RWFIB 112. impacts and management of purple loosestrife
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #rwfib #rfib
purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
is a flowering plant belonging to the family Lythraceae. It should not be confused with other plants sharing the name loosestrife that are members of the family Primulaceae. Other names include spiked loosestrife and purple lythrum.
خون‌فام (نام علمی: Lythrum salicaria) نام یک گونه از سرده خون‌فام (سرده) است.

Hyphens rules قوانین هایفن

Hyphens Between Words, 11 rules
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary
Hyphens with Prefixes and Suffixes, 9 rules👇
Grammarbook.com/punctuation/hyphens.asp

چرا از صدای (ضبط شدۀ) خودمون خوشمون نمیاد؟
🆔 @EngStud #speaking

Phrasal verb stress and linking rules
How to Pronounce Phrasal Verbs: Stress and Linking

It’s important that you understand the difference because the stress on the phrasal verb will vary depending on the part of speech.
If you want to use phrasal verbs correctly and be understood when you’ve made the effort to use a phrasal verb, you want to make sure that you’re stressing the right word.
When the phrasal verb is describing an action, the stress will be on the particle, or the second word.
This means that the particle will be longer, louder and higher in pitch.
This stress pattern is how we distinguish that the phrasal verb is being used as a verb. The particle will be the most obvious word.
The stress on the particle helps you understand that it’s a phrasal verb, because prepositions aren’t usually stressed.
On the other hand, when the phrasal verb is in noun or adjective form, the stress will be on the first word.
That’s how we indicate which part of speech we’re using.
To pronounce phrasal verbs like a native English speaker, you need to make sure you’re correctly stressing the right word based on the part of speech you’re using.
To sound even more like a native speaker, you want to link the phrasal verbs together.
Before we go into more depth about linking, let’s look at some examples so that you can hear exactly what’s going on with stress and linking in these phrasal verbs.
We’ll talk about how linking works at the end of this article.
If you find linking a little bit challenging, don’t worry. The stress is much more important than linking the words together.
You can work on linking later on in your accent reduction journey. So let’s take a look at the examples!👇
https://englishwithkim.com/natural-sounding-american-accent/

Turn Off
Let’s get started with “turn off”: Turn off the light before you leave.
As you can hear in this example in the video, I’m stressing the particle: turn OFF.
Turn OFF the LIGHT before you LEAVE.
By stressing “off,” I’m making it clear that the phrasal verb is being used to describe an action.
Now let’s turn it into a noun: His behavior is such a turn off.
As you can hear, I’m stressing “turn” because it’s being used as a noun: TURNoff.
His beHAvior is SUCH a TURNoff.
You can really hear the difference between “turn OFF” and “TURN off.”
And in order to sound natural throughout the sentence, you want to make sure you’re stressing the right part of the phrasal verb, depending on the context.

From <https://englishwithkim.com/pronounce-phrasal-verbs/>
🆔 @EngStud #pronunciation #read_aload

How to Link Phrasal Verbs Together with Connected Speech
As you heard in many of the examples, when we link words together, the last consonant sound will link or join or blend with the vowel sound that follows it.
Instead of pronouncing the phrasal verb “turn on” with a separation between the two words, we connect the two words, and it becomes “turnon.”
In verb form, turn on will sound like “turNON.”
The “n” will join to the vowel sound that follows it, and that syllable will become really clear and easy to hear because of the stress: turNON.
You can hear that “turn” becomes reduced and a little more shortened, because it’s not the stressed syllable of this phrasal verb.
On the other hand, “non” becomes really clear because the vowel sound should be the clearest and easiest to understand.
Because of linking, the “n” sound is going to be more dominant than the “tur” part of that phrasal verb: turNON.
Can you hear how those words blend together in order to sound like just one word?
From <https://englishwithkim.com/pronounce-phrasal-verbs/>

what difference among Complicated Vs Complex Vs Sophisticated?

🟤 Complicated is something that is hard to explain. Example: Her relationship with her boyfriend is complicated.
متشکل از (made)، سر در نیاوردنی، آنچه که فهم یا تنظیم یا حل آن مشکل باشد، هم پیچیده، پیچیده.
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary #what_difference
🟤 Complex is something that has many factors going into the problem or situation. Example: Global warming is very complex so scientists have a hard problem finding a solution it.
مرکب از چند جزء، پیچیده. (دارای اجزای دقیق و تودرتو و وابسته به هم) هم تافته، (مجموعه ی ساختمان ها و راه ها و غیره که تشکیل یک واحد همبسته را بدهند) مجتمع.

