โ
Multiple Choice Questions on about Fungiโ๏ธโ๏ธโ๏ธโ๏ธโ๏ธโ๏ธ
1. Fungi can be stained by
a) Saffranine
b)Cotton blue
c) Glycerine
d) Lactophenol
2. Fungi usually store the reserve food material in the form of
a) Starch
b) Lipid
c) Glycogen
d) protein
3. Fungi can be distinguished from algae in fact that
a) Cell wall is cellulosoic cell wall and chlorophyll is absent
b) Nucleus is present
c) Mitochondria are absent
d) Cell wall is chitinous and chlorophyll is absent
4. Ergot is obtained from
a) Rhizopus
b) Claviceps
c) Albugo
d) Phytomonas
5. One of the following is a predatory fungus
a) Arthrobotrys
b) Puccinia
c) Fusarium
d) Alternaria
6. Fungi producing usually eight spores in a sac like structure belong to
a) Phycomycetes
b) Ascomycetes
c) Basidiomycetes
d) Deuteromycetes
MCQ on Fungi - mushroom
7. One of the following is a heteroceous fungus?
a) Albugo
b) Phytophora
c) Puccinia
d) Ustilago
heteroceous fungus
8. In some parasitic fungi a globular or hook like structure is formed at the point of contact with the host. This is known as
a) Haustoria
b) Appresorium
c) Hold fast
d) Hook
9. Fungi which grow on dung are termed as
a) Coprophilous
b) Terricolous
c) Sacxicolous
d) Saxiphilous
10. The fruiting body of Aspergillus is called fruiting body of Aspergillus
a) Apothecium
b)Perithecium
c) Cleistothecium
d) Hypanthodium
11. All fungi are
a) autrophs
b) Saprophytes
c) Parasites
d) Heterotrophs
12. One of the common fungal diseases of man is
a) Cholera
b) Plague
c) Ringworm
d) Typhoid
Fungi gif
13. Aflatoxin is produced by
a) Bacteria
b) Virus
c) Fungi
d) Nematode
14. Yeast is unlike bacteria in being
a) Unicellular
b) Multicellular
c) Prokaryotic
d) Eukaryotic
15. โPerfect stageโ of a fungus means
a) When the fungus is perfectly healthy
b) When it reproduces asexually
c) When it forms perfect sexual spores
d) None of these
โ๏ธโ๏ธAnswers:โ๏ธโ๏ธ
1-b 2-c 3-d 4-b 5-a
6-b 7-c 8-b 9-a 10-c
11-d 12-c 13-c 14-d 15-c
1. Fungi can be stained by
a) Saffranine
b)Cotton blue
c) Glycerine
d) Lactophenol
2. Fungi usually store the reserve food material in the form of
a) Starch
b) Lipid
c) Glycogen
d) protein
3. Fungi can be distinguished from algae in fact that
a) Cell wall is cellulosoic cell wall and chlorophyll is absent
b) Nucleus is present
c) Mitochondria are absent
d) Cell wall is chitinous and chlorophyll is absent
4. Ergot is obtained from
a) Rhizopus
b) Claviceps
c) Albugo
d) Phytomonas
5. One of the following is a predatory fungus
a) Arthrobotrys
b) Puccinia
c) Fusarium
d) Alternaria
6. Fungi producing usually eight spores in a sac like structure belong to
a) Phycomycetes
b) Ascomycetes
c) Basidiomycetes
d) Deuteromycetes
MCQ on Fungi - mushroom
7. One of the following is a heteroceous fungus?
a) Albugo
b) Phytophora
c) Puccinia
d) Ustilago
heteroceous fungus
8. In some parasitic fungi a globular or hook like structure is formed at the point of contact with the host. This is known as
a) Haustoria
b) Appresorium
c) Hold fast
d) Hook
9. Fungi which grow on dung are termed as
a) Coprophilous
b) Terricolous
c) Sacxicolous
d) Saxiphilous
10. The fruiting body of Aspergillus is called fruiting body of Aspergillus
a) Apothecium
b)Perithecium
c) Cleistothecium
d) Hypanthodium
11. All fungi are
a) autrophs
b) Saprophytes
c) Parasites
d) Heterotrophs
12. One of the common fungal diseases of man is
a) Cholera
b) Plague
c) Ringworm
d) Typhoid
Fungi gif
13. Aflatoxin is produced by
a) Bacteria
b) Virus
c) Fungi
d) Nematode
14. Yeast is unlike bacteria in being
a) Unicellular
b) Multicellular
c) Prokaryotic
d) Eukaryotic
15. โPerfect stageโ of a fungus means
a) When the fungus is perfectly healthy
b) When it reproduces asexually
c) When it forms perfect sexual spores
d) None of these
โ๏ธโ๏ธAnswers:โ๏ธโ๏ธ
1-b 2-c 3-d 4-b 5-a
6-b 7-c 8-b 9-a 10-c
11-d 12-c 13-c 14-d 15-c
๐4
Understanding hybridization can sometimes seem complex, but there are easy ways to identify hybridization states like sp, sp2, and sp3 in organic compounds. Here are some simplified rules and tricks to identify them quickly:
### Key Points for Identifying Hybridization:
1. Count the Regions of Electron Density:
- Regions of electron density include bond pairs and lone pairs around an atom.
