RWFIB 449. Forgetting
✳️ Not to mention something #collocation
چه رسد به، حتی اگر ... را ذکر نکنیم، صرف نظر از، سواى ،گذشته از(اینکه)، قطع نظر از.
Cambridge Dictionary:
used when you want to emphasize something that you are adding to a list.
From Longman Dictionary:
used to introduce an additional thing that makes a situation even more difficult, surprising, interesting etc.

e.g.: I gave him a bonus, not to mention a better work schedule.
من بهش پاداش دادم, بماند که برنامه ی کاری بهتری هم دادم.

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RWFIB 448. Advertising's Aim
✳️ Shed light upon #idiom
روشنگری، برای افشای اطلاعات یا جزئیات مربوط به چیزی؛ برای روشن کردن یا کمک به مردم برای درک چیزی.
shed (some) light upon (something)
(idiomatic) Illuminate to the understanding; make intelligible; clarify or explain.
thefreedictionary.com :
To reveal information or details about something; to clarify or help people understand something. (A more formal version of "shed (some) light on something.")

e.g.: We've hired a private investigator to help shed light upon the clandestine dealings of the baron.
ما یک محقق خصوصی را استخدام کرده ایم تا بتواند در افشای جزئیات (اطلاعات) معاملات مخفی بارون به شما کمک کند.

#انگیزشی #موفقیت

RWFIB 456. Graduation gifts
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go by the wayside
صرفنظر کردن
To be discarded, ignored, rejected, or set aside in favor of other considerations or more urgent matters.
دور انداخته شود ، نادیده گرفته شود ، رد شود یا به نفع سایر ملاحظات یا موارد ضروری تر کنار گذاشته شود.
e.g.: With the war in the Middle East intensifying, the president's plan for environmental reform has increasingly gone by the wayside.

#vocabulary
♥️ a bibliophile (=someone who likes books) دوستدار کتاب

From Longman Dictionary
-phile /faɪl/ (also -phil) #suffix [in nouns]
someone who likes something دوستدار
an Anglophile (=someone who likes English or British things).
Photophile: A person who finds comfort in natural light.
Astrophile: A person who loves stars, astronomy.

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❌ Hydrophobia: fear of water
❌ Xenophobia: Extreme fear from strangers

From Longman Dictionary
-phobia /fəʊbiə $ foʊ-/ suffix [in nouns]
1 technical a strong unreasonable dislike or fear of something, which may be part of a mental illness ترس
claustrophobia (=fear of being in a small enclosed space) بیماری ترس از فضای تنگ ومحصور
aquaphobia (=fear of water)
2 a dislike or hatred of something تنفر
Anglophobia (=a dislike of English or British things)
technophobias

RWFIB 481. Martian winter
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hunker down
آماده شدن (پناه گرفتن برای شرایط دشوار مثل زمستان) معمولاً برای دستیابی به چیزی یا محافظت
From Longman Dictionary
1 to bend your knees so that you are sitting on your heels very close to the ground. SYN=squat.
2 to make yourself comfortable in a safe place, especially for a long time
برای اینکه خود را در یک مکان امن و به خصوص برای مدت طولانی راحت باشید
3 [informal] to prepare yourself for a difficult situation
خود را برای یک شرایط دشوار آماده کردن
e.g.: The leaders hunkered down at a country estate for difficult peace negotiations.

استرالیا (به انگلیسی: Australia) کشوری در نیمکره جنوبی است. پایتخت استرالیا شهر کانبرا است، شهری که در آن مجلس کشور و خانه فرماندار کل قرار دارد. او به صورت تشریفاتی و به نمایندگی الیزابت دوم ریاست دولت را در استرالیا به عهده دارد. در عمل نخست‌وزیر منتخب در کنار دولت و مجلس اداره کشور را در دست دارند. سیدنی و ملبورن دو شهر بزرگ استرالیا هستند. استرالیا از شش ایالت و دو سرزمین یا قلمرو (Territory) تشکیل شده‌است که اختیاراتشان کمتر از ایالت‌هاست. ایالت‌ها و قلمروهای استرالیا عبارت‌اند از:
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary
1. ایالت نیو ساوت ولز (NSW) یا ولز جنوبی جدید که مرکز آن سیدنی است.
2. ایالت کوئینزلند (QLD) که مرکز آن بریزبن است.
3. ایالت استرالیای جنوبی (SA) که مرکز آن آدلاید است.
4. ایالت تاسمانی (TAS) که جزیره‌ای است در جنوب شرقی سرزمین اصلی و مرکز آن هوبارت است.
5. ایالت ویکتوریا (VIC) که مرکز آن ملبورن است.
6. ایالت استرالیای غربی (WA) که مرکز آن پرت است.
7. قلمرو سرزمین شمالی (NT) که مرکز آن داروین است.
8. قلمرو پایتختی استرالیا (ACT) شامل شهر کانبرا و اطراف آن.

