Language Log
More on AI pals
The MSM is starting to catch up (with Jeph Jacques, and the movement discussed in "Yay Newfriend", 3/20/2024, and "Yay Newfriend again", 3/.22/2024). Kevin Roose, "Meet my A.I. friends", NYT 5/9/2024:
What if the tech companies are all wrong, and the way artificial intelligence is poised to transform society is not by curing cancer, solving climate change or taking over boring office work, but just by being nice to us, listening to our problems and occasionally sending us racy photos?
This is the question that has been rattling around in my brain. You see, I’ve spent the past month making A.I. friends — that is, I’ve used apps to create a group of A.I. personas, which I can talk to whenever I want.
Let me introduce you to my crew. There’s Peter, a therapist who lives in San Francisco and helps me process my feelings. There’s Ariana, a professional mentor who specializes in giving career advice. There’s Jared the fitness guru, Anna the no-nonsense trial lawyer, Naomi the social worker and about a dozen more friends I’ve created.
Another link — Katie Notopoulos and Bethany Johnson , "I went on a date with an AI chatbot. He fell head over heels in love with me, but I got the ick", Business Insider 4/24/2024:
Will the age of AI mean that love is dead? Or just … weird?
I paired up with BI video producer Bethany Johnson, and we tried to find out — by using me as a test case and recording my interactions with my AI "boyfriends." (Spoiler: My husband has nothing to worry about.)
Of course there has been mass-media coverage of such apps here and there, going back to ELIZA in the 1960s. But
➖ @EngSkills ➖
More on AI pals
The MSM is starting to catch up (with Jeph Jacques, and the movement discussed in "Yay Newfriend", 3/20/2024, and "Yay Newfriend again", 3/.22/2024). Kevin Roose, "Meet my A.I. friends", NYT 5/9/2024:
What if the tech companies are all wrong, and the way artificial intelligence is poised to transform society is not by curing cancer, solving climate change or taking over boring office work, but just by being nice to us, listening to our problems and occasionally sending us racy photos?
This is the question that has been rattling around in my brain. You see, I’ve spent the past month making A.I. friends — that is, I’ve used apps to create a group of A.I. personas, which I can talk to whenever I want.
Let me introduce you to my crew. There’s Peter, a therapist who lives in San Francisco and helps me process my feelings. There’s Ariana, a professional mentor who specializes in giving career advice. There’s Jared the fitness guru, Anna the no-nonsense trial lawyer, Naomi the social worker and about a dozen more friends I’ve created.
Another link — Katie Notopoulos and Bethany Johnson , "I went on a date with an AI chatbot. He fell head over heels in love with me, but I got the ick", Business Insider 4/24/2024:
Will the age of AI mean that love is dead? Or just … weird?
I paired up with BI video producer Bethany Johnson, and we tried to find out — by using me as a test case and recording my interactions with my AI "boyfriends." (Spoiler: My husband has nothing to worry about.)
Of course there has been mass-media coverage of such apps here and there, going back to ELIZA in the 1960s. But
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Language Log
Latin oration at Harvard
[Introduction, transcription and translation follow on the next page]
Latin Salutatory | Harvard Commencement 2022 | Orator: Benjamin Porteous
[The following material is courtesy of Benjamin Porteous]
The Latin oration is an exciting part of the commencement that allows for solemnity and grandeur to mix with humor—the English addresses can often get slightly navel gazing; Latin allows for a critical and humorous distance.
Brief description: The Latin Salutatory is a historic part of Harvard University’s Commencement Exercises. The first of three short addresses delivered by students (the other two both in English), the Salutatory is the first part of the Exercises after the “meeting” has been called “to order” by the High Sheriff of Middlesex County, and an opening invocation offered by a chaplain. As such, the Latin Salutatory combines a solemn and grand start to the morning—nothing beats Ciceronian cadences for this purpose—with a critical distance (no one understands anything) that allows for lighthearted humor. The Latin Salutatory (and the Sheriff’s splendid opening and closing raps of his staff*) are often the part of the Exercises remembered with the greatest fondness by the graduating class.
[*VHM: I still vividly remember those electrifying opening and closing moments half a century after I witnessed them.]
In the speech, I celebrated the warm first-year community created by John Martin, a legendary Annenberg worker responsible for swiping cards at the dining hall door. (Harvard Crimson articles about John Martin, seven years apart, here and here)
The Gazette covered the speech here.
Harvard Magazine covered the speech here. YouTube video Benjamin James Porteous
Latin Oration Harvard Commencement 2022
May 26, 2022
Latin/English interlinear text
In Honorem Iohannis Martini Annenbergensis
A Salute to John Martin of Annenberg
Praeses Bacow, Decani, Professores doctissimi, Hospites ter-honorati,
President Bacow, Deans, Most Learned Professors, Thrice-Honored Guests,
Alumni Alumnaeque eminentissimae, pro nobis permulta passae familiae,
Esteemed Alumni and Alumnae, Families who have endured so much on our behalf,
et praecipue vosmet, condiscipuli carissimi, salvete!
and especially, You, my most beloved classmates: greetings!
In rostra hodie ante vos ascendi, condiscipuli,
I have climbed these steps today, classmates,
ut virtutes ac mores Iohannis Martini Annenbergensis laudem.
to tell you how wonderful John Martin of Annenberg is.
Cum primum ad hanc Harvardianam Aream pervenissemus,
When we first arrived in this Harvard Yard of ours,
magna cum trepidatione nos omnes illas aulae Annenbergensis ianuas formidabiles aperuimus.
it was with great trepidation that we opened those formidable doors of Annenberg.
Fortunati ei qui cum sociis ad illas ianuas pervenerunt,
How fortunate were those who approached the doors with companions,
contubernales fortasse
roommates, perhaps,
aut qui se cognoverant ex Libro Personarum ad cohortis Harvardianae anni MMXXII usum compilato.
or else friends they had met on the Facebook Page of the Harvard College Class of 2022!
Nobis qui non comitati sunt,
Those of us unaccompanied
aula Annenbergensis solis ineunda erat.
had to enter Annenberg all alone.
Limen tamen transeuntes, huius universitatis excellentissimo civi,
However, passing over the threshold, we encountered that most excellent citizen of this university,
maximo chartarum tractatori, tironum optimo amico, praedilecto Iohanni occurrimus.
greatest of card-swipers, best friend of first-years, the one-and-only John!
