The reverse-bias potential that results in this dramatic change in characteristics is called the
Zener potential and is given the symbol Vz.

Vt of Si is (جت في الامتحان)

Vt of Ge is 3.0

Vd < 0

in Si diode The applied signal must now be at least 0.7 V before the diode can turn “on.”

in Si diode For levels of vi less than 0.7 V, the diode is still in an open circuit state and vo !=0

An equivalent circuit is a combination of elements properly chosen to best represent the actual terminal characteristics of a device, system, or such in a particular operating region

approximate the characteristics of the device by straight-line segments to approximate the characteristic curve.

the resistance rav is sufficiently small to be ignored in comparison to the other elements of the network

The point of intersection between the two is the point of operation for this circuit is usually called the quiescent poin

When the diode is reverse biased, it ideally acts like an open (On) switch.

When the diode is forward biased, it ideally acts like a closed (on) switch.

VR =

Vo =

Id

VO =

Which theories are fundamental to all branches of electrical engineering?