Australia, officially known as the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney. The country's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.
🆔 @EngStud #vocabulary
Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)—and two major mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT).

Australia generates its income from various sources, including mining-related exports, telecommunications, banking, manufacturing, and international education.

RWFIB 448. Advertising's Aim
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
Lord Kitchener Wants You is a 1914 advertisement by Alfred Leete which was developed into a recruitment poster. It depicted Lord Kitchener, the British Secretary of State for War, above the words "WANTS YOU". Kitchener, wearing the cap of a British Field Marshal, stares and points at the viewer calling them to enlist in the British Army against the Central Powers. The image is considered one of the most iconic and enduring images of World War
«لُرد کیچنر شما را میخواهد (فرامیخواند)» یک تبلیغات توسط آلفرد لیته در سال 1914 است که به یک پوستر استخدام تبدیل شده است. (در این پوستر) تصویر(عکس) این لرد کیچنر ، وزیر امور خارجه انگلیس در جنگ ، بالاتر از کلمات "WANTS YOU" به تصویر کشیده شده است. كیتچنر با كلاه كفی یك فیلد مارشال انگلیسی خیره شده و به تماشاچی اشاره می كند كه آنها را برای عضو شدن در ارتش انگلیس علیه قدرتهای مرکزی فرا می خواند. این تصویر یکی از شاخص ترین و ماندگارترین تصاویر جنگ جهانی اول در نظر گرفته می شود.

‍ Difference Between Contamination and Pollution

Most people use the terms contamination and pollution interchangeably as they both deal with unwanted elements.
The substances that cause pollution are termed as “pollutants” while those that lead to contamination are called “contaminants”. For instance, a waste material in a river may be called as a contaminant or a pollutant.
Another similarity is the remediation process. The clean-up steps for pollution are identical with that of contamination. Moreover, they are linked in a way that the introduction of harmful contaminants leads to pollution.
However, pollution is regarded with more negativity due to its more perilous impacts as compared to contamination. Indeed, these occurrences are interconnected and comparable; yet, they still have notable differences.

✳️ What is Contamination?

Contamination happens when an external material gets mixed with the original matter or area. For example, the mixture of ink with drinking water may already be termed as contamination. Contaminants may be chemical, biological, or radiological in nature.
Hence, they may be harmful or not. The following are various fields which are commonly particular regarding contamination: Chemistry,Radiology,Linguistics.

✳️ What is Pollution?
Pollution is particularly dealing with waste materials which harm our air, water, soil, and space. It occurs when the contaminants reach an alarming number. The following are the forms of pollution: Air, Water, Land, Light, Noise
The following are the two basic kinds of pollutants: Biodegradable, Non-biodegradable.
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✳️ Differences between Contamination and Pollution

1. Degree of Damage in Contamination vs Pollution
The degree of damage is typically higher among pollution cases as compared to contamination since pollutants often disturb ecosystems.

2. Environment in Contamination vs Pollution
Pollution is mostly associated with the environment whereas contamination may occur in a certain body or substance.

3. Source of Contamination and Pollution
Pollution is caused by man whereas contamination may be brought about by man or contaminants may be inherently present in the environment.

4. Form
Pollution can be due to chemical substances or energy such as light and sound. As for contamination, it is generally confined to substances.

