صفاتی که به ed و ing یا able ختم می‌شوند
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary
✳️ صفاتی که با ing- ساخته میشوند ویژگی‌های شخص، شیء و موقعیت را نشون میدهند و بیشتر برای اشاره به اشیا به کار میروند. یعنی شی این صفت را دارد یا مثلا چنان تاثیری روی انسان دارد. مثل فیلم خسته کننده یا ترسناک.
e.g.: admiring
پسند امیز، ستایش امیز، تحسین آمیز، (همراه)با تحسین،
Annette was getting lots of admiring looks/glances in her new red dress
آنت با لباس سرخ جدیدش نگاه‌های تحسین آمیزی به خود گرفته بود.

✳️ صفاتی که با ed- ساخته میشوند برای بیان احساسات و یا عواطف و برای توصیف یک چیز زودگذر استفاده شده و برای افراد به کار میروند، نه برای اشیا. یعنی فرد این صفت را به خود میگیرد یا دارد. مثل فرد خسته یا ترسیده.
The movie was frightening. I was frightened.

e.g.: admired
آدم تحسین شده، آدم شایسته

✳️ پسوند able
به معنی: قابلیت بودن چیزی
e.g.: admirable
پسندیده، ستودنی، تحسین انگیز، شایسته، عالی، بسیار خوب، قابل تحسین،
The orchestra gave an admirable performance last night. اجرای تحسین برانگیز

Difference between textile and fabric
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary #focus_on_vocabulary
You can see textiles everywhere, from fibre to yarn, from cloth to clothing, from medical treatment to various industries. They range from fibres woven together to a finished product, ready for use. In addition, fabric is still under the textile umbrella. So in other words, you can make fabric and textiles from the same materials.

To summarise, not all textiles are fabric, while all fabric is a textile.
More complete description👇
https://www.contrado.co.uk/blog/definition-of-textile/

infowhelm
#vocabulary #Note_Taking
a deluge of data سیل ی از داده ها
a large amount of something such as letters or questions that someone gets at the same time .

a cocktail of emotions ترکیب هیجان‌انگیز و گیج‌کننده احساسات
cocktail
a mixture of several things which is dangerous, unpleasant, confusing, or exciting

suffused اشباع کردن

epistemology (شناخت ماهیت و منابع و حدود دانش)
the part of philosophy that deals with how we know things, how firmly we can know things etc
entangled epistemologies دانش شناسی مرکب، معرفت شناسی درهم
🆔 @EngStud
ambiguity ابهام
the state of being unclear, confusing, or not certain, or things that produce this effect.
overhaul ، سراسر بازدید کردن، اصلاح کردن، (دقیقا) بازبینی کردن
to change a system or method in order to improve it.

سخنان یک استاد ریدینگ آیتلس
1. خوندن و فهمیدن لغات متون تخصصی ریدینگ آکادمیک. در آیتلس و پی‌تی‌ای.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #IELTS #vocabulary #PTE #reading_skills
(صدا در ابتدا ضعیف است و از ثانیه 25 زیاد میشود)

سخنان یک استاد ریدینگ آیتلس
2. نحوه یادگیری لغات جدید در متون آکادمیک ریدینگ.
3. تحلیل اشباهات تست بعد از تست زنی. (ضعف درک مطلب)
🆔 @EngStud #reading #IELTS #vocabulary #PTE #reading_skills

سخنان یک استاد ریدینگ آیتلس
4. چگونگی بالابردن درک مطلب در ریدینگ.
5. معرفی کتاب و منابع ریدینگ.
Inside Reading, National Geographic,BBC,...
🆔 @EngStud #reading #IELTS #vocabulary #PTE #reading_skills

RWFIB 87. The Texas Cosmology Center.
RWFIB 396. Leading scientists.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
interdisciplinary
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combining of two or more academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several other fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics etc. It is about creating something by thinking across boundaries.
میان‌رشته‌ای یا اندررشته‌ای، اشاره به حوزه‌های نوین در دانش دارد که بیش از یک زمینهٔ محض دانشی را مورد مطالعه قرار می‌دهد. روش برخورد میان‌رشته‌ای فرصت عبور از مرزهای سنتی رشته‌های گوناگون دانش را با هدف رسیدن به نتیجهٔ مطلوب در یک رشته فراهم می‌سازد. به عبارت دیگر، یک حوزهٔ میان‌رشته‌ای، عبارتست از «تلفیق دانش، روش و تجارب دو یا چند حوزهٔ علمی و تخصصی برای شناخت و حل یک مسئلهٔ پیچیده یا معضل اجتماعی چندوجهی».