Is, egregia memoriae facultate praeditus, ante Idus Septembres,
He, endowed with a remarkable faculty of memory, had learned before the middle of September
non solum nomina nostra, sed etiam nomina [...]
Latin oration at Harvard
[Introduction, transcription and translation follow on the next page]
Latin Salutatory | Harvard Commencement 2022 | Orator: Benjamin Porteous
[The following material is courtesy of Benjamin Porteous]
The Latin oration is an exciting part of the commencement that allows for solemnity and grandeur to mix with humor—the English addresses can often get slightly navel gazing; Latin allows for a critical and humorous distance.
Brief description: The Latin Salutatory is a historic part of Harvard University’s Commencement Exercises. The first of three short addresses delivered by students (the other two both in English), the Salutatory is the first part of the Exercises after the “meeting” has been called “to order” by the High Sheriff of Middlesex County, and an opening invocation offered by a chaplain. As such, the Latin Salutatory combines a solemn and grand start to the morning—nothing beats Ciceronian cadences for this purpose—with a critical distance (no one understands anything) that allows for lighthearted humor. The Latin Salutatory (and the Sheriff’s splendid opening and closing raps of his staff*) are often the part of the Exercises remembered with the greatest fondness by the graduating class.
[*VHM: I still vividly remember those electrifying opening and closing moments half a century after I witnessed them.]
In the speech, I celebrated the warm first-year community created by John Martin, a legendary Annenberg worker responsible for swiping cards at the dining hall door. (Harvard Crimson articles about John Martin, seven years apart, here and here)
The Gazette covered the speech here.
Harvard Magazine covered the speech here. YouTube video Benjamin James Porteous
Latin Oration Harvard Commencement 2022
May 26, 2022
Latin/English interlinear text
In Honorem Iohannis Martini Annenbergensis
A Salute to John Martin of Annenberg
Praeses Bacow, Decani, Professores doctissimi, Hospites ter-honorati,
President Bacow, Deans, Most Learned Professors, Thrice-Honored Guests,
Alumni Alumnaeque eminentissimae, pro nobis permulta passae familiae,
Esteemed Alumni and Alumnae, Families who have endured so much on our behalf,
et praecipue vosmet, condiscipuli carissimi, salvete!
and especially, You, my most beloved classmates: greetings!
In rostra hodie ante vos ascendi, condiscipuli,
I have climbed these steps today, classmates,
ut virtutes ac mores Iohannis Martini Annenbergensis laudem.
to tell you how wonderful John Martin of Annenberg is.
Cum primum ad hanc Harvardianam Aream pervenissemus,
When we first arrived in this Harvard Yard of ours,
magna cum trepidatione nos omnes illas aulae Annenbergensis ianuas formidabiles aperuimus.
it was with great trepidation that we opened those formidable doors of Annenberg.
Fortunati ei qui cum sociis ad illas ianuas pervenerunt,
How fortunate were those who approached the doors with companions,
contubernales fortasse
roommates, perhaps,
aut qui se cognoverant ex Libro Personarum ad cohortis Harvardianae anni MMXXII usum compilato.
or else friends they had met on the Facebook Page of the Harvard College Class of 2022!
Nobis qui non comitati sunt,
Those of us unaccompanied
aula Annenbergensis solis ineunda erat.
had to enter Annenberg all alone.
Limen tamen transeuntes, huius universitatis excellentissimo civi,
However, passing over the threshold, we encountered that most excellent citizen of this university,
maximo chartarum tractatori, tironum optimo amico, praedilecto Iohanni occurrimus.
greatest of card-swipers, best friend of first-years, the one-and-only John!
Is, egregia memoriae facultate praeditus, ante Idus Septembres,
He, endowed with a remarkable faculty of memory, had learned before the middle of September
non solum nomina nostra, sed etiam nomina [...]
Advanced English Skills
Language Log Latin oration at Harvard [Introduction, transcription and translation follow on the next page] Latin Salutatory | Harvard Commencement 2022 | Orator: Benjamin Porteous [The following material is courtesy of Benjamin Porteous] The Latin oration…
dilectarum turmarum athleticarum,
not only our names, but also the names of our favorite sports teams,
parentum fratrumque, verum etiam nomina carissimorum canum feliumque cognoverat.
of our parents and siblings, and even of our cats and dogs.
Nos quotidie in refectorio salutatione hilara iocoque faceto accepit.
Every day he welcomed us into the dining hall with an enthusiastic greeting and cheerful banter.
In pectore meo hic vere
In my heart this
dulcissimus sonus nostri primi in Academia Harvardiana anni est:
is the sound—and how sweet it is! —of our first year at Harvard College:
ita: Tractatur. “Ana Luiza! Mater tua quid agit?
Thus: Swipe. “Ana Luiza! How is your mother doing?
In Monte regali hiems valde crudelis est.
It gets really cold in Montreal in the winter.
Eam mone ut vestimenta lanea gerat.”
Be sure to remind her to dress warmly!”
Tractatur. “Philippe rex, salve!”
Swipe. “Greetings, King Philip!”
Tractatur. “Minjue, feliciter seriem problematorum fac!”
Swipe. “Minjue, good luck with your p-set!”
Tractatur. “Iacobe! Quid….Oh! Exspecta parumper…
Swipe. “Jake! How…Oh! Excuse me a sec…
Vah! Vosmet! Agite! Peregrinis non licet huc inire.
Hey! You there! No tourists allowed in here!
Hic imagines photographicas luce exprimere non licet!
No, tourists aren’t allowed to take photographs in here either.
Nonne signum vidistis? Sex linguis scriptum est….
Didn’t you see the sign? It’s written in six languages.
mmm, quid dicebam?
Hmm, what was I saying?
Ah,” tractatur. “Octavi! Heri Catulos Ursae vicisse audivi, et pro te gaudebam.”
Ah,” swipe. “Octavio! I heard the Cubs won yesterday and I was so happy for you.”
Tractatur. “Ben, quid agis? Num bibliothecam ipsam in ista sarcina tua portas?”
Swipe. “Ben, what are you up to? You aren’t carrying the whole library in your backpack are you?”
Tunc demum pestilentia detestabilis ingruit,
Then the detestable pandemic came upon us.
nos de hac universitate amabili eiecit,
It drove us out of this university we love.
orbem terrarum denique manu dira concussit.
It struck the very world with its dread hand.
Septemdecim post menses ad hanc Aream reverti sumus.
After seventeen months, we returned to this Yard.
