🔰what is biotechnology❓

📍Biotechnology is using
micro-organisms to make 
things that people want, 
often involving industrial 
production  .
👍በአጭር ማይክሮ ኦርጋኒዝም አገዝ ለሰው ልጅ አስፈላጊ የሆኑ ነገሮችን በፋብሪካ የመስራት ሂደት ነው። ስለዚህ biotechnology is based on microbiolog y(study of micro-organism) ይባላል ማለት ነው። ከነዚህ micro-organism ኦች በዋነኘነት አነ bacteria and fungi, እና viruses ተጠቃሽ ናቸው።
1 ጥያቄ is biotechnology new idea❓ በፍፁም አይደለም👉እነ ሊጥ እነ ጠላ እነ ጠጅ የት ሄደው😌 እርሾ fungi ነዋ  በእርሱ የሚሰራው ነገር ደግሞ ለሰው ልጅ የሚጠቅም ነዋ ስለዚህ ይሄ ደግሞ ከጥንትም የነበረ ስለሆነ  NEW ማለት  አንችልም ተስማማን አይደል🤝

🕳#1 what are the productes when yeast undergo fermentation (aerobic) reaction
     A.Energy+water+carbondioxid
B.Energy+water
C.Alchol+water+carbondioxid
D.Alchol+carbondioxid

🌠 yeast ሁለት አይነት reaction ያካሂዳል ኣ?
👉Aerobic :oxygen ባለበት ጊዜ ሚካሄድ ሲሆን ውጤቱም👇
=Energy + water + carbondioxid
🌭ለዳቦ ሊጥ ሲቦካ ሚካሄደው 👆👆

👉Anaerobic:(fermantation) oxygen በሌለበት ሚካሄድ ሲሆን ውጤቱም👇
=Alchol(ethanol)+ carbondioxid
🥃 ስለዚህ እነ ጠጅ(6%-11%)፣ወይን(>14%) አልኮል አለአቸው ማለት ነው።
ጠጅም ይሁን ወይን፦ ማሩን አልያም ወይኑን as source of energy ተጠቅሞ በ sexual budding – splitting into tw o መንገድ እራሱን ያራባና  ስራውን ይሰራል👐 ባይገርማቹ በአንድ ግራም yeast ውስጥ እስከ 25 ቢልየን(ሚልየን አይደለም) cell አለ
            So መልሱ   D
KEY POINTS
✍️ Aerobic----bread making
      Anaerobic... alchol drinkes
✍️ teje and wine use there ingredients as asource of energy.
✍️ lactic acid product of 
anaerobic respiration in 
animal cells .


🕳#2 Which of the following statements about lactic fermentation is not true?
A. It gives yoghurt its sharp, tangy taste.
B. It gives yoghurt a smooth, thick texture.
C. It means the yoghurt will only last a few days.
D. It causes the milk to clot and solidify into yoghurt.

💁‍♂️ እርጎ እንዴት እንደሚሰራ ታቃላቹኣ😋
ይሄ ደሞ ከመጋረጃው ጀርባ አድርጋቹ ውሰዱት ውስጥ ምን ቢከናወን ነው እርጎን እርጎ ያረገው🤔

👉 Lactic fermentation ማለት የላክቲከ አሲድ መብላላት ነው።😳 ላክቲክ አሲድ ራሱ ምንድ ነው? በባክቴርያ አማካኝነት የላክቶስ መሰባበር የሚፈጥረው አሲድ ነው። ላክቶስ እራሱ ምንድ ነው?😳 በወተት ውስጥ የሚገኝ suger ነው😓
፨ ስለዚህ የዚህ የLactic fermentation ለእርጎው ምን ያደርግለታል 🙌 ምርጫው ላይ ካሉት ከአንዱ በስተቀር ሁሉም የእርሱ ጥቅም ናቸው። ግን በጭራሽ ለአጭር ጊዜ ብቻ እንዲቆይ አያደርገውም ይበልጥ እንዲቆይ እንጂ
          ስለዚህ መልሱ C ይሆናል
፨እየገባቹነዋ ግን👩‍🏫