- Each bond (single, double, or triple) and each lone pair count as one region of electron density.
- For sp hybridized atoms, the sum of regions of electron density is 2.
- For sp2 hybridized atoms, the sum is 3.
- For sp3 hybridized atoms, the sum is 4.
2. Look at the Molecular Geometry:
- Linear: Indicates sp hybridization.
- Trigonal Planar: Suggests sp2 hybridization.
- Tetrahedral: Signals sp3 hybridization.
3. Check the Number of Sigma Bonds:
- In sp hybridization, the atom forms 2 sigma bonds.
- In sp2 hybridization, the atom forms 3 sigma bonds.
- In sp3 hybridization, the atom forms 4 sigma bonds.
4. Identify Presence of Pi Bonds:
- Remember that pi bonds are formed by unhybridized p orbitals.
- An sp hybridized atom has 0 pi bonds (triple bond).
- An sp2 hybridized atom has 1 pi bond (double bond).
- An sp3 hybridized atom has 0 pi bonds (single bonds only).
### Quick Examples:
- CO2 (Carbon Dioxide):
- Each oxygen has 2 regions of electron density, making it sp hybridized.
- CH4 (Methane):
- Carbon has 4 regions of electron density, indicating sp3 hybridization.
- H2O (Water):
- Oxygen has 4 regions of electron density (2 bonds + 2 lone pairs), so it is sp3 hybridized.
These simple rules can help you quickly determine the hybridization state of atoms in molecules. Practice with more examples to enhance your skills and boost your confidence in identifying hybridization states in organic compounds!
### Key Points for Identifying Hybridization:
1. Count the Regions of Electron Density:
- Regions of electron density include bond pairs and lone pairs around an atom.
- Each bond (single, double, or triple) and each lone pair count as one region of electron density.
- For sp hybridized atoms, the sum of regions of electron density is 2.
- For sp2 hybridized atoms, the sum is 3.
- For sp3 hybridized atoms, the sum is 4.
2. Look at the Molecular Geometry:
- Linear: Indicates sp hybridization.
- Trigonal Planar: Suggests sp2 hybridization.
- Tetrahedral: Signals sp3 hybridization.
3. Check the Number of Sigma Bonds:
- In sp hybridization, the atom forms 2 sigma bonds.
- In sp2 hybridization, the atom forms 3 sigma bonds.
- In sp3 hybridization, the atom forms 4 sigma bonds.
4. Identify Presence of Pi Bonds:
- Remember that pi bonds are formed by unhybridized p orbitals.
- An sp hybridized atom has 0 pi bonds (triple bond).
- An sp2 hybridized atom has 1 pi bond (double bond).
- An sp3 hybridized atom has 0 pi bonds (single bonds only).
### Quick Examples:
- CO2 (Carbon Dioxide):
- Each oxygen has 2 regions of electron density, making it sp hybridized.
- CH4 (Methane):
- Carbon has 4 regions of electron density, indicating sp3 hybridization.
- H2O (Water):
- Oxygen has 4 regions of electron density (2 bonds + 2 lone pairs), so it is sp3 hybridized.
These simple rules can help you quickly determine the hybridization state of atoms in molecules. Practice with more examples to enhance your skills and boost your confidence in identifying hybridization states in organic compounds!
๐1
แ แแแ chemistry
### General Chemistry Tricks:
1. Periodic Table Trends:
- Left and Down: Atomic size increases.
- Right and Up: Ionization energy increases.
2. Ionic vs. Covalent:
- If it starts with a metal, it tends to be ionic. Non-metals usually form covalent compounds.