RWFIB 396. A financial director.

In Europe’s top 1,000 quoted companies, nearly one quarter of all invoices are unpaid at any .... (Answer: point) in time, according to recent research carried out by the ASF organization.
🔰 at any point in time در هر مقطع زمانی
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
🔰 point in time
A specific or particular moment or period in time.
یک لحظه یا دوره زمانی منحصربفرد یا خاص. برهه از زمان. مقطع زمانی.

Government policies, though tough, have been a blessing in disguise.
سیاست های دولت گرچه سخت (سختگیرانه) است اما (در نهایت) مبدل (چیزها) به خیر و برکت بوده است. (تبدیل به و باعث خیر و برکت شده، در پشت آن نعمت و برکت بوده).
#rs #repeat_sentences
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary #PTE
a blessing in disguise حکمتی در چیزی بودن/در چیزی خیری وجود داشتن
From Longman Dictionary:
something that seems to be bad or unlucky at first, but which you later realize is good or lucky.

wikipedia:
A blessing in disguise is an English language idiom referring to the idea that something that appears to be a misfortune can have unexpected benefits.

need to + verb.
need + sth. (noun.).
🆔 @EngStud #grammar #GeneralEnglish
eg.: I need to study hard to succeed in my exam and I need a detailed plan for doing it.

RWFIB 571. Radioactive waste
از سوالات ریدینگ
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
Deep geological repository
A deep geological repository is a way of storing toxic or radioactive waste within a stable geologic environment (typically 200–1000 m deep). It entails a combination of waste form, waste package, engineered seals and geology that is suited to provide a high level of long-term isolation and containment without future maintenance.
مخزن زمین شناسی عمیق راهی برای ذخیره زباله های سمی یا رادیواکتیو در یک محیط زمین شناسی پایدار (عمقاً 200-1000 متر عمق) است.این شامل ترکیبی از فرم زباله ، بسته زباله ، مهر و موم مهندسی شده و زمین شناسی است که مناسب برای ایجاد سطح بالایی از انزوا و مهار طولانی مدت بدون نگهداری در آینده است.

‍ #RL Arctic and Antarctic
And so when we talk about the polar regions, just to clarify exactly what we mean and we have first of all the Arctic at the top of the Earth and the Antarctic at the bottom. And so the Arctic was named after the Greek word for bear. now surprisingly it’s not after the polar bears that live in Antarctic and live in the Arctic and space after the little and Great Bear constellations that can be seen in the sky now the Greeks also hypothesize that there would be an Anti-Arctic which is how we get the name Antarctic and that’s because it wasn’t discovered until much later on now these regions are opposite in many ways other than just their names and their location on the globe and so we look at the arts accessible and the Arctic is actually ocean surrounded by land so you can see here this is UK down here and it’s kind of Russia and then American Canada around here. and so there is a bit of land recognize and ice in the under in the Arctic which is Greenland here and but mostly all this area here surprisingly a lot of people don’t realize that this isn’t actually land the North Pole isn’t on land it’s just one big ocean and see if you have to go to the North Pole you could stand on it if you were drill down through the ice you would find ocean.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #sst #listening #Retell_Lecture
🔺Polar bears live in the Arctic
Arctic = the North Pole.

🔺Adélie penguins live in the Antarctica.
Antarctica = the South Pole, meaning "opposite to the Arctic".