1. Average Speed: (‌v‌)‌ = (Total distance)/(Total time)

2. Velocity: v = (Displacement)/(Time taken)

3. Acceleration: a = (Change in velocity)/(Time taken)

4. Initial Velocity with Constant Acceleration: v = u + at

5. Final Velocity with Constant Acceleration: v^2 = u^2 + 2as

1. H2O - Water molecule
2. O2 - Diatomic oxygen gas
3. CO2 - Carbon dioxide gas
4. NH3 - Ammonia gas
5. CH4 - Methane gas
6. HCl - Hydrochloric acid
7. NaCl - Sodium chloride (table salt)
8. C6H12O6 - Glucose (a type of sugar)
9. FeO2 - Ferrites (used in electrical transformers and other electronic devices)
10. CuO - Copper oxide (used in solar panels and other electronics)

1. Cell theory: all living organisms are made up of cells, which are the basic units of life
2. DNA structure: double helix of nucleotides A, T, C, and G that carries genetic information
3. Central dogma of molecular biology: genetic material (DNA and RNA) carries instructions for protein synthesis
4. Law of conservation of mass: matter cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
5. Mendelian inheritance: genes are passed down from parents to offspring through meiosis and fertilization
6. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: genotype frequencies remain constant over many generations under certain conditions
7. DNA replication: process by which cells make copies of their genetic material
8. Transcription: process by which DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA
9. Protein folding: three-dimensional conformation of proteins determined by amino acid sequences
10. Photosynthesis equation: conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose (C6H12O6)

1. Water (H2O)
2. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
3. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
4. Glucose (C6H12O6)
5. Methane (CH4)
6. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
7. Ammonia (NH3)
8. Ethanol (C2H5OH)
9. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
10. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

What do you need?

ጥያቄ

1. Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): The molecule that carries genetic information in cells.
3. Gene: A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines some characteristic of the offspring.
4. Protein: A large molecule composed of amino acids that performs a variety of functions in living organisms.
5. Enzyme: A protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the body.
6. Mitochondria: Organelles in cells that generate energy through cellular respiration.
7. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
8. Evolution: The process by which species change over time through natural selection and genetic variation.
9. Ecology: The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
10. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their physical environment.
11. Adaptation: A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.
12. Homeostasis: The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability despite external changes.
13. Chromosome: A thread-like structure in the cell nucleus that carries genetic information.
14. Cell membrane: The semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
15. Nucleus: The central organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.
16. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
17. Respiration: The process by which organisms obtain energy from food molecules.
18. Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in genetic variation.
19. Reproduction: The process by which organisms produce offspring.
20. Hormone: Chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in the body.
21. Immune system: The body's defense system against pathogens and foreign substances.
22. Biodiversity: The variety of life forms in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
23. Genetics: The study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in organisms.
24. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
25. Evolution: The process by which species change over time through natural selection and genetic variation.

1. Kinematics: the study of motion without considering forces
2. Dynamics: the study of motion and forces that cause it
3. Newton's second law of motion: F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration
4. Conservation of momentum: total momentum in a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on it
5. Work-energy theorem: work done on a system plus change in potential energy equals final kinetic energy
6. Energy conservation: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed
7. Power: rate at which work is done or energy is transferred
8. Kinetic energy: energy possessed by an object due to its motion
9. Potential energy: energy possessed by an object due to its position or configuration
10. Thermodynamics: the study of heat and temperature and how they relate to energy and systems.