🟤 Sophisticated is what you would use to describe something that is developed to high level. Example: This piece of technology is very sophisticated, only trained workers are allowed to use it.
در سطح بالا، خبره وماهر، مشکل و پیچیده، پیشرفته.
مقاله‌ای در این باره👇
https://journal.bitshaker.com/sophisticated-vs-complicated/

سایتی برای مطالعه و روخوانی اخبار متناسب با سطح هرشخص، با سه سطح.👇
https://www.newsinlevels.com/
🆔 @EngStud #read_aload #reading #speaking

‍ Johann Neem, Western Washington University – Higher Education Meta-Vocabularies
🆔 @EngStud #listening #podcast
Are those in higher education talking the same language? Johann Neem, professor in the department of history at Western Washington University, discusses three meta-vocabularies and why the least dominant could be the most important.

My research argues that our debates over higher education have three meta-vocabularies—the utilitarian, the pragmatic, and the virtue-ethical. The first two are dominant, especially among citizens and policy makers. To utilitarians, colleges must satisfy the preference of higher education's consumers. To pragmatists, including many elected leaders, institutions must consistently evolve to meet the changing needs of society and the economy. To virtue-ethicists, on the other hand, colleges have internal goods of their own—such as the cultivation of knowledge and curiosity about the world—and these internal goods require practices to sustain them—including valuing basic over applied research and teaching. To virtue-ethicists, colleges must change the world rather than just adapt to fit it. Thus, how a university is structured and what faculty members and students do while in college shapes the ultimate educational and scholarly outcomes. Many of today's most popular reforms seek to make higher education faster/cheaper/standardized but threaten the kinds of academic practices that cultivate intellectual virtues. By understanding these meta-vocabularies, we can make sense of the ways in which participants in the public conversation around higher education talk past each other. We can also recover a shared language for liberal education. I hope my research will help college students, their parents, voters, and policy makers understand the different perspectives that we can use to think about the purposes of college. Ultimately, in my research, I wanted to understand why professors like me are uncomfortable with reforms that, to many others, seem to make common sense. By identifying these meta-vocabularies, I was able to see what was at stake for all who care about higher education's future. The post Johann Neem, Western Washington University – Higher Education Meta-Vocabularies appeared first on The Academic Minute.
https://academicminute.org
https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564572329/the-academic-minute

RWFIB 2. evolutionary change
RWFIB 94. biological systems
RWFIB 135. Basic insects
RWFIB 510. DNA is a molecule
RWFIB 550. Runner از سوالات ریدینگ
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection, which in his view is intentional, whereas natural selection is not.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection
Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and their offspring can inherit such mutations. Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment. Because individuals with certain variants of the trait tend to survive and reproduce more than individuals with other less successful variants, the population evolves. The concept, published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, was elaborated in Darwin's influential 1859 book.
گزینش طبیعی یا انتخاب طبیعی؛ فرایندی است که در طی نسل‌های پیاپی، سبب شیوع آن دسته از صفات ارثی می‌شود که احتمال زنده ماندن و موفقیت زاد و ولد یک ارگانیسم را در یک جمعیت افزایش می‌دهند. به بیانی دیگر انتخاب طبیعی فرایندی است که طی آن افراد سازگار با محیط شانس بیشتری برای بقا و تولیدمثل دارند و می‌توانند ژن خود را به نسل بعد منتقل کنند. در مقابل افرادی ناسازگار با محیط از گونه حذف می‌شوند و نمی‌توانند ژن خود را منتقل کنند. طی این فرایند ژن‌های سازگار با محیط در گونه باقی می‌ماند. انتخاب طبیعی، یکی از بنیان‌های اساسی زیست‌شناسی مدرن است. این واژه توسط چارلز داروین در کتاب معروفش «اصل انواع» یا «خاستگاه گونه‌ها» در سال ۱۸۵۹ معرفی شد.

