getting the instruction from memory and store it in the CPU’s instruction register

…. the instruction, which may require fetching operands from memory and store them in some CPU internal registers

Decoding may require fetching operands from memory

Instruction Execution Cycle

Main memory can store all programs and data permanently

RAM is usually too small to store all needed programs and data

RAM is a …. storage device that loses its contents when power is off

most computer systems provide secondary storage as an extension of main memory

The main requirement for primary storage is to be able to hold large quantities of data permanently

Optical Disks and magnetic Tapes are treated as ….

Primary Storage is bigger than Secondary Storage

Primary Storage is faster than Secondary Storage

Primary Storage is a volatile Storage

Secondary Storage is a volatile storage

… can be installed to improve access time or transfer rate

…. refers to the use of high-speed memory to hold a copy of recently-accessed data assuming that it will be needed again soon

….. ensures that an update to some data in a cache is reflected immediately in other caches containing a copy of that data.

A specific-purpose computer system consists of CPUs and multiple device controllers connected through a common bus

A …. computer system consists of CPUs and multiple device controllers connected through a common bus

Each device controller controls a specific type of device

A device controller has a local buffer storage and a set of registers