(13/n)
Interestingly, the SARS-CoV-2 spike arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) motif (i.e. the arginine/glycine/aspartic acid amino acid sequence) is similar to that of VN. The RGD motif enables binding to ingerins. (Note: all coronavirus predecessors lack the RGD motif, i.e. it is a specific feature of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 and to αVβ3).
The integrin αVβ3 is highly expressed in the endothelium and the SARS-CoV-2 protein has been shown to be able to bind to it [1]. Binding to this ingerin in the epithelium triggers significant endothelial dysregulation, resulting in loss of barrier integrity.
The αvβ3 integrin is also a vitronectin receptor [2], promotes VN gene expression [3] and mediates platelet/endothelium adhesion [4].
Activated integrin αvβ3 in combination with fibronectin also promotes clot invasion and metastasis [5].
Interestingly, the SARS-CoV-2 spike arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) motif (i.e. the arginine/glycine/aspartic acid amino acid sequence) is similar to that of VN. The RGD motif enables binding to ingerins. (Note: all coronavirus predecessors lack the RGD motif, i.e. it is a specific feature of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 and to αVβ3).
The integrin αVβ3 is highly expressed in the endothelium and the SARS-CoV-2 protein has been shown to be able to bind to it [1]. Binding to this ingerin in the epithelium triggers significant endothelial dysregulation, resulting in loss of barrier integrity.
The αvβ3 integrin is also a vitronectin receptor [2], promotes VN gene expression [3] and mediates platelet/endothelium adhesion [4].
Activated integrin αvβ3 in combination with fibronectin also promotes clot invasion and metastasis [5].
[1] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0253347
[2] https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272596001550
[3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21433063/
[4] https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/73/20/6175/584702/Integrin-v-3-and-Fibronectin-Upregulate-Slug-in
[5] https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1809
[2] https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272596001550
[3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21433063/
[4] https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/73/20/6175/584702/Integrin-v-3-and-Fibronectin-Upregulate-Slug-in
[5] https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1809
journals.plos.org
SARS-CoV-2 uses major endothelial integrin αvβ3 to cause vascular dysregulation in-vitro during COVID-19
The unprecedented global COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a desperate international effort to accelerate the development of anti-viral candidates. For unknown reasons, COVID-19 infections are associated with adverse cardiovascular complications, implicating…
New study:
Blood distribution of SARS-CoV-2 lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccine in humans
-> https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.24311039v1
- "Taken together, our results suggest vaccine mRNA
lipid nanoparticles recirculate for up to 1 month post-vaccination." (!)
- "... mRNA lipid nanoparticles remain intact and travel from injection sites or lymph nodes into blood stream within 4 hours post-vaccination."
- "The rapid dissemination of mRNA lipid nanoparticles in blood found in our study is consistent with the recent findings on the detection of mRNA in breast milk at 3–45 hours post-vaccination."
-"The proteins and lipids bind to mRNA lipid nanoparticles in either lymph or plasma, forming so called “biomolecular corona", which could influence uptake and immunogenicity of the vaccines."
Blood distribution of SARS-CoV-2 lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccine in humans
-> https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.24311039v1
- "Taken together, our results suggest vaccine mRNA
lipid nanoparticles recirculate for up to 1 month post-vaccination." (!)
- "... mRNA lipid nanoparticles remain intact and travel from injection sites or lymph nodes into blood stream within 4 hours post-vaccination."
- "The rapid dissemination of mRNA lipid nanoparticles in blood found in our study is consistent with the recent findings on the detection of mRNA in breast milk at 3–45 hours post-vaccination."
-"The proteins and lipids bind to mRNA lipid nanoparticles in either lymph or plasma, forming so called “biomolecular corona", which could influence uptake and immunogenicity of the vaccines."
Varicella zoster reactivation after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)08279-3?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2405844024082793%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
"This case highlights the importance of considering varicella zoster reactivation in a patient presenting with encephalitis or pneumonia post SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, especially considering the mortality and morbidity associated with these manifestations, if not promptly treated."
https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)08279-3?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2405844024082793%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
"This case highlights the importance of considering varicella zoster reactivation in a patient presenting with encephalitis or pneumonia post SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, especially considering the mortality and morbidity associated with these manifestations, if not promptly treated."
Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination -> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iid3.1270
- "... it is vital to acknowledge the emerging adverse events associated with these vaccines."
- "We agree on the need for more reports of clinical trials are needed to increase understanding of the clinical characteristics and mechanism of the physiopathology of TMA associated with COVID-19 vaccination."
- "... it is vital to acknowledge the emerging adverse events associated with these vaccines."
- "We agree on the need for more reports of clinical trials are needed to increase understanding of the clinical characteristics and mechanism of the physiopathology of TMA associated with COVID-19 vaccination."
Acute abducens nerve palsy after COVID-19 vaccination: https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-024-04681-2
"The mechanism behind the pathogenesis of vaccine-induced abducens nerve palsy remains unclear."
"... neurological complications may occur even in otherwise healthy individuals."