1. What is an atom?
a) A collection of subatomic particles
b) A simple machine designed to lift heavy objects
c) An ancient Greek philosopher known for his teachings on ethics and morality
d) A mythical creature with wings and the ability to breathe fire
2. How many subatomic particles make up an atom?
a) 7
b) 9
c) 108
d) 118
3. Which element has the atomic number 6?
a) Oxygen
b) Carbon
c) Nitrogen
d) Hydrogen
4. What is proton?
a) An electron orbiting around the nucleus of an atom
b) The positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
c) A negatively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
d) The centrally located point in an atom containing all its mass
5. What is neutron?
a) A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
b) The negatively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
c) An uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
d) A high-energy particle emitted during nuclear reactions
6. What is electron?
a) A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
b) The negatively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
c) An uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
d) A high-energy particle emitted during nuclear reactions
7. Atoms have how many energy levels?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
8. What is the difference between an ion and a neutral atom?
a) Ions have one or more electrons missing, while neutral atoms have a complete valence shell.
b) Neutral atoms have one or more electrons missing, while ions have a full complement of electrons.
c) Ions have one or more neutrons missing, while neutral atoms have a full complement of neutrons.
d) Neutral atoms have one or more neutrons missing, while ions have a full complement of neutrons.
9. How do elements combine to form compounds?
a) Elements only bond through electrostatic attraction.
b) Elements only bond through covalent bonds.
c) Elements can bond through both electrostatic attraction and covalent bonds.
d) Elements never bond to form compounds.
10. What is a chemical compound?
a) A group of atoms held together by weak forces such as gravity.
b) A combination of two or more elements that share common properties and behave similarly.
c) A mixture of two or more elements with no shared properties.
d) A single element that exhibits multiple forms depending on temperature and pressure.

የ2016 ዓ.ም የ12ኛ ክፍል ብሔራዊ ፈተና በሰኔ ወር እንደሚሰጥ የትምህርት ምዘናና ፈተናዎች አገልግሎት አሳውቋል።

በዚህ ዓመት የሚሰጠውን የ12ኛ ክፍል ሀገር አቀፍ ፈተና ለመውሰድ ከ670 ሺህ በላይ ተማሪዎች ምዝገባ ማድረጋቸውን የአገልግሎቱ ዋና ዳይሬክተር እሸቱ ከበደ (ዶ/ር) በቅርቡ መግለፃቸው ይታወሳል፡፡

የፀጥታ ችግር ካለባቸው አካባቢዎች በስተቀር በአብዛኛው የአገሪቱ አካባቢዎች የተማሪዎች ምዝገባ መጠናቀቁም ተገልጿል።

via @tikvahuniversity

Top 4 formulas:

1. Newton's Second Law of Motion:
  
    F = ma

   This formula relates the force F acting on an object to its mass m and acceleration a. It is a fundamental law in classical mechanics and describes how the motion of an object changes when a force is applied to it.

2. Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation:
  
    F = (G · m_1 · m_2)/(r^2)

   This formula describes the attractive force between two objects with masses m_1 and m_2 separated by a distance r. G is the gravitational constant.

3. Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence (E=mc^2):
  
    E = mc^2

   This famous equation from Einstein's theory of relativity states that energy (E) is equal to mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared. It highlights the relationship between mass and energy.



   Ohm's Law relates the voltage (V) across a conductor, the current (I) flowing through it, and the resistance (R) of the conductor. It is essential in understanding the behavior of electrical circuits.

4. Coulomb's Law:
  
    F = (k · |q_1 · q_2|)/(r^2)

  

Shocking የሚያስደነግጥ
Frustrating የሚያናድድ
Relaxing የሚያዝናና
Fascinating መሳጭ
Tiring አድካሚ
Embarrassing የሚያሳፍር
Exhausting አድካሚ

🧿 English vocabulary:

