U = R x S then U ÷ R =

U = R x S then R ÷ U =

How the tuples in a base relation are stored and updated

How users interpret the relation schemas and the meaning of their attributes

logical level =

physical storage level =

One goal of schema design is to … the storage space used by the base relations (and hence the
corresponding files).

into relation schemas has a significant effect on storage space

When information is stored redundantly, this will lead to

Update anomalies

Insertion anomalies can be differentiated into … types

The problem of deletion anomalies is related to the second insertion anomaly situation just discussed.

.........is the process of organizing data in a database

Goal of Normalization

Database Normalization is a database schema design technique, by which an existing schema is modified to maximize redundancy and dependency of data

Normalization split a … table into … tables and define relationships between them to increases
the clarity in organizing data.

Normalization … clarity in organizing data in Databases

Normalization of a Database is achieved by following a set of rules called …. in creating the database

The constraint is that, for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r that have: t1[X] = t2[X], they must also have

If X→Y in R, this says Y→X in R