Is the charge rate of change of energy

w is energy in ..

Energy: is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy

p = +vi

is the capacity to do work

is capable of generating energy

resistors, capacitors, and inductors

generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers.

independent source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.

.. are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols.

… is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables.

The resistance is a material property which can’t be changed if the internal or external conditions of the element are altered

Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor.

The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of electric current

the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero

The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node

The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in … is the sum of the individual
resistances.

The equivalent resistance of two series resistors is equal to the product of their resistances divided by their sum.

The equivalent resistance Req = 0.

The entire current flows through the ..

When R = infinity it’s considered as