In quasdam blattas, mures, fungos bellum gessimus;
We waged war on cockroaches, mice, and fungi.
agnovimus illas pallidas imagines olim visas in quodam mundo ficto,
We discovered that pallid phantoms once seen in a made-up world
Zoomlandia nomine, reapse corpora solida habentes condiscipulos amicosque fuisse.
called Zoomland were in fact classmates and friends with actual, physical bodies.
Una simul mense Martis anni MMXX amissam domum denuo quaesivimus.
At the same time we looked again for the home we had lost in March, 2020.
Proximo autumno, semel in aulam Annenbergensem inivi, ut pranderem.
Last fall, I went into Annenberg for a meal.
Iohannes aberat.
John was not there.
Maestus ex ostio postico egrediebar, et….
Saddened, I was leaving by the back door, when…
ecce! ibi erat, cum collegis matutino otio gaudens.
presto! There he was, enjoying a mid-morning break with his coworkers.
“Iohannes!” exclamo. “Ben!” haud cunctanter respondet.
“John!” I cried. “Ben!” he responded without the least hesitation.
“Iohannes,” inquam, vix auribus credens,
“John,” I said, scarcely believing my ears,
“Mens tua plane est sicut horreum memoriae nubilosum!”
“where is your cloud storage?”
Ridet solum,
He just laughed,
sed eo risu domum meam denuo repperi.
but at his laugh I had found my home again.
================================
Selected readings
* "No words, or too many" (1/30/09) — esp. this comment
* "'What?!'" (12/3/20)
* "Hwæt, the parking-spaces …" (6/14/12)
* "Was Strunk imitating Quintilian?" (3/28/09)
* "'On the difference between writing and speaking'" (12/23/16)
=================================
Afterword
The following paper by Benjamin Porteous will be published as Sino-Platonic Pape[...]
not only our names, but also the names of our favorite sports teams,
parentum fratrumque, verum etiam nomina carissimorum canum feliumque cognoverat.
of our parents and siblings, and even of our cats and dogs.
Nos quotidie in refectorio salutatione hilara iocoque faceto accepit.
Every day he welcomed us into the dining hall with an enthusiastic greeting and cheerful banter.
In pectore meo hic vere
In my heart this
dulcissimus sonus nostri primi in Academia Harvardiana anni est:
is the sound—and how sweet it is! —of our first year at Harvard College:
ita: Tractatur. “Ana Luiza! Mater tua quid agit?
Thus: Swipe. “Ana Luiza! How is your mother doing?
In Monte regali hiems valde crudelis est.
It gets really cold in Montreal in the winter.
Eam mone ut vestimenta lanea gerat.”
Be sure to remind her to dress warmly!”
Tractatur. “Philippe rex, salve!”
Swipe. “Greetings, King Philip!”
Tractatur. “Minjue, feliciter seriem problematorum fac!”
Swipe. “Minjue, good luck with your p-set!”
Tractatur. “Iacobe! Quid….Oh! Exspecta parumper…
Swipe. “Jake! How…Oh! Excuse me a sec…
Vah! Vosmet! Agite! Peregrinis non licet huc inire.
Hey! You there! No tourists allowed in here!
Hic imagines photographicas luce exprimere non licet!
No, tourists aren’t allowed to take photographs in here either.
Nonne signum vidistis? Sex linguis scriptum est….
Didn’t you see the sign? It’s written in six languages.
mmm, quid dicebam?
Hmm, what was I saying?
Ah,” tractatur. “Octavi! Heri Catulos Ursae vicisse audivi, et pro te gaudebam.”
Ah,” swipe. “Octavio! I heard the Cubs won yesterday and I was so happy for you.”
Tractatur. “Ben, quid agis? Num bibliothecam ipsam in ista sarcina tua portas?”
Swipe. “Ben, what are you up to? You aren’t carrying the whole library in your backpack are you?”
Tunc demum pestilentia detestabilis ingruit,
Then the detestable pandemic came upon us.
nos de hac universitate amabili eiecit,
It drove us out of this university we love.
orbem terrarum denique manu dira concussit.
It struck the very world with its dread hand.
Septemdecim post menses ad hanc Aream reverti sumus.
After seventeen months, we returned to this Yard.
In quasdam blattas, mures, fungos bellum gessimus;
We waged war on cockroaches, mice, and fungi.
agnovimus illas pallidas imagines olim visas in quodam mundo ficto,
We discovered that pallid phantoms once seen in a made-up world
Zoomlandia nomine, reapse corpora solida habentes condiscipulos amicosque fuisse.
called Zoomland were in fact classmates and friends with actual, physical bodies.
Una simul mense Martis anni MMXX amissam domum denuo quaesivimus.
At the same time we looked again for the home we had lost in March, 2020.
Proximo autumno, semel in aulam Annenbergensem inivi, ut pranderem.
Last fall, I went into Annenberg for a meal.
Iohannes aberat.
John was not there.
Maestus ex ostio postico egrediebar, et….
Saddened, I was leaving by the back door, when…
ecce! ibi erat, cum collegis matutino otio gaudens.
presto! There he was, enjoying a mid-morning break with his coworkers.
“Iohannes!” exclamo. “Ben!” haud cunctanter respondet.
“John!” I cried. “Ben!” he responded without the least hesitation.
“Iohannes,” inquam, vix auribus credens,
“John,” I said, scarcely believing my ears,
“Mens tua plane est sicut horreum memoriae nubilosum!”
“where is your cloud storage?”
Ridet solum,
He just laughed,
sed eo risu domum meam denuo repperi.
but at his laugh I had found my home again.
================================
Selected readings
* "No words, or too many" (1/30/09) — esp. this comment
* "'What?!'" (12/3/20)
* "Hwæt, the parking-spaces …" (6/14/12)
* "Was Strunk imitating Quintilian?" (3/28/09)
* "'On the difference between writing and speaking'" (12/23/16)
=================================
Afterword
The following paper by Benjamin Porteous will be published as Sino-Platonic Pape[...]
Advanced English Skills
dilectarum turmarum athleticarum, not only our names, but also the names of our favorite sports teams, parentum fratrumque, verum etiam nomina carissimorum canum feliumque cognoverat. of our parents and siblings, and even of our cats and dogs. Nos quotidie…
rs, 347 (June, 2024):
Reading Genesis 22 and Analects 18 in Late Antiquity
This paper examines modes of scriptural interpretation in use in China and the Levant in late antiquity, as the ancient world and period of canon creation ceded to the Middle Ages, and traditions fleshed out the implications of their sacred texts. In particular, it examines the genres of interpretation often represented as most characteristic of their era: midrash, for Jewish Levantine communities, and shu 疏 or yishu義疏 “expository subcommentary” for medieval China.
