Second stage / Grammar / Lecture 1
Topic: Immediate constituents
Previously we dealt with the four sorts of morphemes_ bases, prefixes, in fixes, and suffixes_ of which words are composed. Now we shall see how these are put together to build the structure that we call a word.
A word of one morpheme has of course one unitary.
EXAMPLES:
Blaze ( this word consists of one part)
Street ( also one part)
A word of two morphemes like cheerful is composed of two parts,
(see the examples in your book page 104 _ 105)
But a word of three or more morphemes is not made up of a string of individual parts: it is built with a hierarchy of twosomes. The word “gentlemanly” for example, has three morphemes. The morphemes “man” and “ly” can be combined to form “manly” and that “gentle” and “manly” are combined to give the word “gentlemanly”. The meaning of “gentlemanly” does not seem to be composed of the meanings of its two parts “gentle” and “manly”. So we reject this possibility. The second possibility is as follows: “gentle” and “man” are put together to give “gentleman”. The word “gentle”, as we know, means “distinguished” or “belonging to a high social station”. Thus we can say that “gentleman” is a composite of those of its two constituents. Then we can add “-ly”, meaning “like” and the result will be “gentlemanly”, with the meaning of like a gentleman.
The notion of immediate constituents is based on the idea of analyzing or dividing words into two parts of which it seems to have been composed. Thus
Gentleman | ly .
Following the same way, we can cut every part into two more until we have reduced the word to its ultimate constituents and consequently, show the layers of structure by which a word has been composed. Thus
(Gentle | man | ly) is a word which consists of two immediate constituents “gentleman” and “-ly”, and furthermore, “gentleman” represents a layer of structure which consists of two immediate constituents “gentle” and “man”. We can say finally that “gentlemanly” is a word that has three morphemes and two layers of structure. Each layer of structure represents a part of that word which has two immediate constituents.
In doing word diagrams to show layers of structure, we make successive divisions into two parts each of which is called an immediate constituent, abbreviated IC.
The following are three recommendations on IC division that will help you:
1. If a word ends in an inflectional suffix, the first cut is between this suffix and the rest of the word: treatment | s .
2. One of the IC’s should, if possible, a free morpheme: engage | ing .
3. The meanings of the IC’s should be related to the meaning of the word. It would be wrong to cut “starchy” like this: star | chy .
Topic: Immediate constituents
Previously we dealt with the four sorts of morphemes_ bases, prefixes, in fixes, and suffixes_ of which words are composed. Now we shall see how these are put together to build the structure that we call a word.
A word of one morpheme has of course one unitary.
EXAMPLES:
Blaze ( this word consists of one part)
Street ( also one part)
A word of two morphemes like cheerful is composed of two parts,
(see the examples in your book page 104 _ 105)
But a word of three or more morphemes is not made up of a string of individual parts: it is built with a hierarchy of twosomes. The word “gentlemanly” for example, has three morphemes. The morphemes “man” and “ly” can be combined to form “manly” and that “gentle” and “manly” are combined to give the word “gentlemanly”. The meaning of “gentlemanly” does not seem to be composed of the meanings of its two parts “gentle” and “manly”. So we reject this possibility. The second possibility is as follows: “gentle” and “man” are put together to give “gentleman”. The word “gentle”, as we know, means “distinguished” or “belonging to a high social station”. Thus we can say that “gentleman” is a composite of those of its two constituents. Then we can add “-ly”, meaning “like” and the result will be “gentlemanly”, with the meaning of like a gentleman.
The notion of immediate constituents is based on the idea of analyzing or dividing words into two parts of which it seems to have been composed. Thus
Gentleman | ly .
Following the same way, we can cut every part into two more until we have reduced the word to its ultimate constituents and consequently, show the layers of structure by which a word has been composed. Thus
(Gentle | man | ly) is a word which consists of two immediate constituents “gentleman” and “-ly”, and furthermore, “gentleman” represents a layer of structure which consists of two immediate constituents “gentle” and “man”. We can say finally that “gentlemanly” is a word that has three morphemes and two layers of structure. Each layer of structure represents a part of that word which has two immediate constituents.
In doing word diagrams to show layers of structure, we make successive divisions into two parts each of which is called an immediate constituent, abbreviated IC.
The following are three recommendations on IC division that will help you:
1. If a word ends in an inflectional suffix, the first cut is between this suffix and the rest of the word: treatment | s .
2. One of the IC’s should, if possible, a free morpheme: engage | ing .
3. The meanings of the IC’s should be related to the meaning of the word. It would be wrong to cut “starchy” like this: star | chy .
#هام | خلية الازمة في العراق تعلن تمديد تعطيل الدوام وفرض حظر التجوال في عموم البلاد حتى اشعار اخر
كشف قسم الصحة العامة عن تمديد حظر التجوال الصحي في عموم العراق إلى إشعار آخر بعد اجتماع لخلية الأزمة عقد اليوم لحد من تفشي كورونا .
:
كشف قسم الصحة العامة عن تمديد حظر التجوال الصحي في عموم العراق إلى إشعار آخر بعد اجتماع لخلية الأزمة عقد اليوم لحد من تفشي كورونا .
