UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE
Q. Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss, in this context, the role of the Estimates Committee. #GS2 #Polity #CSM18
The functions of Parliament are varied, complex and voluminous. It has neither time nor expertise to control to make a detailed scrutiny of all legislative measures and other matters. Therefore, it is assisted by a number of committees in discharge of its duties. These committees fulfil several objectives:
These help Parliament in managing its business in a better way. It is easier to examine a topic in depth by a committee of 30 than by an assembly of 700.
These enable inputs from experts and also directly from people. For example, the Departmental Standing Committees often invite comments from the public and call people to testify.
A related advantage in the Indian context is that the anti-defection law does not apply to committees — therefore, decisions are not usually made on party lines.
These committees allow members to focus on some specific areas and build their expertise, which helps them scrutinise issues more thoroughly.
These keep an unremitting vigil over Government expenditure and performance. For e.g. Public Accounts Committee.
Role of the Estimates Committee
Estimates Committee compromises of 30 members solely from Lok Sabha. Its main agenda is to examine the estimates included in the budget and suggest economies in public expenditure. It suggests alternative policies in order to bring about the efficiency and economy in administration. It brings to the notice of the Parliament, the ineffectiveness of the policy and need for changes in policy.
However, the effectiveness of the role of the committee is limited by the followings-
It cannot question the policy laid down by the Parliament.
It examines the budget estimates only alter they have been voted by the Parliament, and not before that.
Its recommendations are advisory and not binding on the ministries.
These help Parliament in managing its business in a better way. It is easier to examine a topic in depth by a committee of 30 than by an assembly of 700.
These enable inputs from experts and also directly from people. For example, the Departmental Standing Committees often invite comments from the public and call people to testify.
A related advantage in the Indian context is that the anti-defection law does not apply to committees — therefore, decisions are not usually made on party lines.
These committees allow members to focus on some specific areas and build their expertise, which helps them scrutinise issues more thoroughly.
These keep an unremitting vigil over Government expenditure and performance. For e.g. Public Accounts Committee.
Role of the Estimates Committee
Estimates Committee compromises of 30 members solely from Lok Sabha. Its main agenda is to examine the estimates included in the budget and suggest economies in public expenditure. It suggests alternative policies in order to bring about the efficiency and economy in administration. It brings to the notice of the Parliament, the ineffectiveness of the policy and need for changes in policy.
However, the effectiveness of the role of the committee is limited by the followings-
It cannot question the policy laid down by the Parliament.
It examines the budget estimates only alter they have been voted by the Parliament, and not before that.
Its recommendations are advisory and not binding on the ministries.
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Que . “Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory
in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer: To uphold the value of social justice and to address the many problems faced by vulnerable sections like women, elderly, minorities, tribals, LGBTQ+ etc. government launches various targeted welfare schemes for them.
For example, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana for girlchild, Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana for elderly etc.
Development and welfare schemes for vulnerable sections- discriminatory in nature:
✅ Targeted Approach: Since these schemes are targeted towards a particular section, they exclude other vulnerable sections who may also require special care.
🔸 For example, Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana provides financial assistance to tribal women which can also be made available to women from general category.
✅ Stigmatisation: By singling out certain groups for assistance, welfare programs can unintentionally stigmatize those groups, perpetuating stereotypes and biases.
🔸 For example, MoW&CD scheme to provide critical care and support to pregnant minor victims of sexual assault
✅ Limited resources: Prioritizing certain vulnerable groups can inadvertently discriminate against others who may also be in need but do not meet the specific criteria.
🔸 For example, Scheme of Girls & Boys Hostels for STs and SCs may deviate attention from other poorer sections who may also require Hostel facilities.
✅ Top-down approach: these schemes are formed at the top level without involvement of the vulnerable section. They may lack a detailed idea of the exact needs and requirements of the vulnerable sections.
✅ Exclusion Errors: Targeted schemes can sometimes result in exclusion errors, where deserving individuals or communities are left out due to inefficiencies.
Development and Welfare schemes promoting positive discrimination:
✅ Achieve equity: The development and welfare schemes recognize that different groups may have different needs and require targeted assistance to achieve equal access to resources and opportunities.
🔸 For example, Standup India scheme to make loans easily available for SCs, STs and women.
✅ Efficiency: Targeting vulnerable groups can be more efficient in terms of resource allocation as the limited resources are directed to those who need them the most.
🔸 For example, distribution of iron-fortified rice to adivasis.
✅ Human Rights and Social Justice: Providing assistance to vulnerable groups can be seen as a way to rectify historical injustices and promote social justice.
✅ Inclusive growth: Welfare schemes promote inclusive growth by providing a safety net that reduces inequality and poverty, enabling marginalized populations to participate more fully in the economy.
🔸For example, schemes like Nai Roshni and Nai Udaan for minorities.
Thus, the welfare schemes may seem discriminatory but if implemented properly, they can help address historical wrongs and promote social equality. Emphasis should be laid on better targeting, avoiding exclusion errors and participatory design of the schemes.
#GS2
#socialjustice
in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer: To uphold the value of social justice and to address the many problems faced by vulnerable sections like women, elderly, minorities, tribals, LGBTQ+ etc. government launches various targeted welfare schemes for them.