RWFIB 491. Noiseless hunters
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
swoop down
فرود سریع و ناگهانی پرنده یا هواپیما، به ویژه برای حمله به چیزی
To rush quickly downward in an abrupt sweeping motion.
An owl swooped down on the rabbit.

Longman Dictionary
swoop /swuːp/ verb [intransitive]
1 if a bird or aircraft swoops, it moves suddenly down through the air, especially in order to attack something
The eagle hovered, ready to swoop at any moment.
swoop down/over/across etc
A helicopter suddenly swooped down.

RWFIB 505. Stream Plants And Animals
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE
"DIY"
("Do it yourself") is the method of building, modifying, or repairing things without the direct aid of experts or professionals. Academic research has described DIY as behaviors where "individuals engage raw and semi-raw materials and parts to produce, transform, or reconstruct material possessions, including those drawn from the natural environment (e.g., landscaping)
خودت انجام بده، اصطلاحی است که از دهه ۱۹۵۰ میلادی در برخی کشورهای غربی به ویژه ایالات متحده آمریکا رواج پیدا کرد و معنای آن تعمیر، اصلاح، ساختن یا انجام برخی کارهای فنی در خانه یا بیرون از خانه بدون کمک خواستن از متخصصان و استادکاران آن رشته‌است. امروزه در کشورهای یاد شده این شیوه رواج گسترده‌ای یافته‌است و رشته‌های گوناگونی را - بجز کارهایی که به دلیل حساسیت، تنها کارآزمودگان مجاز به انجام آن هستند - شامل می‌شود. در این روش علاوه بر صرفه‌جویی در هزینه‌ها و مصرف مواد اولیه، باعث پرورش استعدادهای فنی و پر شدن اوقات فراغت نیز می‌گردد.

‍ RWFIB 620. Sharing economic
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #listening #podcast
“Economics: supply and demand.”

That’s Father Guido Sarducci...

“That’s it.”

…sharing the entirety of the economics course at his Five-Minute-University. Of course, the market forces of supply and demand are supposed to be the main factors in setting the prices for goods and services. But marketing comes into play as well. Supply and demand have little to do with a seller’s decision to price an item at $19.99 instead of 20 bucks.

The psychological trick of seeing a one instead of a two at the front of a price, as in $19.99 versus $20 can work to increase sales. But Robert Schindler, professor of Marketing at Rutgers School of Business-Camden, says that in some cases, the penny saved isn’t worth it.

The $19.99 technique may actually backfire when a consumer is most concerned about quality, say, in a luxury item. The penny-lower price can then raise questions in the buyer’s mind about quality. According the Schindler, in those cases, the full, round non-99 price may send a signal of a better buy.

—Steve Mirsky

‍ RWFIB 10. Typewriters monkeys
🆔 @EngStud #reading #vocabulary #PTE #listening #podcast #retell_lecture
Infinite Monkey Theorem
This illustration often used is the one that the monkeys and the typewriters. Ok, we have a monkey sitting at a typewriter and the claim here is basically if you leave chance in time long enough you will get life, don't worry about it, yes, its's strange, yes, it's wonderful, but leave enough matter 600 million years on earth and you will have life. So, the monkey sitting at the typewriter the chances are eventually he produces the complete works of Shakespeare so what's the problem. So, there's no problem. There's no issue, right? You just leave it long enough and you'll find. And one key striker seconds, the monkey might well eventually get to you the complete works of Shakespeare but he doesn't manage to do it in 600 million years. So, what I decided to do is to run the numbers. I, instead of saying typing the complete work of Shakespeare, I just run the numbers for how long would it take a monkey typing one key striker a second. To type "to be or not to be that is the question'. Right? On average how long is it gonna take my monkey friend one keystroke a second. I don't know how you think it would be. Maybe you could have a guess. Would it be less or more than 600 million years, which is the period life on earth isn't supposed to have emerge within and when I run the numbers" to be or not to be is the question' takes 12.6 trillion trillion trillion years to type just that phrase and a DNA string has got as much as information the encyclopedia Britannica. Are we saying that something of that complexity emerges by chance undirected within 600 million years? Again, it's mathematically possible but it's so incredibly unlikely that it would have that it tilts me in favour of the Christian story in which God creating life, simply a question of saying let that be and there was.