:
حبايبي مرات اني مشغول
وماانشر الي ينزل ع البرنامج كلاس روم
وانتو تردون تقرون
فلذلك علاوي كاعد ينشر كذلك
الي كاعد ينزل بقناته @english_stage_one
وماانشر الي ينزل ع البرنامج كلاس روم
وانتو تردون تقرون
فلذلك علاوي كاعد ينشر كذلك
الي كاعد ينزل بقناته @english_stage_one
الملازم لكل قصة قصيرة استاذ مشعل المحترم دزهن الي بصيغة الـWord راح احولهن الكم ونزلهن الكم بصيغة Pdf 👇🏻🌹
السلام عليكم ..لقد تركت لكم ملف مادة القصة القصيرة للمرحلة الثانية على الگوگل كلاس ومن ليس لدية نت بالامكان اخذ الملزمة من مكتب الاستنساخ القريب من الكلية اسم المكتب مكتب استنساخ واثق الخطاط وقد اتفقت معه ان يكون سعر الملزمة 500 دينار مراعاةً لظروف الطلبة .. إن امكن تنشر هذه الرسالة بالكروب الخاص بالمرحلة الثانية وكذلك سوف اقوم بأرسالها اليكم عالتغرام لارسالها للكروبات.. واي استفسار انا حاضر
#نص الرسالة الي دزها الي
لكن من بعد مادخلت للبرنامج تبين انو الملفات مامحملات فرسلهن الي وانه بدوري نقلتهن الكم
#نص الرسالة الي دزها الي
لكن من بعد مادخلت للبرنامج تبين انو الملفات مامحملات فرسلهن الي وانه بدوري نقلتهن الكم
Second year/ listening and speaking/ morning and evening studies/ by haneen hussein
Unit 4: What’s the problem?
This unit provides you with forms and vocabularies by which you can express daily problems , how to find solutions and speculate about causes and consequences..
Must and can’t are the modals used to express certainty. When we think that we are sure about something, we say for example:
It must be the battery.
No, it can’t be. It’s new.
But, probability is expressed by may, might or could. When we are unsure about something, we say for example:
It may be the battery or it could have run out of paper.
To speculate about causes, these expressions are used: may, might have, could, can’t, perhaps,needs, etc.
Speculating abouT consequences is done by expressions like: if….. then, unless otherwise, etc.
You will be ill unless you eat more healthily.
Practice these speaking strategies by doing the exercises.
Use these vocabularies in sentences similar to those used in the unit:
Pipe, fuse, screw, switch, plug, thermostat, screwdriver, cable, pump, cartridge, crash.
Now think of a problem and find out its causes and consequences. Then, say what you can do as a solution.
Unit 4: What’s the problem?
This unit provides you with forms and vocabularies by which you can express daily problems , how to find solutions and speculate about causes and consequences..
Must and can’t are the modals used to express certainty. When we think that we are sure about something, we say for example:
It must be the battery.
No, it can’t be. It’s new.
But, probability is expressed by may, might or could. When we are unsure about something, we say for example:
It may be the battery or it could have run out of paper.
To speculate about causes, these expressions are used: may, might have, could, can’t, perhaps,needs, etc.
Speculating abouT consequences is done by expressions like: if….. then, unless otherwise, etc.
You will be ill unless you eat more healthily.
Practice these speaking strategies by doing the exercises.
Use these vocabularies in sentences similar to those used in the unit:
Pipe, fuse, screw, switch, plug, thermostat, screwdriver, cable, pump, cartridge, crash.
Now think of a problem and find out its causes and consequences. Then, say what you can do as a solution.
Grammar 2nd year/ Lecture 2
Topic / Unit 9: Words
A word is any segment of a sentence bounded by successive points at which passing is possible. It is also defined as the smallest segment of speech that can be used alone.
CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS
English words may be classified on the basis of the kinds and combinations of morphemes of which they are composed. There are three main class of words: simple, complex, and compound words.
1. SIMPLE WORDS
Simple words consist of a single FREE morpheme
EXAMPLES:
_ spirit
_ long
2. COMPLEX WORDS
Complex words contain either two bound morphemes, or a bound and a free morpheme:
EXAMPLES
_ televise ( this word consists of two bound morphemes "tele" and "vise"
_ lioness ( this word consists of two morphemes: free and bound morphemes. "Lion" is the free morpheme and "ess" is the bound morpheme.
3. COMPOUND WORDS
Compound words have free forms, usually two, as their Immediate constituents.
EXAMPLES
_treetop ( this word consists of two free morphemes "tree" and " top".)
_killjoy (this word consists of two free morphemes "kill" and "joy".
A small number of compound words have three or four free morphemes as their Immediate constituents:
EXAMPLES:
_happy-go-lucky ( this word consists of three free morphemes, "happy" , "go", and "lucky".
*Compound words resemble grammatical structures in that they imply, though they do not state, a grammatical relationship. ( see the examples in your textbook p.117)
Topic / Unit 9: Words
A word is any segment of a sentence bounded by successive points at which passing is possible. It is also defined as the smallest segment of speech that can be used alone.
CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS
English words may be classified on the basis of the kinds and combinations of morphemes of which they are composed. There are three main class of words: simple, complex, and compound words.
1. SIMPLE WORDS
Simple words consist of a single FREE morpheme
EXAMPLES:
_ spirit
_ long
2. COMPLEX WORDS
Complex words contain either two bound morphemes, or a bound and a free morpheme:
EXAMPLES
_ televise ( this word consists of two bound morphemes "tele" and "vise"
_ lioness ( this word consists of two morphemes: free and bound morphemes. "Lion" is the free morpheme and "ess" is the bound morpheme.
3. COMPOUND WORDS
Compound words have free forms, usually two, as their Immediate constituents.
EXAMPLES
_treetop ( this word consists of two free morphemes "tree" and " top".)
_killjoy (this word consists of two free morphemes "kill" and "joy".
A small number of compound words have three or four free morphemes as their Immediate constituents:
EXAMPLES:
_happy-go-lucky ( this word consists of three free morphemes, "happy" , "go", and "lucky".
*Compound words resemble grammatical structures in that they imply, though they do not state, a grammatical relationship. ( see the examples in your textbook p.117)