1. What does the word "exquisite" mean?
   a) Ugly
   b) Ordinary
   c) Beautiful
   d) Boring

2. Which word is an antonym for "vivid"?
   a) Dull
   b) Lively
   c) Bright
   d) Colorful

3. What is the synonym of "ardent"?
   a) Passionate
   b) Indifferent
   c) Boring
   d) Cold

4. Which word means "to make better"?
   a) Deteriorate
   b) Worsen
   c) Improve
   d) Decline

5. What does "surreptitious" mean?
   a) Open
   b) Secret
   c) Loud
   d) Public

6. Which word means "to support or uphold"?
   a) Oppose
   b) Denounce
   c) Advocate
   d) Criticize

7. What is the opposite of "frugal"?
   a) Wasteful
   b) Generous
   c) Stingy
   d) Thrifty

8. Which word means "to express sorrow or regret"?
   a) Celebrate
   b) Rejoice
   c) Lament
   d) Praise

9. What does "intrepid" mean?
   a) Cowardly
   b) Fearless
   c) Timid
   d) Anxious

10. Which word means "extremely happy"?
   a) Sorrowful
   b) Jubilant
   c) Melancholy
   d) Depressed

11. What is the synonym of "ephemeral"?
   a) Eternal
   b) Temporary
   c) Permanent
   d) Lasting

12. What does "ubiquitous" mean?
   a) Rare
   b) Scarce
   c) Commonplace
   d) Occasional

13. Which word means "to weaken gradually"?
   a) Strengthen
   b) Diminish
   c) Enhance
   d) Amplify

14. What is the antonym of "ambiguous"?
   a) Clear
   b) Uncertain
   c) Vague
   d) Doubtful

15. Which word means "extreme greed for wealth or material gain"?
   a) Generosity
   b) Charity
   c) Avarice
   d) Altruism

16. What does "enigmatic" mean?
   a) Simple
   b) Mysterious
   c) Obvious
   d) Transparent

17. Which word means "to remove impurities from"?
   a) Pollute
   b) Purify
   c) Contaminate
   d) Tarnish

18. What is the synonym of "amicable"?
   a) Friendly
   b) Hostile
   c) Aggressive
   d) Adversarial

19. Which word means "to mock or ridicule"?
   a) Praise
   b) Admire
   c) Ridicule
   d) Honor

20. What does "pristine" mean?
   a) Dirty
   b) Clean
   c) Polluted
   d) Tainted


━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ @TopperTutor

👉BIOLOGY 👇
1. Which of the following is an example of a simple carbohydrate?
a. Starch
b. Cellulose
c. Glucose
d. Glycogen

2. Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate?
a. Glucose
b. Sucrose
c. Starch
d. Fructose

3. Which of the following vitamins is water-soluble?
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin C

4. Which of the following minerals is important for bone health?
a. Iron
b. Calcium
c. Zinc
d. Selenium



5. Which of the following trace minerals is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Iodine
d. Copper

6.  Which of the following is a condition that can occur due to a lack of carbohydrates in the diet?
a. Diabetes
b. Obesity
c. Anemia
d. Ketosis

7. Which of the following is a common symptom of iron deficiency?
a. Diarrhea
b. Anemia
c. Night blindness
d. Beriberi

8. An elderly man complains of poor night vision. Ophthalmic exam reveals corneal lesions and retinal hemorrhages. Which vitamin deficiency is most probable?
a) Thiamine
b) Niacin
c) Vitamin A
d) Vitamin C

9. What is the probability of having a child with cystic fibrosis if both parents are carriers of the gene but do not have the disease?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%

10. An older adult with a poor diet is diagnosed with megaloblastic anemia. Which vitamin deficiency is the most probable cause?
a) Folate
b) Vitamin B12
c) Vitamin C
d) Vitamin D

11. Which of the following is an example of a dominant genetic disorder?
a. Huntington's disease
b. Sickle cell anemia
c. Cystic fibrosis
d. Hemophilia

12. Which of the following is a bacterial disease that is typically spread through contaminated food or water?
a. Tuberculosis
b. Tetanus
c. Cholera
d. Malaria

13. Which of the following is a common method of controlling the growth of microorganisms in food?
a. Refrigeration
b. Exposure to sunlight
c. Adding sugar
d. Washing with soap and water

14. Which of the following is a recommended way to reduce the risk of heart disease?
a. Smoking cigarettes
b. Eating a high-fat diet
c. Regular exercise
d. Avoiding fruits and vegetables

15. A 4-year-old child is brought to the clinic with complaints of bone pain and difficulty walking. Physical examination reveals bowed legs and enlarged joints. Radiographic findings show abnormal bone growth. Which vitamin deficiency is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

A. Marasmus
B. Scurvy
C. Rickets
D. Kwashiorkor

@TopperTutor

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