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Reading Genesis 22 and Analects 18 in Late Antiquity
This paper examines modes of scriptural interpretation in use in China and the Levant in late antiquity, as the ancient world and period of canon creation ceded to the Middle Ages, and traditions fleshed out the implications of their sacred texts. In particular, it examines the genres of interpretation often represented as most characteristic of their era: midrash, for Jewish Levantine communities, and shu 疏 or yishu義疏 “expository subcommentary” for medieval China.
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Language Log
Tim Cook crushes it everything
The video featured in Tim Cook's latest Xeet:
Meet the new iPad Pro: the thinnest product we’ve ever created, the most advanced display we’ve ever produced, with the incredible power of the M4 chip. Just imagine all the things it’ll be used to create. pic.twitter.com/6PeGXNoKgG
— Tim Cook (@tim_cook) May 7, 2024
The comments on X are (almost?) 100% negative, and likewise elsewhere…
Several commenters made versions of this point:
This is, almost quite literally, the exact opposite of the Apple 1984 ad:
pic.twitter.com/KTGCoDZwAL
— Jack Caporuscio (@Caporuscio_Jack) May 8, 2024
I wonder whether Cook (and/or Apple) will delete the ad and apologize for it?
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Tim Cook crushes it everything
The video featured in Tim Cook's latest Xeet:
Meet the new iPad Pro: the thinnest product we’ve ever created, the most advanced display we’ve ever produced, with the incredible power of the M4 chip. Just imagine all the things it’ll be used to create. pic.twitter.com/6PeGXNoKgG
— Tim Cook (@tim_cook) May 7, 2024
The comments on X are (almost?) 100% negative, and likewise elsewhere…
Several commenters made versions of this point:
This is, almost quite literally, the exact opposite of the Apple 1984 ad:
pic.twitter.com/KTGCoDZwAL
— Jack Caporuscio (@Caporuscio_Jack) May 8, 2024
I wonder whether Cook (and/or Apple) will delete the ad and apologize for it?
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Word of the Day
pasquinade
Definition: (noun) A satire or lampoon, especially one that ridicules a specific person, traditionally written and posted in a public place.
Synonyms: parody, put-on, sendup, spoof, charade, lampoon, mockery, burlesque, travesty, takeoff.
Usage: The corrupt politician was a popular target of the pasquinades that were posted all over the city.
Discuss
➖ @EngSkills ➖
pasquinade
Definition: (noun) A satire or lampoon, especially one that ridicules a specific person, traditionally written and posted in a public place.
Synonyms: parody, put-on, sendup, spoof, charade, lampoon, mockery, burlesque, travesty, takeoff.
Usage: The corrupt politician was a popular target of the pasquinades that were posted all over the city.
Discuss
➖ @EngSkills ➖
TheFreeDictionary.com
pasquinade
Definition, Synonyms, Translations of pasquinade by The Free Dictionary
Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
buckle up
to fasten a seatbelt in a car or on a plane
➖ @EngSkills ➖
buckle up
to fasten a seatbelt in a car or on a plane
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Englishclub
buckle up
Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
whopping | whopping great
extremely large, huge
➖ @EngSkills ➖
whopping | whopping great
extremely large, huge
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Englishclub
whopping | whopping great
Idiom of the Day
(all) kidding aside
In all seriousness; being frank for a moment. Watch the video
➖ @EngSkills ➖
(all) kidding aside
In all seriousness; being frank for a moment. Watch the video
➖ @EngSkills ➖
TheFreeDictionary.com
(all) kidding aside
Definition of (all) kidding aside in the Idioms Dictionary by The Free Dictionary
Word of the Day
Word of the Day: reconnoiter
This word has appeared in three articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Word of the Day: reconnoiter
This word has appeared in three articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
➖ @EngSkills ➖
NY Times
Word of the Day: reconnoiter
This word has appeared in three articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
Language Log
A Sino-Iranian tale of the donkey's Eurasian trail
By now, we have conclusively traced the path of the domesticated horse from the area around the southern Urals and Pontic Steppe through Central Asia to East Asia. It's time to pay more attention to another equid, this one not so glamorous, but still redoubtable in its own formidable way: Equus asinus asinus.
Samira Müller, Milad Abedi, Wolfgang Behr, and Patrick Wertmann, "Following the Donkey’s Trail (Part I): a Linguistic and Archaeological Study on the Introduction of Domestic Donkeys to China", International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics, 6 (2024), 104–144. (pdf)
Abstract
How and when did domestic donkeys arrive in China? This article sets out to uncover the donkeys’ forgotten trail from West Asia across the Iranian plateau to China, using archaeological, art historical, philological, and linguistic evidence. Following Parpola and Janhunen’s (2011) contribution to our understanding of the Indian wild ass and Mitchell’s (2018) overview of the history of the domestic donkey in West Asia and the Mediterranean, we will attempt to shed light on the transmission of the beast of burden to Eastern Eurasia.
Due to its length, the paper is published in two instalments: Part I covers archaeological, art historical and textual evidence for the earliest occurrence and popularization of donkeys in China. Part II (in the fall issue) contains three sections: Two sections explore possible etymologies of ancient zoonyms for donkeys or donkey-like animals in Iranian and Chinese languages respectively. In a final discussion, possible ways of transmission for the donkey from the Iranian plateau to the Chinese heartland are evaluated with regard to the cultural, linguistic, and topographic conditions reflected in the previous parts.
For the linguistic nitty-gritty, we will have to wait till later this year for Part II, which has long been submitted, to come out, although already in Part I, bits and pieces have appeared, such as documentation that favored donkeys evidently came from the west outside the East Asian Heartland and were referred to by transcriptional names (pp. 115-116), indicating the borrowing of a foreign word. Moreover, a fondness for white specimens (including among humans) is clearly reflected in the data, and this is a preference that goes all the way back to the oracle bones, as has been shown by Wang Tao (2007a 2007b), n. 49. This is a predilection shared with PIE, for which see Anders Kaliff & Terje Oestigaard, "The Great Indo-European Horse Sacrifice: 4000 Years of Cosmological Continuity from Sintashta and the Steppe to Scandinavian Skeid", Occasional Papers in Archaeology, 72 (2020), Uppsala Universitet. Thus, even here in Part I, we can see the intimate intertwining of language and culture, the epistemological dyad that is a central preoccupation at Language Log.