For example, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana for girlchild, Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana for elderly etc.
Development and welfare schemes for vulnerable sections- discriminatory in nature:
✅ Targeted Approach: Since these schemes are targeted towards a particular section, they exclude other vulnerable sections who may also require special care.
🔸 For example, Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana provides financial assistance to tribal women which can also be made available to women from general category.
✅ Stigmatisation: By singling out certain groups for assistance, welfare programs can unintentionally stigmatize those groups, perpetuating stereotypes and biases.
🔸 For example, MoW&CD scheme to provide critical care and support to pregnant minor victims of sexual assault
✅ Limited resources: Prioritizing certain vulnerable groups can inadvertently discriminate against others who may also be in need but do not meet the specific criteria.
🔸 For example, Scheme of Girls & Boys Hostels for STs and SCs may deviate attention from other poorer sections who may also require Hostel facilities.
✅ Top-down approach: these schemes are formed at the top level without involvement of the vulnerable section. They may lack a detailed idea of the exact needs and requirements of the vulnerable sections.
✅ Exclusion Errors: Targeted schemes can sometimes result in exclusion errors, where deserving individuals or communities are left out due to inefficiencies.
Development and Welfare schemes promoting positive discrimination:
✅ Achieve equity: The development and welfare schemes recognize that different groups may have different needs and require targeted assistance to achieve equal access to resources and opportunities.
🔸 For example, Standup India scheme to make loans easily available for SCs, STs and women.
✅ Efficiency: Targeting vulnerable groups can be more efficient in terms of resource allocation as the limited resources are directed to those who need them the most.
🔸 For example, distribution of iron-fortified rice to adivasis.
✅ Human Rights and Social Justice: Providing assistance to vulnerable groups can be seen as a way to rectify historical injustices and promote social justice.
✅ Inclusive growth: Welfare schemes promote inclusive growth by providing a safety net that reduces inequality and poverty, enabling marginalized populations to participate more fully in the economy.
🔸For example, schemes like Nai Roshni and Nai Udaan for minorities.
Thus, the welfare schemes may seem discriminatory but if implemented properly, they can help address historical wrongs and promote social equality. Emphasis should be laid on better targeting, avoiding exclusion errors and participatory design of the schemes.
#GS2
#socialjustice
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Q .Analyze the reasons behind landslides in India, considering both natural and human-induced elements. How do these factors differ across various parts of the country?(250 words)
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UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE
Q .Analyze the reasons behind landslides in India, considering both natural and human-induced elements. How do these factors differ across various parts of the country?(250 words)
Landslides in India: Causes, Types, and Mitigation
Introduction:
Recently Many human lives,flora-fauna losses in Wayanad's landslides. This gives a painful attentive experience for heavy loss. Landslides, gravitational movements of rock masses on slopes, pose significant risks across India. Understanding their causes is crucial for preventive measures.
1.Natural Causes:
- Heavy Rainfall and Earthquakes: Over 40% of the Kumaon Himalayan region is landslide-prone due to earthquakes. Heavy rainfall also triggers landslides, as seen in Maharashtra's Talai village in 2021.
- Snow Melting and Undercutting: Snowmelt and flooding weaken slopes, leading to landslides.
- Geological Factors: Soil types and rock formations play a role, but these remain relatively constant.
2. Human-Induced Factors:
- Deforestation: Indiscriminate tree cutting reduces soil stability. The Himalayan region, with increased deforestation, faces heightened landslide risk.
- Shifting Cultivation: Burning forests for cultivation damages topsoil, making hilly regions vulnerable.
- Mining and Quarrying: Removal of vegetation cover and soil gravel lowers groundwater retention capacity, increasing landslide risk.
- Urbanization: Intensive construction and road projects reduce vegetation cover, contributing to landslides. Dharamshala exemplifies this trend.
3. Regional Variations:
- Western Ghats: Deforestation and heavy rainfall contribute to landslides in states like Maharashtra and Konkan.
- Himalayas: Earthquakes and snowmelt impact this region.
- Southern India: Urbanization and deforestation affect areas like Dharamshala.
Mitigation Measures:
- Afforestation: Increase forest cover to stabilize slopes.
- Catchment Area Management: Store excess water to reduce flash floods and recharge groundwater.
- Urban Planning: Regulate construction to preserve vegetation.
- Early Warning Systems: Monitor ground conditions for timely alerts.
Conclusion:
Balancing development with environmental conservation is essential to mitigate landslide risks. Collaborative efforts can safeguard lives and property in landslide-prone regions.
Introduction:
Recently Many human lives,flora-fauna losses in Wayanad's landslides. This gives a painful attentive experience for heavy loss. Landslides, gravitational movements of rock masses on slopes, pose significant risks across India. Understanding their causes is crucial for preventive measures.
1.Natural Causes:
- Heavy Rainfall and Earthquakes: Over 40% of the Kumaon Himalayan region is landslide-prone due to earthquakes. Heavy rainfall also triggers landslides, as seen in Maharashtra's Talai village in 2021.
