🌿 classical conditioning


✔️ a learning theory within the context of behaviorist psychology


✔️ Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus, in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response.


✔️ It was first demonstrated by the Russian psychologist Pavlov, who at the turn of the twentieth century conducted a series of experiments in which he trained a dog to salivate to the tone of a bell through a procedure that has come to be labeled classical conditioning

✔️ Drawing on Pavlov’s findings, Watson coined the term behaviorism. Watson contended that human behavior should be studied objectively, rejecting mentalistic notions of innateness and instinct. He adopted the classical conditioning theory as the explanation for all learning: by the process of conditioning, we build an array of stimulus-response connections, and more complex behaviors are learned by building up series or chains of responses.


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🌿 operant conditioning


✔️ also called instrumental conditioning

✔️ a learning theory proposed by Skinner within the context of behaviorist psychology

✔️ Operant conditioning refers to conditioning in which the organism (in this case, a human being) emits a response, or operant (a sentence or utterance), without necessarily observable stimuli; that operant is maintained (learned) by reinforcement (e.g., a positive verbal or nonverbal response from another person, getting what they want, receiving praise, getting people to interact with them)

✔️ If a child says ‘want milk’ and a parent gives the child some milk, the operant is reinforced and, over repeated instances, is conditioned.

✔️ According to Skinner, verbal behavior, like other behavior, is controlled by its consequences—the events or stimuli (i.e., the reinforcers) that follow a response and that tend to strengthen behavior or increase the probability of a recurrence of that response.

⬇️

🔹 When consequences are rewarding, behavior is maintained and is increased in strength and perhaps frequency.


🔹 When consequences are punishing, or when there is a total lack of reinforcement, the behavior is weakened and eventually extinguished.


✔️ According to Skinner, reinforcers are far stronger aspects of learning than is mere association of a prior stimulus with a following response, as in the classical conditioning model.


✔️ Skinner is called a neobehaviorist because he added a unique dimension to behavioristic psychology.

✔️ The classical conditioning of Pavlov was, according to Skinner, a highly specialized form of learning utilized mainly by animals and playing little part in human conditioning.

✔️ Skinner called Pavlovian conditioning respondent conditioning since it was concerned with respondent behavior—that is, behavior that is elicited by a preceding stimulus.


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