Selected readings
* "So many words for 'donkey'" (3/17/23) — almost as many as for "snow" in Finnish and Eskimo / Inuit / Yup'ik / etc. (must read [and watch the video])
* "How to pronounce the surname 'Mair' and other Doggie talk" (2/17/22)
* "'Little competent donkey'" (9/18/20)
* "Joshua Whatmough and the donkey" (9/1/09)
* "Flip Donkey Doodleplunk?" (2/22/18) —
* "Dialectology in 2020" (10/14/20) — "donkey's dick" (in the comments)
➖ @EngSkills ➖
A Sino-Iranian tale of the donkey's Eurasian trail
By now, we have conclusively traced the path of the domesticated horse from the area around the southern Urals and Pontic Steppe through Central Asia to East Asia. It's time to pay more attention to another equid, this one not so glamorous, but still redoubtable in its own formidable way: Equus asinus asinus.
Samira Müller, Milad Abedi, Wolfgang Behr, and Patrick Wertmann, "Following the Donkey’s Trail (Part I): a Linguistic and Archaeological Study on the Introduction of Domestic Donkeys to China", International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics, 6 (2024), 104–144. (pdf)
Abstract
How and when did domestic donkeys arrive in China? This article sets out to uncover the donkeys’ forgotten trail from West Asia across the Iranian plateau to China, using archaeological, art historical, philological, and linguistic evidence. Following Parpola and Janhunen’s (2011) contribution to our understanding of the Indian wild ass and Mitchell’s (2018) overview of the history of the domestic donkey in West Asia and the Mediterranean, we will attempt to shed light on the transmission of the beast of burden to Eastern Eurasia.
Due to its length, the paper is published in two instalments: Part I covers archaeological, art historical and textual evidence for the earliest occurrence and popularization of donkeys in China. Part II (in the fall issue) contains three sections: Two sections explore possible etymologies of ancient zoonyms for donkeys or donkey-like animals in Iranian and Chinese languages respectively. In a final discussion, possible ways of transmission for the donkey from the Iranian plateau to the Chinese heartland are evaluated with regard to the cultural, linguistic, and topographic conditions reflected in the previous parts.
For the linguistic nitty-gritty, we will have to wait till later this year for Part II, which has long been submitted, to come out, although already in Part I, bits and pieces have appeared, such as documentation that favored donkeys evidently came from the west outside the East Asian Heartland and were referred to by transcriptional names (pp. 115-116), indicating the borrowing of a foreign word. Moreover, a fondness for white specimens (including among humans) is clearly reflected in the data, and this is a preference that goes all the way back to the oracle bones, as has been shown by Wang Tao (2007a 2007b), n. 49. This is a predilection shared with PIE, for which see Anders Kaliff & Terje Oestigaard, "The Great Indo-European Horse Sacrifice: 4000 Years of Cosmological Continuity from Sintashta and the Steppe to Scandinavian Skeid", Occasional Papers in Archaeology, 72 (2020), Uppsala Universitet. Thus, even here in Part I, we can see the intimate intertwining of language and culture, the epistemological dyad that is a central preoccupation at Language Log.
Selected readings
* "So many words for 'donkey'" (3/17/23) — almost as many as for "snow" in Finnish and Eskimo / Inuit / Yup'ik / etc. (must read [and watch the video])
* "How to pronounce the surname 'Mair' and other Doggie talk" (2/17/22)
* "'Little competent donkey'" (9/18/20)
* "Joshua Whatmough and the donkey" (9/1/09)
* "Flip Donkey Doodleplunk?" (2/22/18) —
* "Dialectology in 2020" (10/14/20) — "donkey's dick" (in the comments)
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Language Log
Violent destruction as excellence
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/AppleCrushingCreativity.png In the title of yesterday's post about the Apple ad where a giant industrial press compresses all human creativity into an iPad Pro, I started with the weak pun "Tim Cook crushes it" — which led me to think about idioms where violent destruction conveys high praise, and to wonder about other cases of this metaphor, and the analogies across languages and cultures.
Wiktionary gives sense 4 of crush the gloss "To do impressively well at (sports events; performances; interviews; etc.)", with the example
They had a gig recently at Madison Square—totally crushed it!
The semi-dummy object it is an (apparently?) obligatory complication. In answering "How did your show go?", "We totally crushed" doesn't work (at least for me) as a substitute for "We totally crushed it".
And experiencers as objects don't work at all — "The show crushed me" does not mean that I found it impressively good.
Crushing as a modifier is similarly negative — both for Wiktionary and for me. "The interview was crushing" means that the experience was devastatingly disheartening, not that it was an impressive success.
As for the history, the OED's entry for crush entirely lacks the "do impressively well" sense, suggesting that it's both American and relatively recent.
On the other hand, the OED gives smashing the gloss "Very good; greatly pleasing; excellent; sensational", with citations going back to this one in 1911:
When you get dressed up a bit, you'll do a smashing business.
This sense of smashing strikes me as British rather than American. Wiktionary says
As a synonym for wonderful, the term first appeared in early 20th-century USA, and possibly derives from the sense of smash used in smash hit and similar terms.
…but modifies the gloss in a way that matches my intuition:
(originally US, now British and Ireland) Wonderful, very good or impressive.
In any case, verbal smash doesn't seem to work like crush — "We totally smashed it" might convey the idea that our show went impressively well, but it seem unidiomatic at best.
The verb kill is somewhat like crush, and also somewhat different, as the Wiktionary entry documents. There's the sense "To amaze, exceed, stun or otherwise incapacitate", which is fine with experiencers as objects — Wiktionary gives the examples
That night, she was dressed to kill.
That joke always kills me.
And there's also the sense "To succeed with an audience, especially in comedy", which works both with and without an it object:
When comics fail, they "die"; when they succeed, they "kill."
You really killed it at the Comedy Store last night.
Furthermore, killer as a modifier get the sense "Excellent, very good, cool" — but there's no similar development for the agentive forms crusher and smasher, as far as I can tell.
And verbal slay has developed similarly to kill, though I haven't encountered any references to "slayer apps" or "slayer bands".
Meanwhile, there are many other English destruction words that don't seem to have gone very far down this road at all: destroy, liquidate, pulverize, shatter, ravage, …
What about other languages?