"The mechanism behind the pathogenesis of vaccine-induced abducens nerve palsy remains unclear."
"... neurological complications may occur even in otherwise healthy individuals."
Type 1 diabetes mellitus after COVID-19 vaccination: 2 cases -> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13340-024-00695-9
"Although various autoimmune reactions are possible, the mechanism by which COVID-19 vaccine causes type 1 diabetes is not clear and requires further study."
"Although various autoimmune reactions are possible, the mechanism by which COVID-19 vaccine causes type 1 diabetes is not clear and requires further study."
Severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy related inflammation (CAA-ri) after COVID-19 vaccination (Coronavac):
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165572824001255#f0005
"... there is emerging evidence that [the] vaccine is capable of eliciting neuroinflammatory responses resembling those seen in CAA-ri ..."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165572824001255#f0005
"... there is emerging evidence that [the] vaccine is capable of eliciting neuroinflammatory responses resembling those seen in CAA-ri ..."
Severe acquired hemophilia A after COVID-19 vaccination (BNT162b2, 2nd dose): https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/08020/severe_acquired_hemophilia_a_associated_with.25.aspx
A 56-year-old Korean man.
He died.
"This case further highlights the potential safety concerns related to COVID-19 vaccinations."
A 56-year-old Korean man.
He died.
"This case further highlights the potential safety concerns related to COVID-19 vaccinations."
Vaccine-associated rheumatic diseases: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39171515/
"... healthcare providers should be aware of the potential of autoimmune manifestations following vaccination, particularly the COVID-19 mRNA and HBV vaccines ..."
"The disproportionality signal for rheumatic diseases was most pronounced in
- HBV vaccines (ROR, 4.11; IC025, 1.90),
- followed by COVID-19 mRNA (ROR, 2.79; IC025, 1.25),
- anthrax (ROR, 2.52; IC025, 0.76),
- papillomavirus (ROR, 2.16; IC025, 0.95),
- encephalitis (ROR, 2.01; IC025, 0.58),
- typhoid (ROR, 1.91; IC025, 0.44),
- influenza (ROR, 1.49; IC025, 0.46),
- and HAV vaccines (ROR, 1.41; IC025, 0.20)."
"... healthcare providers should be aware of the potential of autoimmune manifestations following vaccination, particularly the COVID-19 mRNA and HBV vaccines ..."
"The disproportionality signal for rheumatic diseases was most pronounced in
- HBV vaccines (ROR, 4.11; IC025, 1.90),
- followed by COVID-19 mRNA (ROR, 2.79; IC025, 1.25),
- anthrax (ROR, 2.52; IC025, 0.76),
- papillomavirus (ROR, 2.16; IC025, 0.95),
- encephalitis (ROR, 2.01; IC025, 0.58),
- typhoid (ROR, 1.91; IC025, 0.44),
- influenza (ROR, 1.49; IC025, 0.46),
- and HAV vaccines (ROR, 1.41; IC025, 0.20)."
High serum prevalence of autoreactive IgG antibodies against peripheral nerve structures in patients with neurological post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome:
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404800/full
- "Compared with controls, PCVS patients had a significantly greater frequency of autoantibodies against peripheral nervous system structures (9/50(18%) vs 1/35(3%); p=0.04)."
- "The evidence supporting the pathophysiological relevance of serum autoantibodies against nervous system tissues, beyond the encephalitis spectrum, is expanding. This trend is based on the increasing number of studies showing links between autoantibody serostatus and unfavorable clinical outcomes in stroke, dementia, and cancer patients."
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404800/full
- "Compared with controls, PCVS patients had a significantly greater frequency of autoantibodies against peripheral nervous system structures (9/50(18%) vs 1/35(3%); p=0.04)."
- "The evidence supporting the pathophysiological relevance of serum autoantibodies against nervous system tissues, beyond the encephalitis spectrum, is expanding. This trend is based on the increasing number of studies showing links between autoantibody serostatus and unfavorable clinical outcomes in stroke, dementia, and cancer patients."
Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) after COVID-19 vaccination: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21645515.2024.2372149#d1e215
"When patients have acute fever after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines and are accompanied by hypotension, vomiting, physical discomfort, and tachycardia, in addition to common adverse reactions such as sepsis, allergic reactions, and infections, clinicians also need to pay attention to SCLS."
"11 patients were recovered and were discharged, while 4 patients died."
"When patients have acute fever after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines and are accompanied by hypotension, vomiting, physical discomfort, and tachycardia, in addition to common adverse reactions such as sepsis, allergic reactions, and infections, clinicians also need to pay attention to SCLS."
"11 patients were recovered and were discharged, while 4 patients died."
Transient hyperglycemia in a patient with type 2 diabetes after COVID-19 vaccination: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11299958/
- "Several cases of hyperglycemia in patients with preexisting diabetes within the setting of COVID-19 vaccination have been reported."
- "... cases of new-onset diabetes and hyperglycemia have been reported after COVID-19 vaccination."
- "Why patients might experience a loss of glycemic control after COVID-19 vaccination is not known."