My answer: #SST
The lecture was about polar regions, which comprised the Arctic at the top of the earth and the Antarctic at the bottom. The spokesperson determined little and great bear constellations, and essences of the Anti-arctic emphasized being ocean surrounded by land. Although both opposite regions and the location on the globe could be inferred from not placing on land, impacts of the north pole as a big ocean were acknowledged. (70w)

‍ Podcast for "Note Taking"
#transcript
Spiritual Crusading
🆔 @EngStud #podcast #listening
The crusades impacted Medieval European culture through a practice which I call spiritual crusading. Beginning in 1187, various popes attempted to expand the crusading movement by encouraging Christians to carry out specific liturgical rites that would provide spiritual support for the crusades. These devotions provided a way for all Christians to participate in the crusading movement. Even if they were not warriors, they could help liberate Jerusalem through their prayers. The papacy and the Church hierarchy understood that concern for the crusades and the Holy Land was widespread among Christians and that encouraging the clergy and laity to pray for the crusades offered a powerful incentive for Christians to more actively participate in the liturgical life of the Church. This practice therefore became a powerful and effective vehicle for Church reform in medieval society. I first examine medieval liturgical manuscripts from different communities to understand the local implementation of this program. Medieval Christians did not just passively adopt the devotions prescribed by the papacy, but adapted them to suit their own immediate concerns, extending the crusading mindset to local pious intentions and political rivalries. Spiritual crusading therefore both changed liturgical practices through papal prescription, and simultaneously provided local communities with the agency to shape the liturgies of the Church to address their particular concerns. The other aspect of my research explores how spiritual crusading transformed medieval devotional observance. By serving as a vehicle to encourage widespread piety, this spiritual campaign codified a broader program of Christian renewal, infusing emerging spiritual movements such as the Franciscans and flagellants with the rhetoric of the crusades. My scholarship therefore reveals how the practice of spiritual crusading expanded the crusading movement to incorporate all Christians and also reshaped medieval devotional practice through the dissemination of the crusading mindset to new areas of this society.

Spiritual Crusading
🆔 @EngStud #podcast #listening #vocabulary #Note_Taking
crusades جنگهای صلیبی
one of a series of wars fought in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Christian armies trying to take Palestine from the Muslims

devotions عبادات
strong religious feeling

Jerusalem اورشلیم

Church hierarchy سلسله سران روحانی کلیسا

clergy روحانیون
the official leaders of religious activities in organized religions, such as priests, rabbis, and mullahs → clerical

laity مردم غیر روحانی
all the members of a religious group apart from the priests → layman

liturgical آیین مقدس. وابسته به آیین نیایش کلیسایی
relating to church services and ceremonies

pious . مقدس. نیکوکارانه. مذهبی
having strong religious beliefs, and showing this in the way you behave → piety

piety تقوی. خداترسی
when you behave in a way that shows respect for your religion → pious

political rivalries رقابتهای سیاسی
rivalry → competition

liturgies (کلیساهای فرقه های گوناگون) آیین تجویز شده ی نیایش در کلیسا
a way of praying in a religious service using a fixed order of words, prayers etc

codified قانون وضع کردن، تدوین کردن
to arrange laws, principles, facts etc in a system

infusing برانگیختن. القا کردن
formal to fill something or someone with a particular feeling or quality

rhetoric .شعارها
language that is used to persuade or influence people, especially language that sounds impressive but is not actually sincere or useful

dissemination . ترویج .انتشار
to spread information or ideas to as many people as possible

RFIB 582. What can science tell us about human nature? (Human Nature)
از سوالات ریدینگ
Come along the Great Debate, hear the arguments and have your say.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
have your say نظر خود را بیان کنید
to have the opportunity to give your opinion about something.

You should raise your concern with the head of school.
#rs #repeat_sentences
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary #PTE
raise your concern with sb.
مطرح کردن نگرانی خود با کسی
the fact of feeling worried about something, or something that makes you worry:
Please raise any concerns regarding this decision with your manager.