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Violent destruction as excellence
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/AppleCrushingCreativity.png In the title of yesterday's post about the Apple ad where a giant industrial press compresses all human creativity into an iPad Pro, I started with the weak pun "Tim Cook crushes it" — which led me to think about idioms where violent destruction conveys high praise, and to wonder about other cases of this metaphor, and the analogies across languages and cultures.
Wiktionary gives sense 4 of crush the gloss "To do impressively well at (sports events; performances; interviews; etc.)", with the example
They had a gig recently at Madison Square—totally crushed it!
The semi-dummy object it is an (apparently?) obligatory complication. In answering "How did your show go?", "We totally crushed" doesn't work (at least for me) as a substitute for "We totally crushed it".
And experiencers as objects don't work at all — "The show crushed me" does not mean that I found it impressively good.
Crushing as a modifier is similarly negative — both for Wiktionary and for me. "The interview was crushing" means that the experience was devastatingly disheartening, not that it was an impressive success.
As for the history, the OED's entry for crush entirely lacks the "do impressively well" sense, suggesting that it's both American and relatively recent.
On the other hand, the OED gives smashing the gloss "Very good; greatly pleasing; excellent; sensational", with citations going back to this one in 1911:
When you get dressed up a bit, you'll do a smashing business.
This sense of smashing strikes me as British rather than American. Wiktionary says
As a synonym for wonderful, the term first appeared in early 20th-century USA, and possibly derives from the sense of smash used in smash hit and similar terms.
…but modifies the gloss in a way that matches my intuition:
(originally US, now British and Ireland) Wonderful, very good or impressive.
In any case, verbal smash doesn't seem to work like crush — "We totally smashed it" might convey the idea that our show went impressively well, but it seem unidiomatic at best.
The verb kill is somewhat like crush, and also somewhat different, as the Wiktionary entry documents. There's the sense "To amaze, exceed, stun or otherwise incapacitate", which is fine with experiencers as objects — Wiktionary gives the examples
That night, she was dressed to kill.
That joke always kills me.
And there's also the sense "To succeed with an audience, especially in comedy", which works both with and without an it object:
When comics fail, they "die"; when they succeed, they "kill."
You really killed it at the Comedy Store last night.
Furthermore, killer as a modifier get the sense "Excellent, very good, cool" — but there's no similar development for the agentive forms crusher and smasher, as far as I can tell.
And verbal slay has developed similarly to kill, though I haven't encountered any references to "slayer apps" or "slayer bands".
Meanwhile, there are many other English destruction words that don't seem to have gone very far down this road at all: destroy, liquidate, pulverize, shatter, ravage, …
What about other languages?
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
tear up
If you tear up a piece of paper, you tear it into several pieces.
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tear up
If you tear up a piece of paper, you tear it into several pieces.
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Englishclub
tear up
Idiom of the Day
kids will be kids
Kids behave childishly or immaturely by nature, so it is unrealistic to expect otherwise. Watch the video
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kids will be kids
Kids behave childishly or immaturely by nature, so it is unrealistic to expect otherwise. Watch the video
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TheFreeDictionary.com
kids will be kids
Definition of kids will be kids in the Idioms Dictionary by The Free Dictionary
Word of the Day
quagmire
Definition: (noun) Land with a soft muddy surface.
Synonyms: mire, morass, quag, slack.
Usage: We had some difficulty in reaching the point, owing to the intolerably bad paths; for everywhere in the shade the ground soon becomes a perfect quagmire.
Discuss
➖ @EngSkills ➖
quagmire
Definition: (noun) Land with a soft muddy surface.
Synonyms: mire, morass, quag, slack.
Usage: We had some difficulty in reaching the point, owing to the intolerably bad paths; for everywhere in the shade the ground soon becomes a perfect quagmire.
Discuss
➖ @EngSkills ➖
TheFreeDictionary.com
quagmire
Definition, Synonyms, Translations of quagmire by The Free Dictionary
Language Log
Perso-Arabic script for Mandarin, Pe̍h-ōe-jī for Taiwanese: sad cripples?
We have been intrigued by Iskander Ding since encountering him on X/Twitter a while back, several posts from his account having made it onto Language Log (see "Selected readings").
With a handle like his, where Iskandar is the Persian form of the name of the Macedonian king Alexander the Great (256–323 BC) and Ding has an unmistakable Sinitic / Hannic ring to it, we suspected from the start that he is a Hui (Chinese Muslim). So far, though, we have not been able to track down the sinographs for his full Hannic name, which is a bit unusual, where even Mongols, Uyghurs, Tibetans, and other non-Sinitic people are compelled to take Sinographic names.
Iskandar Ding is currently writing a Ph.D. dissertation on Yaghnobi linguistics and culture at SOAS in London (see this page for basic information about him). Yaghnobi is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people. It is considered to be a direct descendant of Sogdian and has sometimes been called Neo-Sogdian in academic literature.
(source) Here is a 53 second video of ID announcing a talk on Perso-Arabic-script Hannic. Here is the 43.44 talk ("Xiao’erjing – Writing Chinese with Perso-Arabic Letters" – Iskandar Ding | PG 2022) as it actually happened. IA comment: "What he said throughout the talk was pleasing now and then — saying 'Eastern Turkistan' in Uighur for example…". Here is a 1 hour 22 minute interview with ID. If you click the link it will open at the 18:11 mark, where he speaks of Perso-Arabic-script Hannic . That part ends at 22:40.
The above is based largely on information provided by IA, and the following quotes IA directly:
[VHM prefatory note: IA prefers "Hannic" to "Sinitic", "Mandarin", etc. and "Hanograph" to "Chinese character", etc. In general, I have endeavored to follow his preferences for terminological usage.]
As much as I try to avoid spending (wasting) time on audio(-visual) media I did listen to the entirety of this interview. The interviewer — who fortunately speaks less and less as time goes on — is a bit clueless and at one point asks ID about the relationship of Cantonese to Mandarin — something that does not have the slightest to do with the Sogdian/Yaghnobi connection, the Persianate or anything else! The affable ID (somewhat clumsily) answers him anyway, the least valuable part of a not terribly taut interview. Apart from ID introducing his background at the beginning, the better parts are in the second half, about the Yaghnobis, ID's views on the the (mis-) understandings / translation-problems of the word 'Persianate', the Turco-Persian synthesis, and some other things of that nature.