3. Acids and Bases:
- Acids Donate: Acids donate Hโบ ions.
- Bases Accept: Bases accept Hโบ ions.
4. Oxidation Numbers:
- In a compound, sum of oxidation numbers is 0. In polyatomic ions, the sum is the ion's charge.
5. Balancing Equations:
- Balance by trial and error while keeping polyatomic ions together and balancing least common atoms first.
### Organic Chemistry Tricks:
6. Hybridization Quick Check:
- Count sigma bonds + lone pairs to determine hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3).
7. Electrophiles vs. Nucleophiles:
- Electrophiles are electron deficient and love electrons.
- Nucleophiles are electron rich and seek positive charges.
8. Organic Functional Groups:
- Draw little diagrams to help remember structures and reactions of common functional groups.
### Chemical Reactions Tricks:
9. Redox Reactions:
- OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.
10. Solubility Rules:
- Always Soluble: Group 1 metals, nitrates, acetates.
- Mostly Insoluble: Carbonates, phosphates, sulfides, hydroxides.
### Laboratory Tricks:
11. Significant Figures:
- Count from the first non-zero digit, ignore leading zeros, but include trailing zeros after a decimal point.
12. Titration Tricks:
- Use a color indicator or a pH value to determine the endpoint of a titration.
### Study and Memorization Tricks:
13. Mnemonics:
- Use fun phrases like "Leo the lion says GER" to remember LEO (Lose Electrons Oxidation) and GER (Gain Electrons Reduction).
14. Flashcards and Mnemonics:
- Make flashcards for chemical symbols, ions, and equations. Create rhymes or mnemonics to remember them.
15. Practice, Practice, Practice:
- The more problems you solve, the better you'll get at understanding and applying concepts.
These tricks can make your chemistry learning experience more engaging and memorable. Feel free to mix and match these tricks according to your learning style and the topics you are studying. Have fun exploring the wonderful world of chemistry! ๐งช๐ฌ
### General Chemistry Tricks:
1. Periodic Table Trends:
- Left and Down: Atomic size increases.
- Right and Up: Ionization energy increases.
2. Ionic vs. Covalent:
- If it starts with a metal, it tends to be ionic. Non-metals usually form covalent compounds.
3. Acids and Bases:
- Acids Donate: Acids donate Hโบ ions.
- Bases Accept: Bases accept Hโบ ions.
4. Oxidation Numbers:
- In a compound, sum of oxidation numbers is 0. In polyatomic ions, the sum is the ion's charge.
5. Balancing Equations:
- Balance by trial and error while keeping polyatomic ions together and balancing least common atoms first.
### Organic Chemistry Tricks:
6. Hybridization Quick Check:
- Count sigma bonds + lone pairs to determine hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3).
7. Electrophiles vs. Nucleophiles:
- Electrophiles are electron deficient and love electrons.
- Nucleophiles are electron rich and seek positive charges.
8. Organic Functional Groups:
- Draw little diagrams to help remember structures and reactions of common functional groups.
### Chemical Reactions Tricks:
9. Redox Reactions:
- OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.
10. Solubility Rules:
- Always Soluble: Group 1 metals, nitrates, acetates.
- Mostly Insoluble: Carbonates, phosphates, sulfides, hydroxides.
### Laboratory Tricks:
11. Significant Figures:
- Count from the first non-zero digit, ignore leading zeros, but include trailing zeros after a decimal point.
12. Titration Tricks:
- Use a color indicator or a pH value to determine the endpoint of a titration.
### Study and Memorization Tricks:
13. Mnemonics:
- Use fun phrases like "Leo the lion says GER" to remember LEO (Lose Electrons Oxidation) and GER (Gain Electrons Reduction).
14. Flashcards and Mnemonics:
- Make flashcards for chemical symbols, ions, and equations. Create rhymes or mnemonics to remember them.
15. Practice, Practice, Practice:
- The more problems you solve, the better you'll get at understanding and applying concepts.
These tricks can make your chemistry learning experience more engaging and memorable. Feel free to mix and match these tricks according to your learning style and the topics you are studying. Have fun exploring the wonderful world of chemistry! ๐งช๐ฌ
### General Physics Tricks:
1. Unit Conversions:
- Use the "King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk" mnemonic for metric prefixes (e.g., kilo, hecto, deca, base unit, deci, centi, milli).
2. Kinematic Equations:
- Remember the key kinematic equations by identifying common variables like initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, time, and displacement.
3. Newton's Laws:
- 1st Law: An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
- 2nd Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
- 3rd Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
4. Understanding Forces:
- Draw free-body diagrams to break down and visualize forces acting on an object.
5. Energy Conservation:
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. Remember "KE + PE = Total Energy."
### Mechanics Tricks:
6. Projectile Motion:
- For horizontal projectile motion, velocity is constant; for vertical motion, gravity acts on the object.
7. Frictional Forces:
- Remember that static friction is always greater than kinetic friction.
### Electricity and Magnetism Tricks:
8. Coulomb's Law:
- The force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
9. Ohm's Law:
- Voltage equals current times resistance (V = IR).
### Thermodynamics Tricks:
10. Heat Transfer:
- Remember that heat flows from hotter to colder objects (hot to cold, never reverse).
### Waves and Optics Tricks:
11. Electromagnetic Spectrum:
- Remember ROYGBIV for the visible light spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet).
12. Snell's Law:
- Describes refraction of light; remember "light bends towards the normal when going into a material with higher index of refraction."
### Quantum Physics Tricks:
13. Quantum Mechanics:
- Physics on the smallest scale, where particles have both wave and particle properties.
### Study and Problem-Solving Tricks:
14. Practice with Sample Problems:
- Solve many problems to grasp the concepts better and apply them effectively.
15. Formulas and Constants Sheet:
- Always keep a sheet with important formulas, constants, and units handy for quick reference.
1. Unit Conversions:
- Use the "King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk" mnemonic for metric prefixes (e.g., kilo, hecto, deca, base unit, deci, centi, milli).
2. Kinematic Equations:
- Remember the key kinematic equations by identifying common variables like initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, time, and displacement.
3. Newton's Laws:
- 1st Law: An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
- 2nd Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
- 3rd Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
4. Understanding Forces:
- Draw free-body diagrams to break down and visualize forces acting on an object.
5. Energy Conservation:
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. Remember "KE + PE = Total Energy."
### Mechanics Tricks:
6. Projectile Motion:
- For horizontal projectile motion, velocity is constant; for vertical motion, gravity acts on the object.
7. Frictional Forces:
- Remember that static friction is always greater than kinetic friction.
### Electricity and Magnetism Tricks:
8. Coulomb's Law:
- The force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
9. Ohm's Law:
- Voltage equals current times resistance (V = IR).
### Thermodynamics Tricks:
10. Heat Transfer:
- Remember that heat flows from hotter to colder objects (hot to cold, never reverse).
### Waves and Optics Tricks:
11. Electromagnetic Spectrum:
- Remember ROYGBIV for the visible light spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet).
12. Snell's Law:
- Describes refraction of light; remember "light bends towards the normal when going into a material with higher index of refraction."
### Quantum Physics Tricks:
13. Quantum Mechanics:
- Physics on the smallest scale, where particles have both wave and particle properties.
### Study and Problem-Solving Tricks:
14. Practice with Sample Problems:
- Solve many problems to grasp the concepts better and apply them effectively.
15. Formulas and Constants Sheet:
- Always keep a sheet with important formulas, constants, and units handy for quick reference.
๐2โค1
A mnemonic to remember the diatomic molecules:
- Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Krypton, Iodine, Nitrogen, Selenium, Calcium, Ferry, Mgniesium.
- Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Krypton, Iodine, Nitrogen, Selenium, Calcium, Ferry, Mgniesium.
INVERSION
________
________
โจ๏ธ "Subject + verb" แจแแ แจแแ แจแฅแแแแแ แแแแ แแแ แญ แแฐ "verb + subject" แแแจแญ Inversion แญแฃแแแข
Inversion แ แฅแ แฆแณแแฝ แแจแฐแต แญแฝแแแข แแแญ แแ แแฌ แจแแแญแฅแแฝแ แจConditional Sentence-แ Inversion แแแข
4 แ แญแแต Conditional Sentences แ แแข แฅแแฑแแฆ
1) Zero conditional
2) Probable (likely) condition
3) Improbable (unlikely) condition แฅแ
4) Impossible condition
๐ข แจแ แซแถแน แแแถแน (improbable แฅแ impossible) condition แฅแป แแธแ แขแแฌแญแตแต แแฐแจแ แจแแฝแแตแข
แแณแ แ แแต
โ๏ธ If I were a student, I would study hard.
แฅแแญ แจแฐแฐแ แ แแณแ improbable condition แตแแแ inverted แแฐแจแ แญแฝแแแข แขแแจแญแตแต แแแตแจแแฆ
1) "if" -แ แแฐแจแ
โข I were a student, I would study hard. (unusual)
2) "Subject + verb" (I were) แจแแ แจแแ "verb + subject" (Were I) แแตแจแ
โข Were I a student, I would study hard. (inversion)
แแณแ แแแต
โ๏ธ If I had seen the thief, I would have informed the police.
แญแ แแณแ impossible condition แตแแแ แแฐ แขแแจแญแฅแ แแแจแญ แญแฝแแแข แแแแจแญแฆ
1) "if" -แ แแฐแจแ
โข I had seen the thief, I would have informed the police. (unusual)
2) "Subject + verb" (I had) แจแแแแ แแฐ "verb + subject" (Had I) แแแจแญ
โข Had I seen the thief, I would have informed the police. (inversion)
โ ๏ธ Note: Zero conditional แฅแ probable (likely) condition แขแแจแญแตแต แแฐแจแ แ แญแฝแแแข
@TopperTutor
________
________
โจ๏ธ "Subject + verb" แจแแ แจแแ แจแฅแแแแแ แแแแ แแแ แญ แแฐ "verb + subject" แแแจแญ Inversion แญแฃแแแข
Inversion แ แฅแ แฆแณแแฝ แแจแฐแต แญแฝแแแข แแแญ แแ แแฌ แจแแแญแฅแแฝแ แจConditional Sentence-แ Inversion แแแข
4 แ แญแแต Conditional Sentences แ แแข แฅแแฑแแฆ
1) Zero conditional
2) Probable (likely) condition
3) Improbable (unlikely) condition แฅแ
4) Impossible condition
๐ข แจแ แซแถแน แแแถแน (improbable แฅแ impossible) condition แฅแป แแธแ แขแแฌแญแตแต แแฐแจแ แจแแฝแแตแข
แแณแ แ แแต
โ๏ธ If I were a student, I would study hard.
แฅแแญ แจแฐแฐแ แ แแณแ improbable condition แตแแแ inverted แแฐแจแ แญแฝแแแข แขแแจแญแตแต แแแตแจแแฆ
1) "if" -แ แแฐแจแ
โข I were a student, I would study hard. (unusual)
2) "Subject + verb" (I were) แจแแ แจแแ "verb + subject" (Were I) แแตแจแ
โข Were I a student, I would study hard. (inversion)
แแณแ แแแต
โ๏ธ If I had seen the thief, I would have informed the police.
แญแ แแณแ impossible condition แตแแแ แแฐ แขแแจแญแฅแ แแแจแญ แญแฝแแแข แแแแจแญแฆ
1) "if" -แ แแฐแจแ
โข I had seen the thief, I would have informed the police. (unusual)
2) "Subject + verb" (I had) แจแแแแ แแฐ "verb + subject" (Had I) แแแจแญ
โข Had I seen the thief, I would have informed the police. (inversion)
โ ๏ธ Note: Zero conditional แฅแ probable (likely) condition แขแแจแญแตแต แแฐแจแ แ แญแฝแแแข
@TopperTutor
๐ฐwhat is biotechnologyโ
๐Biotechnology is using
micro-organisms to make
things that people want,
often involving industrial
production .
๐แ แ แญแญ แแญแญแฎ แฆแญแแแแ แ แแ แแฐแ แแ แ แตแแแ แจแแ แแแฎแฝแ แ แแฅแชแซ แจแแตแซแต แแฐแต แแแข แตแแแ biotechnology is based on microbiolog y(study of micro-organism) แญแฃแแ แแแต แแแข แจแแแ micro-organism แฆแฝ แ แแแแแต แ แ bacteria and fungi, แฅแ viruses แฐแ แแฝ แแธแแข
1 แฅแซแ is biotechnology new ideaโ แ แแแ แ แญแฐแแ๐แฅแ แแฅ แฅแ แ แ แฅแ แ แ แจแต แแฐแ๐ แฅแญแพ fungi แแ แ แฅแญแฑ แจแแฐแซแ แแแญ แฐแแ แแฐแ แแ แจแแ แ แ แแ แตแแแ แญแ แฐแแ แจแฅแแตแ แจแแ แจ แตแแแ NEW แแแต แ แแฝแแ แฐแตแแแ แ แญแฐแ๐ค
๐ณ#1 what are the productes when yeast undergo fermentation (aerobic) reaction
A.Energy+water+carbondioxid
B.Energy+water
C.Alchol+water+carbondioxid
D.Alchol+carbondioxid
๐ yeast แแแต แ แญแแต reaction แซแซแแณแ แฃ?
