play music louder)!