‍ RWFIB 6. Causes of Dinosaurs Extinction از جزوه ریدینگ

This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I’m Steve Mirsky. Got a minute？

The November 26th issue of the journal Science included a study showing that the extinction of the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago allowed puny mammals to get really big. But well before all that happened, another event triggered a different burst of evolutionary activity.
A new study finds that about 300 million years ago, the tropical rainforests along the equator fell apart. The familiar culprit—global warming.
Present-day Europe and North America were on the equator back then, and were covered with rainforests. But global warming made things even hotter and drier.
The expansive rainforests broke up into smaller fragments, and reptile populations became isolated from each other in the fragments. Such geographical isolation allows different populations to evolve in different directions, which led to a great increase in reptile diversity. The research appears in the journal Geology.
The explosion in reptiles ultimately led to the evolution of the dinosaurs, which dominated the planet until they fell victim to the massive impact that allowed us mammals to take over. As Vonnegut would say, so it goes.

Thanks for the minute. For Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Steve Mirsky.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #podcast #sst

🔺 Kurt Vonnegut
کِرْت وانه‌گت، نویسندهٔ (رمان نویس) آمریکایی بود. آثار او غالباً ترکیبی از طنزی سیاه و مایه‌های علمی‌تخیلی است.
🔺"so it goes"
خلاصه داستان کتاب سلاخ‌خانه شماره پنج:
بیلی پیلگریم، قهرمان داستان، در زمان خدمت خود در ارتش آمریکا در جنگ جهانی دوم، قابلیت حرکت در زمان را پیدا می‌کند .... بنابراین از تمام اتفاقات گذشته و آینده باخبرند. پس واکنش او به تمام اتفاقات ناخوشایندی که واقع می‌شود، گفتن این جمله است:
بله! رسم روزگار چنین است. ("so it goes").

🟢 #collocation
the extinction of the dinosaurs, puny mammals, get really big, triggered a different burst of evolutionary activity, familiar culprit, The expansive rainforests, smaller fragments, reptile populations, geographical isolation, different populations , different directions, a great increase in, reptile diversity, the evolution of the dinosaurs, the massive impact,

RWFIB 7. Egg-Eating Snakes
کلیپپ مربوط به ریدینگ
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only eggs which are easy to eat, while some snakes eat bird’s eggs, which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but it requires special treatment. These snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through the throat. It's easy to envision the evolution of this ability.
Some snakes, like the rat snake, already eat smaller eggs as part of their diet. If you lose your teeth, and evolve some protrusions on your spine, you suddenly gain access to a rich source of nutrition unavailable to other snakes. Once the egg is punctured, muscles in the snake's body work in waves to squeeze out the contents, which then move down into the stomach. The snake then forces the shell back into its mouth by bending its body into an 'S' shape. ...

‍ 60-Second Lectures on Racial Injustice: “This Isn’t for You”
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #podcast #sst
“This Isn’t for You”
You know this because on the first day you step on campus as a new professor, the office administrator and the department that hired you treats you like an intruder. This isn't for you because on the day you deliver your first lecture, two Black students linger after class to ask you one pointed question: "How did you get here?"
This isn't for you because at the end of every term at least one student slips you a note, saying that your presence in this space But, this isn't for you.
It's not for you because the very university that cuts your paycheck has also cut checks to the Philadelphia Police Foundation. You think of the guns Penn paid for, and you distinctly remember the feeling of a cop's pistol pressed right against your skull. You will never forget this feeling. In a very real sense,you will never stop being a young Black man, unfairly profiled. And that's why you know this isn't for you.
You feel it every time you walk by campus and Penn's private police eye you with suspicion. That sculpture on Woodland Walk, may say LOVE, but it is very clear that there's no love on campus for the likes of you. And all this is not for you.
It is two million dollars paid by the university,back to the university in a master plan masquerading as public investment. It is nothing compared to the massive property taxes that Penn might have paid directly to you,to do with as you would. And let's be clear, this is not for you. It is a brand management strategy.It is a public relations scheme by an institution,that wants to get a Black talking head,in front of an audience, to claim that head and whatever ideas might be in it.
This is for me, not you. This is for us.