‍ ‍ Fast Radio Burst
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #sst #listening #Australian_accent
A fast radio burst is very much like what it sounds. It’s a very fast burst of radio waves. It comes from outer space, a long way away. And by fast, I mean really fast. So it starts and stops in about a thousandth of a second, so you click your fingers, and it’s finished. Fast radio bursts are a real mystery. We don’t exactly understand where they come from, or what actually makes them. And there’s a lot of open questions that we really don’t have an answer for. There are probably more theories about what makes fast radio bursts, than there are actual detections of these things. So since 2007 we’ve only had 20, but there are probably 30 or 40 different theories on what makes them. The most interesting thing about this burst is the fact that we found it with the Australian square kilometre ray path finder. So that is, it wasn’t really obvious that we would be able to do this, as well as we ended up being able to do it. So this telescope is really a fantastic telescope.

In fact it’s probably the best telescope on the planet at the moment for finding these bursts. So whereas in the past it’s taken ten years to find twenty bursts, once we’re really going with this new instrument, we’ll be able to find them much more quickly. One or two every week.

RFIB 587. Hippocrates بقراط
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
🍁 Practice noun/ verb(American)
Longman Dictionary
4 DOCTOR/LAWYER [countable] the work of a doctor or lawyer, or the place where they work
medical/legal practice
e.g.: Mary Beth had a busy legal practice in Los Angeles.
پرداختن (به حرفه یا شغلی)، حرفه، (پزشکی و وکالت)، دفتر وکالت یا مطب، به طبابت یا وکالت پرداختن.

🍁 medical practitioner طبیب. پزشک

🍁 Rational medicine
Rational use of medicines requires that "patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and their community".
استفاده منطقی از داروها مستلزم این است که "بیماران داروهای متناسب با نیازهای بالینی خود را ، در دوزهایی که نیازهای خاص خود را دارند ، برای مدت زمان کافی و با کمترین هزینه برای آنها و جامعه خود دریافت کنند".

RWFIB 598. Integrated Ticketing
سوال مشترک ریدینگ و لیسنینگ
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #LFIB
Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we have (Answer: introduced) a paper ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three (Answer: modes) in South East Queensland, so bus, train and (Answer: ferry) and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to (Answer: store) value so to put value on the card, and then to use the card for (Answer: traveling) around the system.

‍ Sociologist #SST Apeuni25
جامعه شناس
Thank you all for coming out this evening to meet sociologist Ellen Lambert. Ms. Lambert specializes in research on the workplace and recently has been writing about the future of work. This topic should be of special interest, since I know many of you are already at the forefront of workplace technology. For example, let's have a show of hands to see how many people here telecommute at least part of the time. Hmm. I see eight hands raised. Well, you eight folks who work at home and communicate with your office via computer represent one of the trends Ms. Lambert has described: that people are becoming less tied to the workplace. One of the important tools for telecommuting is electronic mail, or E-mail. E-mail lets you send and receive messages almost immediately on your computer, but you control when you read them and when you respond to them. This technology allows people to have more control over time than when relying solely on the telephone. Our guest tonight will discuss how these important changes will alter the way we work. But, before turning the floor over to Ms. Lambert, I would just like to remind you that she will be available to answer any individual questions at the reception immediately following this talk.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #sst #listening #transcript #Summarize_spoken_text

#Sample_answer :
The lecture was about researching on the workplace, which comprised the future of the work as well as workplace technology. The spokesperson described telecommunicating, and the fundamental essence of communicating via computers emphasized the significance of becoming less tied to the workplace. Ultimately, although sending and receiving messages and having more control over time could be inferred from E-mail, the corresponding impacts of altering the way of working were acknowledged. (70 words)

#vocabulary #sst
✳️ telecommute
دور کاری
works at home using a computer connected to a company’s main office.
🆔 @EngStud

✳️ turning the floor over to sb.
(ادامه) صحبت (تریبون) را به کسی سپردن
turn over to #phrasal_verb
to stop speaking at a meeting and allow someone else to speak

turn sth over to sb — phrasal verb
to give something to someone in authority or someone who has a legal right to it, or to give someone legal responsibility for something: