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CBT እና PPBT ምንድነ ነው?

- CBT ማለት በእንግሊዘኛው Computer Based Testing (ኮምፕዩተርን መሠረት ያደረገ ፈተና) ማለት ሲሆን ተፈታኙ በበይነ መረብ መፈተኑን እንዲሁም
- PPBT ማለት Paper Pencil Based Testing (ወረቀትን መሠረት ያደረገ ፈተና) ማለት ሲሆን ተፈታኙ በወረቀት መፈተኑን ለመግለጽ ነው፡፡

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### Phase Change and Calorimetry

Phase Change refers to the transition of matter from one state (solid, liquid, gas) to another. The main types of phase changes include:

- Melting: The process of a solid turning into a liquid when heat is added.
- Freezing: The transition from liquid to solid as heat is removed.
- Vaporization: The conversion of a liquid into gas, which occurs at boiling point when heat is added. It can happen through:
- Evaporation: Surface-level vaporization at any temperature.
- Boiling: Rapid vaporization throughout the liquid at a specific temperature.
- Condensation: The process of gas turning into liquid when heat is removed.
- Sublimation: The transition from solid directly to gas without passing through the liquid state (e.g., dry ice).
- Deposition: The reverse of sublimation, where gas turns directly into solid.

Calorimetry is the science of measuring the amount of heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction or phase change. A calorimeter is the device used for this purpose. Key concepts include:

- Specific Heat Capacity (c): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
- Latent Heat (L): The heat absorbed or released during a phase change without a change in temperature.
- Latent Heat of Fusion (L_f): Heat required to melt a substance.
- Latent Heat of Vaporization (L_v): Heat required to vaporize a substance.

The relationship for calculating heat (q) involved in temperature change is given by:

  q = mcΔ T

For phase changes:

  q = mL

where:
- m is the mass,
- c is the specific heat,
- Δ T is the change in temperature,
- L is the latent heat.

### Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What phase change occurs when ice turns into water?
  - A Freezing
  - B Melting
  - C Condensation
  - D Sublimation
  Correct Answer: B Melting

2. What is the primary characteristic of a substance during a phase change?
  - A Temperature change
  - B Volume change
  - C Pressure change
  - D Constant temperature
  Correct Answer: D Constant temperature

3. What is the heat absorbed in melting a substance called?
  - A Latent heat of vaporization
  - B Latent heat of fusion
  - C Specific heat
  - D Thermal energy
  Correct Answer: B Latent heat of fusion

4. Which of the following is an endothermic process?
  - A Freezing
  - B Condensation
  - C Melting
  - D Deposition
  Correct Answer: C Melting

5. During which phase change does a liquid become a gas?
  - A Freezing
  - B Melting
  - C Vaporization
  - D Sublimation
  Correct Answer: C Vaporization

6. In calorimetry, which device is used to measure heat changes?
  - A Thermometer
  - B Calorimeter
  - C Barometer
  - D Manometer
  Correct Answer: B Calorimeter

7. Heat capacity is defined as:
  - A The mass of the substance
  - B The heat required to raise temperature
  - C The heat required to change phase
  - D The temperature change
  Correct Answer: B The heat required to raise temperature

8. What is the unit of heat in the SI system?
  - A Joule
  - B Calorie
  - C Watt
  - D Kelvin
  Correct Answer: A Joule

9. Which substance has the highest latent heat of vaporization?
  - A Water
  - B Alcohol
  - C Mercury
  - D Oil
  Correct Answer: A Water

10. What happens during condensation?
  - A Solid becomes liquid
  - B Liquid becomes solid
  - C Gas becomes liquid
  - D Liquid becomes gas
  Correct Answer: C Gas becomes liquid

11. The specific heat of water is approximately:
  - A 0.5 J/g°C
  - B 1.0 J/g°C
  - C 4.18 J/g°C
  - D 2.0 J/g°C
  Correct Answer: C 4.18 J/g°C

12. Which of the following phase changes requires energy input?
  - A Freezing
  - B Condensation
  - C Melting
  - D Deposition
  Correct Answer: C Melting

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