RWFIB 56. The market for vegetarian foods

‍ Difference Between Customer and Consumer

Every human being on earth is consumers or customers in some way or the other and are commonly misunderstood. However, a consumer is someone who consumes or uses the goods, and the customer is someone who purchases the commodity and makes the payment.
Sometimes, both the customer and consumer, are the same individual, when an individual buys good for their personal use. However, they are not similar, therefore, this article will make you understand the difference between the two. All the marketing process is aimed towards influencing customers’ behaviour, which means to influence the customer so that they take desired action expected by marketers.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
Another important feature in the discussion between consumer vs customer is that customers can also be businesses that purchase and then resell goods or merchandises. In such concern, they are only customers and not consumers of the goods they buy because they are reselling it to the consumer to ultimately utilise the product. So let’s understand in this article what is the things that make the word customer and consumer different from each other.

Customer vs Consumer

Who is a Customer? مشتری
A customer is a person who buys goods and services regularly from the seller and pays for it to satisfy their need. Many times a customer buys a product is also the consumer, but sometimes it’s not. For example, when parents purchase a product for their children, the parent is the customer, and the children are the consumer. They can also be known as client or buyers.

Who is a Consumer? مصرف‌کننده
A consumer is someone who purchases the product for his/her own need and consumes it. A consumer cannot resell the good or service but can consume it to earn his/her livelihood and self-employment. Any person, other than the buyer who buys the product or services, consumes the product by taking his/her permission is categorized as a consumer. In simple word, the end-user of the goods or services is termed as a consumer.

All individual who engages themselves in the economy is a consumer of the product. For instance, when a person buys goods from a grocery store for their family, you become a customer, as you are only purchasing the commodities. But, when they feed the grocery to other members of the family, they become the consumer.

acquire
(با کوشش) به دست آوردن، تحویل کردن، سبک کردن، فرا گرفتن، آموختن، صاحب شدن، مالک شدن، اندوختن، یافتن
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary #PTE #wfd #rs
1 formal to obtain something by buying it or being given it:
Manning hoped to acquire valuable works of art as cheaply as possible.

2 to get or gain something:
The college acquired a reputation for very high standards.
he acquired great wealth. ثروت کلانی به چنگ آورده

3 to gain knowledge or learn a skill
to acquire learning. کسب دانش کردن
most skills are acquired. بیشتر مهارت‌ها اکتسابی است.

* acquired, adj.
1- اکتسابی، آموخته، تحصیل شده (در برابر: ارثی hereditary - در برابر: نهادی innate)
acquired knowledge دانش اکتسابی
acquired traits ویژگی‌های اکتسابی

2- (بیماری و غیره) غیر ارثی، اکتسابی، غیرمادرزادی (در برابر: مادرزادی congenital)
infants' acquired heart diseases
بیماری‌های قلبی غیرمادرزادی نوزادان

.منبع : Longman و کانال یوتیوب Hello Channel .

falling standards in both written and spoken language among students
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary #PTE #sst
🔸 deplore اظهار تاسف کردن
to disapprove of something very strongly and criticize it severely, especially publicly.

🔸 debased ، ،تخریب کردن، کاهش ارزش
to make someone or something lose its value or people’s respect.

🔸 Dumbing down
به صورت عامه فهم بیان کردن، کاهش افکار انتقادی با تضعیف زبان استاندارد و استانداردهای یادگیری است. بدین ترتیب معیارهای آکادمیک ، فرهنگ و اطلاعات معنی دار را بی اهمیت جلوه دهید ، مانند مورد فرهنگ عامه.
simplify complex information to make it more easily understandable, lower the intellectual level of something (such as a book).

🔸 syntax
نحو یا جمله‌شناسی شاخه ای از دستور زبان که به دانش مطالعهٔ قواعد مربوط به نحوهٔ ترکیب و در کنار هم آمدن واژه‌ها به‌منظور ایجاد و درک جملات در یک زبان اطلاق می‌شود.
In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences (sentence structure) in a given language, usually including word order.

🔸 enormity شرارت زیاد. غیرعادی، عظمت،
1 [singular] the great size, seriousness, or difficulty of a situation, problem, event etc.
2 [countable usually plural] formal a very evil and cruel act.
🔸 wicked شرور .تبهکار
1 behaving in a way that is morally wrong. SYN=evil.
2 [informal] behaving badly in a way that is amusing.
3 [spoken informal] very good.

