contains protocols used for process-to-process communications.

Data Link provides methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media.

......... describes the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to transmit bits across physical connections. (جت في الامتحان)

no address necessary

address must be able to provide information to enable routing

address must identify the destination process

defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data.

address must be able to select any host on the network.

information is typically prepended to the data after being given to the lower layer

Session provides for common representation of the data.

What is a signal?

modifies signals or extracts additional information from them.

The rate at which work can be done

If amplitude of 𝑔(𝑡) does not → 0 as 𝑡 → ∞, we may use

If you run a 60 watt light bulb from dusk to dawn for 12 hours, you will consume

is the number of occurrences of a repeating event (cycles) per unit time

If amplitude of 𝑔(𝑡) → 1 as 𝑡 → ∞, we may use

measured as radian per second

A signal that has a value at all instances

Which one is true