- "... studies exploring the relationship between vaccine antigen binding and pancreatic function are needed."
- "Several cases of hyperglycemia in patients with preexisting diabetes within the setting of COVID-19 vaccination have been reported."
- "... cases of new-onset diabetes and hyperglycemia have been reported after COVID-19 vaccination."
- "Why patients might experience a loss of glycemic control after COVID-19 vaccination is not known."
- "... studies exploring the relationship between vaccine antigen binding and pancreatic function are needed."
Arginine vasopressin deficiency onset after COVID-19 vaccination with positive anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies:
https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12902-024-01664-8
- Anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies: a known marker for lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis (LINH)
- " ... AVP-D due to vaccines other than the SARS-CoV-2 has been limited only with the older smallpox vaccine, with no recent reports from other vaccines, suggesting a possible specific effect of adjuvants in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine."
https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12902-024-01664-8
- Anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies: a known marker for lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis (LINH)
- " ... AVP-D due to vaccines other than the SARS-CoV-2 has been limited only with the older smallpox vaccine, with no recent reports from other vaccines, suggesting a possible specific effect of adjuvants in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine."
Anti-MDA5 autoantibodies predict clinical dynamics of dermatomyositis (DM) following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-024-05683-5
- "MDA-5 antibodies seem to play a role in the autoantibody signature after mRNA vaccination."
- "MDA-5 autoantibodies could serve as potential indicators to predict severe DM progression following mRNA vaccination."
- ".... further studies are required to uncover the underlying mechanisms of autoimmunity triggered by mRNA vaccination."
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-024-05683-5
- "MDA-5 antibodies seem to play a role in the autoantibody signature after mRNA vaccination."
- "MDA-5 autoantibodies could serve as potential indicators to predict severe DM progression following mRNA vaccination."
- ".... further studies are required to uncover the underlying mechanisms of autoimmunity triggered by mRNA vaccination."
Example of how vaccine injury is misrepresented in medical publications:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/emp2.13250
This case concerns a child who developed transient synovitis the day after a triple vaccination (PPSV 23, influenza, and DTaP).
On examination in hospital, the PCR COVID-19 test was positive (presumably false positive). The child had no COVID-19 symptoms.
The title of the case report is "A toddler with transient synovitis and COVID-19 infection", but the title should actually be as follows:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/emp2.13250
This case concerns a child who developed transient synovitis the day after a triple vaccination (PPSV 23, influenza, and DTaP).
On examination in hospital, the PCR COVID-19 test was positive (presumably false positive). The child had no COVID-19 symptoms.
The title of the case report is "A toddler with transient synovitis and COVID-19 infection", but the title should actually be as follows:
FDA approves AstraZeneca FluMist flu vaccine for self-administration: https://www.flumist.com/
"The following events have been spontaneously reported during post approval use of FluMist or FluMist Quadrivalent": pericarditis, exacerbation of symptoms of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, anaphylactic reaction, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Bell’s Palsy, meningitis, eosinophilic meningitis, vaccine-associated encephalitis, syncope, ...
https://www.azpicentral.com/pi.html?product=flumist&country=us&popup=no
"The following events have been spontaneously reported during post approval use of FluMist or FluMist Quadrivalent": pericarditis, exacerbation of symptoms of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, anaphylactic reaction, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Bell’s Palsy, meningitis, eosinophilic meningitis, vaccine-associated encephalitis, syncope, ...
https://www.azpicentral.com/pi.html?product=flumist&country=us&popup=no
Chronic (!) immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) following COVID-19 vaccination: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00185787241245914
- "ITP in this case is found to have a consistent causal association to COVID-19 vaccination as per the World Health Organization Causality assessment algorithm and is categorized under vaccine product related reactions."
- "One year follow-up conducted showed that the thrombocytopenia following COVID-19 vaccine may be prolonged."
- "Patient perspective: The sudden onset of this disease deteriorated my normal life very badly. [...]
I was totally upset to know that this condition is a result of COVID-19 vaccination which I received and I am wondering why I am suffering from this condition for so long."
- "ITP in this case is found to have a consistent causal association to COVID-19 vaccination as per the World Health Organization Causality assessment algorithm and is categorized under vaccine product related reactions."
- "One year follow-up conducted showed that the thrombocytopenia following COVID-19 vaccine may be prolonged."
- "Patient perspective: The sudden onset of this disease deteriorated my normal life very badly. [...]
I was totally upset to know that this condition is a result of COVID-19 vaccination which I received and I am wondering why I am suffering from this condition for so long."
Anti-recoverin antibody-associated post-acute COVID-19 vaccination syndrome after BNT162b2 in HLA-B27-positive spondylarthritis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39280509/
"Two years after the onset of the adverse effects, recurrent elevated recoverin antibodies were detected. Despite the administration of various treatments, most symptoms persisted for more than three years ..."
"Two years after the onset of the adverse effects, recurrent elevated recoverin antibodies were detected. Despite the administration of various treatments, most symptoms persisted for more than three years ..."