Difference Between Self-esteem and Self-confidence
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary
😎 self-esteem noun [uncountable] احترام به نفس - عزت نفس
the feeling of being satisfied with your own abilities, and that you deserve to be liked or respected → self-respect.
عزت نفس یا حرمت نفس، اصطلاحی در روانشناسی است که بازتاب ارزیابی یا برآورد یک فرد از ارزشهای خود می‌باشد. عزت نفس، باور و اعتقادی است که فرد، دربارهٔ ارزش و اهمیت خود دارد.
raise/build (up)/boost somebody’s self-esteem
Playing a sport can boost a girl’s self-esteem.
students’ sense of self-esteem.
low/poor self-esteem (=not much self-esteem)

💪 Self-confidence noun [uncountable] اعتماد به نفس
خودباوری یا اعتماد به نفس یکی از شرایط روانی است که شخص در آن بخاطر تجربه‌های قبلی، به توانایی‌ها و استعدادهای خود در موفقیت انجام کارها به‌طور موفقیت‌آمیز اعتماد و باور دارد.
💪 self-confident adjective مطمئن بخود
sure that you can do things well, that people like you etc.
I eventually became more self-confident as a public speaker.

صفاتی که به ed و ing یا able ختم می‌شوند
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary
✳️ صفاتی که با ing- ساخته میشوند ویژگی‌های شخص، شیء و موقعیت را نشون میدهند و بیشتر برای اشاره به اشیا به کار میروند. یعنی شی این صفت را دارد یا مثلا چنان تاثیری روی انسان دارد. مثل فیلم خسته کننده یا ترسناک.
e.g.: admiring
پسند امیز، ستایش امیز، تحسین آمیز، (همراه)با تحسین،
Annette was getting lots of admiring looks/glances in her new red dress
آنت با لباس سرخ جدیدش نگاه‌های تحسین آمیزی به خود گرفته بود.

✳️ صفاتی که با ed- ساخته میشوند برای بیان احساسات و یا عواطف و برای توصیف یک چیز زودگذر استفاده شده و برای افراد به کار میروند، نه برای اشیا. یعنی فرد این صفت را به خود میگیرد یا دارد. مثل فرد خسته یا ترسیده.
The movie was frightening. I was frightened.

e.g.: admired
آدم تحسین شده، آدم شایسته

✳️ پسوند able
به معنی: قابلیت بودن چیزی
e.g.: admirable
پسندیده، ستودنی، تحسین انگیز، شایسته، عالی، بسیار خوب، قابل تحسین،
The orchestra gave an admirable performance last night. اجرای تحسین برانگیز

Difference between textile and fabric
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary #focus_on_vocabulary
You can see textiles everywhere, from fibre to yarn, from cloth to clothing, from medical treatment to various industries. They range from fibres woven together to a finished product, ready for use. In addition, fabric is still under the textile umbrella. So in other words, you can make fabric and textiles from the same materials.

To summarise, not all textiles are fabric, while all fabric is a textile.
More complete description👇
https://www.contrado.co.uk/blog/definition-of-textile/

infowhelm
#vocabulary #Note_Taking
a deluge of data سیل ی از داده ها
a large amount of something such as letters or questions that someone gets at the same time .

a cocktail of emotions ترکیب هیجان‌انگیز و گیج‌کننده احساسات
cocktail
a mixture of several things which is dangerous, unpleasant, confusing, or exciting

suffused اشباع کردن

epistemology (شناخت ماهیت و منابع و حدود دانش)
the part of philosophy that deals with how we know things, how firmly we can know things etc
entangled epistemologies دانش شناسی مرکب، معرفت شناسی درهم
🆔 @EngStud
ambiguity ابهام
the state of being unclear, confusing, or not certain, or things that produce this effect.
overhaul ، سراسر بازدید کردن، اصلاح کردن، (دقیقا) بازبینی کردن
to change a system or method in order to improve it.

سخنان یک استاد ریدینگ آیتلس
1. خوندن و فهمیدن لغات متون تخصصی ریدینگ آکادمیک. در آیتلس و پی‌تی‌ای.
🆔 @EngStud #reading #IELTS #vocabulary #PTE #reading_skills
(صدا در ابتدا ضعیف است و از ثانیه 25 زیاد میشود)