in Paging Limitations Can still have External fragmentation

segmentation = 1 segment/process

segmentation = many segments/process

page (logical) => page frame (physical)

in Hardware support multiple base/limit pairs, two per segment

Cooperative Process: One process's execution has an effect on the execution of other processes.

Independent Process: the execution of one process has impact on the execution of the others

Processes can execute concurrently or in series

multi-core processor allows parallel execution of different processes

Process Synchronization is the task of coordinating the execution of processes in such a way that two processes can have access to the same shared data and resources

Race Condition is Several processes access and manipulate the same data concurrently may lead to incorrect shared data.

The Producer-Consumer problem is a classic multi-process synchronization problem.

The job of the consumer is to generate the data, put it into the buffer, and again start generating
data

The producers and consumers share different memory buffers that is of fixed-size (bounded buffer)

in producer consumer problem We can do so by having an integer counter that keeps track of the
number of full buffers. Initially, counter is set....

counter is decremented by the producer after it produces a new buffer

in producer consumer problem, we use counter-- in … stage

in producer consumer problem, we use while(counter == BUFFER_SIZE); in … stage

in producer consumer problem, we use while(counter == 0); in … stage

in producer consumer problem, we use buffer[in] = next_consumed

in producer consumer problem
in =.........