With no great relevance to the above, and with the proviso that I have given almost no attention to this script and related research for over 20 years — I must say that I am irritated at the canonisation of “xiǎo'ér jǐn / xiǎo'ér jīng 小兒錦 / 小兒經” as the 'normalised' way to hanographically refer to this script. I was first introduced to the script as “xiǎo jīng 小經”; and then learned that it was also rendered as “xiāojīng 消經", as ”xiájīng 狹經“, as ”xiǎo'ér jīng 小兒經“, as ”xiǎo'ér jǐn 小兒錦“, as ”xiǎojǐn 小錦“ (no ”ér 兒“!), and as ”báizì jīng 白字經“, pretty much in that order. My non-expert and unprofessional suspicion is that ”xiǎo'ér jǐn / xiǎo'ér jīng 小兒經/小兒錦“ has become popular (which I mean in the worst sense of the word) on account of Wikipedia, and perhaps Ying-sheng Liu 劉迎勝* as well.
[VHM: literal meanings of cited hanographs:
xiǎo 小 ("small, little, minor")
ér 兒 ("child")
jǐn 錦 ("brocade")
jīng 經 ("scripture")
xiāo 消 ("disappear, vanish; dispel")
xiá 狹 ("narrow")
bái 白 ("plain; white")
zì[...]
Perso-Arabic script for Mandarin, Pe̍h-ōe-jī for Taiwanese: sad cripples?
We have been intrigued by Iskander Ding since encountering him on X/Twitter a while back, several posts from his account having made it onto Language Log (see "Selected readings").
With a handle like his, where Iskandar is the Persian form of the name of the Macedonian king Alexander the Great (256–323 BC) and Ding has an unmistakable Sinitic / Hannic ring to it, we suspected from the start that he is a Hui (Chinese Muslim). So far, though, we have not been able to track down the sinographs for his full Hannic name, which is a bit unusual, where even Mongols, Uyghurs, Tibetans, and other non-Sinitic people are compelled to take Sinographic names.
Iskandar Ding is currently writing a Ph.D. dissertation on Yaghnobi linguistics and culture at SOAS in London (see this page for basic information about him). Yaghnobi is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people. It is considered to be a direct descendant of Sogdian and has sometimes been called Neo-Sogdian in academic literature.
(source) Here is a 53 second video of ID announcing a talk on Perso-Arabic-script Hannic. Here is the 43.44 talk ("Xiao’erjing – Writing Chinese with Perso-Arabic Letters" – Iskandar Ding | PG 2022) as it actually happened. IA comment: "What he said throughout the talk was pleasing now and then — saying 'Eastern Turkistan' in Uighur for example…". Here is a 1 hour 22 minute interview with ID. If you click the link it will open at the 18:11 mark, where he speaks of Perso-Arabic-script Hannic . That part ends at 22:40.
The above is based largely on information provided by IA, and the following quotes IA directly:
[VHM prefatory note: IA prefers "Hannic" to "Sinitic", "Mandarin", etc. and "Hanograph" to "Chinese character", etc. In general, I have endeavored to follow his preferences for terminological usage.]
As much as I try to avoid spending (wasting) time on audio(-visual) media I did listen to the entirety of this interview. The interviewer — who fortunately speaks less and less as time goes on — is a bit clueless and at one point asks ID about the relationship of Cantonese to Mandarin — something that does not have the slightest to do with the Sogdian/Yaghnobi connection, the Persianate or anything else! The affable ID (somewhat clumsily) answers him anyway, the least valuable part of a not terribly taut interview. Apart from ID introducing his background at the beginning, the better parts are in the second half, about the Yaghnobis, ID's views on the the (mis-) understandings / translation-problems of the word 'Persianate', the Turco-Persian synthesis, and some other things of that nature.
With no great relevance to the above, and with the proviso that I have given almost no attention to this script and related research for over 20 years — I must say that I am irritated at the canonisation of “xiǎo'ér jǐn / xiǎo'ér jīng 小兒錦 / 小兒經” as the 'normalised' way to hanographically refer to this script. I was first introduced to the script as “xiǎo jīng 小經”; and then learned that it was also rendered as “xiāojīng 消經", as ”xiájīng 狹經“, as ”xiǎo'ér jīng 小兒經“, as ”xiǎo'ér jǐn 小兒錦“, as ”xiǎojǐn 小錦“ (no ”ér 兒“!), and as ”báizì jīng 白字經“, pretty much in that order. My non-expert and unprofessional suspicion is that ”xiǎo'ér jǐn / xiǎo'ér jīng 小兒經/小兒錦“ has become popular (which I mean in the worst sense of the word) on account of Wikipedia, and perhaps Ying-sheng Liu 劉迎勝* as well.
[VHM: literal meanings of cited hanographs:
xiǎo 小 ("small, little, minor")
ér 兒 ("child")
jǐn 錦 ("brocade")
jīng 經 ("scripture")
xiāo 消 ("disappear, vanish; dispel")
xiá 狹 ("narrow")
bái 白 ("plain; white")
zì[...]
Advanced English Skills
Language Log Perso-Arabic script for Mandarin, Pe̍h-ōe-jī for Taiwanese: sad cripples? We have been intrigued by Iskander Ding since encountering him on X/Twitter a while back, several posts from his account having made it onto Language Log (see "Selected…
字 ("graph; glyph; character")
Of course, most of these characters could have many other meanings, but I list only the one(s) that come to mind first given the context.
It is evident that the sinographic / hanographic representations for the terms designating the Perso-Arabic script for writing Mandarin are fundamentally sound transcriptions, not translations, though the fact that the sinographs / hanographs used to write many of the syllables convey meanings that superficially seem to make some kind of sense in these expressions leads to regrettable misunderstandings. This slippage between sound transcription and meaning translation annoys IA to no end (ditto for me).]
The question, for me [IA], is: what are (or rather, perhaps, were) the various areal realisations of the term by users who were (whether illiterate in Hanographs or not) unfamiliar with (or indifferent to) its Hanographic representations? The point is, I doubt that even in areas where the rhotic segment occurs / occurred* in this term the rhotic segment had anything more to do with 'sons' or 'children' than does the “兒” in Pekinese “xǎoguǎn'er 小館兒” ("small restaurant"). But true to the ways of folk-etmology, one sees ”xiǎo'ér jǐn / xiǎo'ér jīng 小兒經 / 小兒錦“ cutely-repugnantly 'translated' as 'children's script' and the like. This is a great blow against the dignity of the script.