๐Aerobic :oxygen แฃแแ แต แแ แแซแแต แฒแแ แแคแฑแ๐
=Energy + water + carbondioxid
๐ญแแณแฆ แแฅ แฒแฆแซ แแซแแฐแ ๐๐
๐Anaerobic:(fermantation) oxygen แ แแแ แต แแซแแต แฒแแ แแคแฑแ๐
=Alchol(ethanol)+ carbondioxid
๐ฅ แตแแแ แฅแ แ แ (6%-11%)แฃแแญแ(>14%) แ แแฎแ แ แแ แธแ แแแต แแแข
แ แ แ แญแแ แแญแแฆ แแฉแ แ แแซแ แแญแแ as source of energy แฐแ แ แ แ sexual budding โ splitting into tw o แแแแต แฅแซแฑแ แซแซแฃแ แตแซแแ แญแฐแซแ๐ แฃแญแแญแแน แ แ แแต แแซแ yeast แแตแฅ แฅแตแจ 25 แขแแจแ(แแแจแ แ แญแฐแแ) cell แ แ
So แแแฑ D
KEY POINTS
โ๏ธ Aerobic----bread making
Anaerobic... alchol drinkes
โ๏ธ teje and wine use there ingredients as asource of energy.
โ๏ธ lactic acid product of
anaerobic respiration in
animal cells .
๐ณ#2 Which of the following statements about lactic fermentation is not true?
A. It gives yoghurt its sharp, tangy taste.
B. It gives yoghurt a smooth, thick texture.
C. It means the yoghurt will only last a few days.
D. It causes the milk to clot and solidify into yoghurt.
๐โโ๏ธ แฅแญแ แฅแแดแต แฅแแฐแแฐแซ แณแแแนแฃ๐
แญแ แฐแ แจแแแจแแ แแญแฃ แ แตแญแแน แแฐแฑแต แแตแฅ แแ แขแจแแแ แแ แฅแญแแ แฅแญแ แซแจแแ๐ค
๐ Lactic fermentation แแแต แจแแญแฒแจ แ แฒแต แแฅแแแต แแแข๐ณ แแญแฒแญ แ แฒแต แซแฑ แแแต แแ? แ แฃแญแดแญแซ แ แแซแแแต แจแแญแถแต แแฐแฃแ แญ แจแแแฅแจแ แ แฒแต แแแข แแญแถแต แฅแซแฑ แแแต แแ?๐ณ แ แแฐแต แแตแฅ แจแแแ suger แแ๐
แจ แตแแแ แจแแ แจLactic fermentation แแฅแญแแ แแ แซแฐแญแแแณแ ๐ แแญแซแ แแญ แซแแต แจแ แแฑ แ แตแฐแแญ แแแ แจแฅแญแฑ แฅแ แ แแธแแข แแ แ แญแซแฝ แแ แญแญ แแ แฅแป แฅแแฒแแญ แ แซแฐแญแแแ แญแ แแฅ แฅแแฒแแญ แฅแแ
แตแแแ แแแฑ C แญแแแ
แจแฅแจแแฃแนแแ แแ๐ฉโ๐ซ
๐Biotechnology is using
micro-organisms to make
things that people want,
often involving industrial
production .
๐แ แ แญแญ แแญแญแฎ แฆแญแแแแ แ แแ แแฐแ แแ แ แตแแแ แจแแ แแแฎแฝแ แ แแฅแชแซ แจแแตแซแต แแฐแต แแแข แตแแแ biotechnology is based on microbiolog y(study of micro-organism) แญแฃแแ แแแต แแแข แจแแแ micro-organism แฆแฝ แ แแแแแต แ แ bacteria and fungi, แฅแ viruses แฐแ แแฝ แแธแแข
1 แฅแซแ is biotechnology new ideaโ แ แแแ แ แญแฐแแ๐แฅแ แแฅ แฅแ แ แ แฅแ แ แ แจแต แแฐแ๐ แฅแญแพ fungi แแ แ แฅแญแฑ แจแแฐแซแ แแแญ แฐแแ แแฐแ แแ แจแแ แ แ แแ แตแแแ แญแ แฐแแ แจแฅแแตแ แจแแ แจ แตแแแ NEW แแแต แ แแฝแแ แฐแตแแแ แ แญแฐแ๐ค
๐ณ#1 what are the productes when yeast undergo fermentation (aerobic) reaction
A.Energy+water+carbondioxid
B.Energy+water
C.Alchol+water+carbondioxid
D.Alchol+carbondioxid
๐ yeast แแแต แ แญแแต reaction แซแซแแณแ แฃ?
