🔆 Fill in the blanks

___ mobility involves changes in social position within a person's adult life.

🔆 INTERSECTIONALITY 🔆

Many women experience intersectionality, or differential treatment, not only because of their gender but because of their race, ethnicity, and social class as well.

Patricia Hill Collins has termed this convergence of social factors the matrix of domination.

#SociologicalTerms

🔆 LET'S DISCUSS 🔆

How are you affected by globalization? Which aspects of globalisation do you find advantageous and which objectionable?

🔵 The Invisibility of Women in Conflict Zones | Economic and Political Weekly

https://www.epw.in/engage/article/invisibility-women-conflict-zones

Wartime sexual violence is not just committed by some individuals, but rather it is often deployed as a tool to further political/military gains, to prove a point. This becomes especially challenging in the absence of justice delivery mechanisms and the lack of criminal infrastructure. To that extent, rape has also been normalised as an inevitable outcome of war.

🔆 USE YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION 🔆

Have you ever been unaware of your true position in society -- that is, have you experienced false consciousness? Explain.

Hint: A worker with false consciousness may adopt an individualistic viewpoint toward capitalist exploitation ("I am being exploited by my boss").

In contrast, the class-conscious worker realises that all workers are being exploited by the bourgeoisie and have a common stake in revolution.

🔵 The Long Wait for Women’s Representation | Economic and Political Weekly

https://www.epw.in/journal/2023/39/editorials/long-wait-womens-representation.html

It is disappointing that women’s reservations are not being implemented immediately before the 2024 elections.
The Parliament has recently ratified the Constitution (128th Amendment) Bill, 2023 to reserve one-third or 33% of the seats in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for women. Officially called the “Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam,” the bill was passed with a near unanimous support in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. It mandates that one-third of all seats in the Lok Sabha, state legislative assemblies, and Delhi, which is a union territory with an elected assembly, will be reserved for women.
It also proposed that women will get one-third of the seats allocated for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) on a periodic and rotational basis. With one-third seats being reserved for women in panchayati raj institutions, state assemblies, and the Lok Sabha, India can now boast of having guaranteed women’s representation at almost all institutional levels of its electoral democracy.
The approval of the women’s reservation bill in Parliament was indeed long-pending, and hence is a welcome step in the direction of ensuring women’s political representation. A bill to reserve one-third of the seats for women was first introduced in 1996, and several attempts were made since then to get this bill passed in Parliament. The percentage of women in Parliament is still very low when compared to many other countries, despite considerable improvement over the years. In the Lok Sabha, women make up only around 15% of the members of Parliament (MPs). This is a big increase from the first elected Lok Sabha in 1952, where only 5% of the MPs were women, but it is nevertheless far from the ideal of adequate representation. Data also shows that less than 10% legislators in 20 state assemblies and union territories are women. Such data reveal the coexistence of the contradictory processes of universal adult franchise on the one hand and the sociopolitical disenfranchisement of women on the other. It could be argued that the formal existence of the right to vote proved to be inadequate in providing an equal and commensurate voice to politically disenfranchised groups like women, SCs, and STs, thereby marking the necessity of political reservations for these groups in making our electoral democracy more substantively representative in character.
The euphoria over getting the bill passed with unanimous support in Parliament is severely dampened, when it is noted that women’s reservation will not be implemented in the 2024 general elections. According to the pro­visions of the bill, its implementation shall commence only after the processes of the decennial census and delimitation of seats are completed. Article 82 of the Constitution stipulates that the number of seats in the Lok Sabha should be adjusted according to the population census every 10 years, so that each region can have a fair representation. However, constitutional amendments passed in 1976 and 2001 effectively froze the number of constituencies till 2026. This means that the delimitation exercise can only commence after 2026. Given that the previous delimitation commission took around five years to submit its report, most experts calculate that it is unlikely that the women’s quota will be implemented even in the 2029 Lok Sabha elections.

🔆 Your Goal 🔆

Fill in the blanks

As part of their commitment to __ neutrality, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to their personal views or to widely accepted beliefs.

Fill in the blanks

__ refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.

🔵 Watch | Why is the Hakki Pikki tribal community unhappy with the land given to them? - The Hindu

https://www.thehindu.com/videos/watch-why-is-the-hakki-pikki-tribal-community-unhappy-with-the-land-given-to-them/article67371633.ece

The Hakki Pikkis are traditionally a semi-nomadic tribe of bird catchers and hunters, who settled down in several parts of Karnataka.


In the last 20 years the community left bird catching and hunting, and have started to prepare traditional medicines, especially hair oils. The settlement on the edge of the Bannerghatta National Park has both Hakki Pikki and Iruliga tribals staying here.

In 1962, the Government of Karnataka allotted 350 acres of land for them to sustain themselves through agriculture. But for the longest time, the Forest Department claimed that the tribes were encroachers.

In 1974, the Bannerghatta wooded area was declared as a National Park. This led to the criminalisation of these communities living on the edges of the forest.

The Hindu visited the settlement of around 270 families, and spoke to them about the issues they have with the title deeds which they have received from the Karnataka government.

Chemistry Nobel Prize winner Bawendi had failed Chemistry exam in college