I'd think that this hanographic “兒” really simply reflects what dialectologists might record in the first syllable as [ɕ] + [ iɔ , iɔo, iao] (etc) + [ɹ] , and in which this rhotic final is non-syllabic. [VHM: I heartily concur with IA's analysis.]
*Some areas of the Northwest only have a vowel — [ɛ] or [ɯ] where Standard Hannic has the syllable /ər/.
1) Looking back at the Wikipedia article after all these years, I see:
According to A. Kalimov, a famous Dungan linguist, the Dungan of the former Soviet Union called this script щёҗин (şjoⱬin, 消經).
a) Well, this is good at least in so far as it attests to this lexical item in the Dungan script, but it gives no reason to believe that the morphemes in question are indeed 消 and 經 as opposed to something else. And there is no clue as to where Kalimov wrote this. At any rate, there's no rhotic in it.
b) I no longer have the one from the USSR era, but the КРАТКИЙ ДУНГАНСКОРУССКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ edition of 2009), on page 257 , has:
ЩЁҖИН (I II) книга толкования Корана. [VHM: book of interpretation of the Qur'an]
The same, and likewise no rhotic. And finally, a rendition with tones. If I am not mistaken this phonologically corresponds to xiao1 jin3 and xiao1 jing3 in Standard Chinese.* (Dungan merges final -n and -ng here. And phonetically this can simply be a nasalised vowel rather than an actual [n] or [ŋ], or so it seems to me from listening to Dungan.)
*[VHM: IA supplements this with the following:
I meant of course tone-class, not pitch-value, and more accurately should have written 'xiao （平） jin（上） and xiao （平） jing（上）'
“平” rather than “陰平”: this is because Dungan (along with some other lects in the 中原官話 group) semi-merges (as pitch values) what in Standard Hannic are 陰平 and 陽平. Whether underlying 陰平 or 陽平 'surfaces' in Dungan (and thus two different pitch-values) depends upon the tone-class of the following syllable.
In this case (平 + 上, which is what 'I II' refers to ), the first syllable does indeed surface as 陰平. (So, pitch-wise, if I am not mistaken, this 'ЩЁҖИН (I II)' would sound like Standard Hannic 3+4 i.e. low + high falling.)
(About the tones, I have just refreshed my memory by quickly consulting the superlative 'Dungan' by Ольга Завьялова, in the Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics, 2017.)]
2) In 2014 I ordered and received the three volume work Xiǎoér jǐn yánjiū 小儿锦研究 (Research on Perso-Arabic script for Mandarin) [VHM: machine translators give something like "Studies on Pediatric Brocade" — now you can see why IA and I detest the literalization / semanticization of that purely phonetic 儿, but you can't really blame t[...]
Of course, most of these characters could have many other meanings, but I list only the one(s) that come to mind first given the context.
It is evident that the sinographic / hanographic representations for the terms designating the Perso-Arabic script for writing Mandarin are fundamentally sound transcriptions, not translations, though the fact that the sinographs / hanographs used to write many of the syllables convey meanings that superficially seem to make some kind of sense in these expressions leads to regrettable misunderstandings. This slippage between sound transcription and meaning translation annoys IA to no end (ditto for me).]
The question, for me [IA], is: what are (or rather, perhaps, were) the various areal realisations of the term by users who were (whether illiterate in Hanographs or not) unfamiliar with (or indifferent to) its Hanographic representations? The point is, I doubt that even in areas where the rhotic segment occurs / occurred* in this term the rhotic segment had anything more to do with 'sons' or 'children' than does the “兒” in Pekinese “xǎoguǎn'er 小館兒” ("small restaurant"). But true to the ways of folk-etmology, one sees ”xiǎo'ér jǐn / xiǎo'ér jīng 小兒經 / 小兒錦“ cutely-repugnantly 'translated' as 'children's script' and the like. This is a great blow against the dignity of the script.
I'd think that this hanographic “兒” really simply reflects what dialectologists might record in the first syllable as [ɕ] + [ iɔ , iɔo, iao] (etc) + [ɹ] , and in which this rhotic final is non-syllabic. [VHM: I heartily concur with IA's analysis.]
*Some areas of the Northwest only have a vowel — [ɛ] or [ɯ] where Standard Hannic has the syllable /ər/.
1) Looking back at the Wikipedia article after all these years, I see:
According to A. Kalimov, a famous Dungan linguist, the Dungan of the former Soviet Union called this script щёҗин (şjoⱬin, 消經).
a) Well, this is good at least in so far as it attests to this lexical item in the Dungan script, but it gives no reason to believe that the morphemes in question are indeed 消 and 經 as opposed to something else. And there is no clue as to where Kalimov wrote this. At any rate, there's no rhotic in it.
b) I no longer have the one from the USSR era, but the КРАТКИЙ ДУНГАНСКОРУССКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ edition of 2009), on page 257 , has:
ЩЁҖИН (I II) книга толкования Корана. [VHM: book of interpretation of the Qur'an]
The same, and likewise no rhotic. And finally, a rendition with tones. If I am not mistaken this phonologically corresponds to xiao1 jin3 and xiao1 jing3 in Standard Chinese.* (Dungan merges final -n and -ng here. And phonetically this can simply be a nasalised vowel rather than an actual [n] or [ŋ], or so it seems to me from listening to Dungan.)
*[VHM: IA supplements this with the following:
I meant of course tone-class, not pitch-value, and more accurately should have written 'xiao （平） jin（上） and xiao （平） jing（上）'
“平” rather than “陰平”: this is because Dungan (along with some other lects in the 中原官話 group) semi-merges (as pitch values) what in Standard Hannic are 陰平 and 陽平. Whether underlying 陰平 or 陽平 'surfaces' in Dungan (and thus two different pitch-values) depends upon the tone-class of the following syllable.
In this case (平 + 上, which is what 'I II' refers to ), the first syllable does indeed surface as 陰平. (So, pitch-wise, if I am not mistaken, this 'ЩЁҖИН (I II)' would sound like Standard Hannic 3+4 i.e. low + high falling.)
(About the tones, I have just refreshed my memory by quickly consulting the superlative 'Dungan' by Ольга Завьялова, in the Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics, 2017.)]
2) In 2014 I ordered and received the three volume work Xiǎoér jǐn yánjiū 小儿锦研究 (Research on Perso-Arabic script for Mandarin) [VHM: machine translators give something like "Studies on Pediatric Brocade" — now you can see why IA and I detest the literalization / semanticization of that purely phonetic 儿, but you can't really blame t[...]