๐Aerobic :oxygen แฃแแ แต แแ แแซแแต แฒแแ แแคแฑแ๐
=Energy + water + carbondioxid
๐ญแแณแฆ แแฅ แฒแฆแซ แแซแแฐแ ๐๐
๐Anaerobic:(fermantation) oxygen แ แแแ แต แแซแแต แฒแแ แแคแฑแ๐
=Alchol(ethanol)+ carbondioxid
๐ฅ แตแแแ แฅแ แ แ (6%-11%)แฃแแญแ(>14%) แ แแฎแ แ แแ แธแ แแแต แแแข
แ แ แ แญแแ แแญแแฆ แแฉแ แ แแซแ แแญแแ as source of energy แฐแ แ แ แ sexual budding โ splitting into tw o แแแแต แฅแซแฑแ แซแซแฃแ แตแซแแ แญแฐแซแ๐ แฃแญแแญแแน แ แ แแต แแซแ yeast แแตแฅ แฅแตแจ 25 แขแแจแ(แแแจแ แ แญแฐแแ) cell แ แ
So แแแฑ D
KEY POINTS
โ๏ธ Aerobic----bread making
Anaerobic... alchol drinkes
โ๏ธ teje and wine use there ingredients as asource of energy.
โ๏ธ lactic acid product of
anaerobic respiration in
animal cells .
๐ณ#2 Which of the following statements about lactic fermentation is not true?
A. It gives yoghurt its sharp, tangy taste.
B. It gives yoghurt a smooth, thick texture.
C. It means the yoghurt will only last a few days.
D. It causes the milk to clot and solidify into yoghurt.
๐โโ๏ธ แฅแญแ แฅแแดแต แฅแแฐแแฐแซ แณแแแนแฃ๐
แญแ แฐแ แจแแแจแแ แแญแฃ แ แตแญแแน แแฐแฑแต แแตแฅ แแ แขแจแแแ แแ แฅแญแแ แฅแญแ แซแจแแ๐ค
๐ Lactic fermentation แแแต แจแแญแฒแจ แ แฒแต แแฅแแแต แแแข๐ณ แแญแฒแญ แ แฒแต แซแฑ แแแต แแ? แ แฃแญแดแญแซ แ แแซแแแต แจแแญแถแต แแฐแฃแ แญ แจแแแฅแจแ แ แฒแต แแแข แแญแถแต แฅแซแฑ แแแต แแ?๐ณ แ แแฐแต แแตแฅ แจแแแ suger แแ๐
แจ แตแแแ แจแแ แจLactic fermentation แแฅแญแแ แแ แซแฐแญแแแณแ ๐ แแญแซแ แแญ แซแแต แจแ แแฑ แ แตแฐแแญ แแแ แจแฅแญแฑ แฅแ แ แแธแแข แแ แ แญแซแฝ แแ แญแญ แแ แฅแป แฅแแฒแแญ แ แซแฐแญแแแ แญแ แแฅ แฅแแฒแแญ แฅแแ
แตแแแ แแแฑ C แญแแแ
แจแฅแจแแฃแนแแ แแ๐ฉโ๐ซ
๐4โค2
1. Average Speed: (โvโ)โ = (Total distance)/(Total time)
2. Velocity: v = (Displacement)/(Time taken)
3. Acceleration: a = (Change in velocity)/(Time taken)
4. Initial Velocity with Constant Acceleration: v = u + at
5. Final Velocity with Constant Acceleration: v^2 = u^2 + 2as
2. Velocity: v = (Displacement)/(Time taken)
3. Acceleration: a = (Change in velocity)/(Time taken)
4. Initial Velocity with Constant Acceleration: v = u + at
5. Final Velocity with Constant Acceleration: v^2 = u^2 + 2as
๐3
1. H2O - Water molecule
2. O2 - Diatomic oxygen gas
3. CO2 - Carbon dioxide gas
4. NH3 - Ammonia gas
5. CH4 - Methane gas
6. HCl - Hydrochloric acid
7. NaCl - Sodium chloride (table salt)
8. C6H12O6 - Glucose (a type of sugar)
9. FeO2 - Ferrites (used in electrical transformers and other electronic devices)
10. CuO - Copper oxide (used in solar panels and other electronics)
2. O2 - Diatomic oxygen gas
3. CO2 - Carbon dioxide gas
4. NH3 - Ammonia gas
5. CH4 - Methane gas
6. HCl - Hydrochloric acid
7. NaCl - Sodium chloride (table salt)
8. C6H12O6 - Glucose (a type of sugar)
9. FeO2 - Ferrites (used in electrical transformers and other electronic devices)
10. CuO - Copper oxide (used in solar panels and other electronics)
๐2
1. Cell theory: all living organisms are made up of cells, which are the basic units of life
2. DNA structure: double helix of nucleotides A, T, C, and G that carries genetic information
3. Central dogma of molecular biology: genetic material (DNA and RNA) carries instructions for protein synthesis
4. Law of conservation of mass: matter cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
5. Mendelian inheritance: genes are passed down from parents to offspring through meiosis and fertilization
6. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: genotype frequencies remain constant over many generations under certain conditions
7. DNA replication: process by which cells make copies of their genetic material
8. Transcription: process by which DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA
9. Protein folding: three-dimensional conformation of proteins determined by amino acid sequences
10. Photosynthesis equation: conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose (C6H12O6)
2. DNA structure: double helix of nucleotides A, T, C, and G that carries genetic information
3. Central dogma of molecular biology: genetic material (DNA and RNA) carries instructions for protein synthesis
4. Law of conservation of mass: matter cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
5. Mendelian inheritance: genes are passed down from parents to offspring through meiosis and fertilization
6. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: genotype frequencies remain constant over many generations under certain conditions
7. DNA replication: process by which cells make copies of their genetic material
8. Transcription: process by which DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA
9. Protein folding: three-dimensional conformation of proteins determined by amino acid sequences
10. Photosynthesis equation: conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose (C6H12O6)
1. Water (H2O)
2. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
3. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
4. Glucose (C6H12O6)
5. Methane (CH4)
6. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
7. Ammonia (NH3)
8. Ethanol (C2H5OH)
9. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
10. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
2. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
3. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
4. Glucose (C6H12O6)
5. Methane (CH4)
6. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
7. Ammonia (NH3)
8. Ethanol (C2H5OH)
9. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
10. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
1. Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): The molecule that carries genetic information in cells.
3. Gene: A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines some characteristic of the offspring.
4. Protein: A large molecule composed of amino acids that performs a variety of functions in living organisms.
5. Enzyme: A protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the body.
6. Mitochondria: Organelles in cells that generate energy through cellular respiration.
7. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
8. Evolution: The process by which species change over time through natural selection and genetic variation.
9. Ecology: The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
10. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their physical environment.
11. Adaptation: A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.
12. Homeostasis: The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability despite external changes.
13. Chromosome: A thread-like structure in the cell nucleus that carries genetic information.
14. Cell membrane: The semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
15. Nucleus: The central organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.
16. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
17. Respiration: The process by which organisms obtain energy from food molecules.
18. Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in genetic variation.
19. Reproduction: The process by which organisms produce offspring.
20. Hormone: Chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in the body.
21. Immune system: The body's defense system against pathogens and foreign substances.
22. Biodiversity: The variety of life forms in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
23. Genetics: The study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in organisms.
24. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
25. Evolution: The process by which species change over time through natural selection and genetic variation.
2. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): The molecule that carries genetic information in cells.
3. Gene: A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines some characteristic of the offspring.
4. Protein: A large molecule composed of amino acids that performs a variety of functions in living organisms.
5. Enzyme: A protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the body.
6. Mitochondria: Organelles in cells that generate energy through cellular respiration.
7. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
8. Evolution: The process by which species change over time through natural selection and genetic variation.
9. Ecology: The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
10. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their physical environment.
11. Adaptation: A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.
12. Homeostasis: The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability despite external changes.
13. Chromosome: A thread-like structure in the cell nucleus that carries genetic information.
14. Cell membrane: The semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
15. Nucleus: The central organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.
16. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
17. Respiration: The process by which organisms obtain energy from food molecules.
18. Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in genetic variation.
19. Reproduction: The process by which organisms produce offspring.
20. Hormone: Chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in the body.
21. Immune system: The body's defense system against pathogens and foreign substances.
22. Biodiversity: The variety of life forms in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
23. Genetics: The study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in organisms.
24. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
25. Evolution: The process by which species change over time through natural selection and genetic variation.