- Snow Melting and Undercutting: Snowmelt and flooding weaken slopes, leading to landslides.
- Geological Factors: Soil types and rock formations play a role, but these remain relatively constant.
2. Human-Induced Factors:
- Deforestation: Indiscriminate tree cutting reduces soil stability. The Himalayan region, with increased deforestation, faces heightened landslide risk.
- Shifting Cultivation: Burning forests for cultivation damages topsoil, making hilly regions vulnerable.
- Mining and Quarrying: Removal of vegetation cover and soil gravel lowers groundwater retention capacity, increasing landslide risk.
- Urbanization: Intensive construction and road projects reduce vegetation cover, contributing to landslides. Dharamshala exemplifies this trend.
3. Regional Variations:
- Western Ghats: Deforestation and heavy rainfall contribute to landslides in states like Maharashtra and Konkan.
- Himalayas: Earthquakes and snowmelt impact this region.
- Southern India: Urbanization and deforestation affect areas like Dharamshala.
Mitigation Measures:
- Afforestation: Increase forest cover to stabilize slopes.
- Catchment Area Management: Store excess water to reduce flash floods and recharge groundwater.
- Urban Planning: Regulate construction to preserve vegetation.
- Early Warning Systems: Monitor ground conditions for timely alerts.
Conclusion:
Balancing development with environmental conservation is essential to mitigate landslide risks. Collaborative efforts can safeguard lives and property in landslide-prone regions.
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Q. Examine the historical development and legal structure of the reservation system in India. Emphasize the suggestions made by the Mandal Commission and their effects on reservation policies. (250 words).
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UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE
Q. Examine the historical development and legal structure of the reservation system in India. Emphasize the suggestions made by the Mandal Commission and their effects on reservation policies. (250 words).
Answer:
Introduction:
Reservations in India have a rich historical context, evolving over time to address social and economic disparities. The reservation system aims to uplift marginalized communities by providing them with opportunities in education, employment, and political representation.
Historical Development:
- British India and Princely Kingdoms: In the late nineteenth century, India was divided into British India and numerous princely kingdoms. Some progressive states prioritized education, industry, and national unity. However, attention shifted to minorities and impoverished sections in South and Western India.
- Constitutional Goals: India's Constitution sought to ensure equality, brotherhood, and individual dignity. Recognizing that existing provisions weren't sufficient, Article 334 initially reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in legislatures. Subsequent amendments extended this reservation until 2010.
- Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/ST) Quotas: The reservation policy extended to SCs and STs in government jobs and educational institutions. This aimed to address their underrepresentation.
-Other Backward Classes (OBCs): However, OBCs needed similar support. The Mandal Commission was established to address their concerns comprehensively.
The Mandal Commission:
- Formation and Objectives: The Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (Mandal Commission) was set up in 1979. Its primary duty was to address OBC issues.
-Criteria for Backward Classes: The Commission systematically identified backward classes based on criteria such as social perception, manual labor dependence, and below-average family assets.
Recommendations:
-27% Reservation: The Mandal Commission recommended 27% reservation for OBCs in public sector and government jobs.
-Promotions: OBCs should also receive 27% reservation at all levels of promotions.
-Carry Forward: Unfilled quota vacancies should be carried forward for up to three years.
-Impact:The Mandal Commission played a vital role in recognizing backward classes and framing affirmative action policies. It aimed to bridge socio-economic gaps and promote inclusivity.
Conclusion:
The reservation system, shaped by historical developments and the Mandal Commission's recommendations, remains a critical tool for social justice in India. While controversies persist, its impact on marginalized communities cannot be overlooked.
Introduction:
Reservations in India have a rich historical context, evolving over time to address social and economic disparities. The reservation system aims to uplift marginalized communities by providing them with opportunities in education, employment, and political representation.
Historical Development:
- British India and Princely Kingdoms: In the late nineteenth century, India was divided into British India and numerous princely kingdoms. Some progressive states prioritized education, industry, and national unity. However, attention shifted to minorities and impoverished sections in South and Western India.
- Constitutional Goals: India's Constitution sought to ensure equality, brotherhood, and individual dignity. Recognizing that existing provisions weren't sufficient, Article 334 initially reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in legislatures. Subsequent amendments extended this reservation until 2010.
- Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/ST) Quotas: The reservation policy extended to SCs and STs in government jobs and educational institutions. This aimed to address their underrepresentation.
-Other Backward Classes (OBCs): However, OBCs needed similar support. The Mandal Commission was established to address their concerns comprehensively.
The Mandal Commission:
- Formation and Objectives: The Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (Mandal Commission) was set up in 1979. Its primary duty was to address OBC issues.
-Criteria for Backward Classes: The Commission systematically identified backward classes based on criteria such as social perception, manual labor dependence, and below-average family assets.
Recommendations:
-27% Reservation: The Mandal Commission recommended 27% reservation for OBCs in public sector and government jobs.
-Promotions: OBCs should also receive 27% reservation at all levels of promotions.
-Carry Forward: Unfilled quota vacancies should be carried forward for up to three years.
-Impact:The Mandal Commission played a vital role in recognizing backward classes and framing affirmative action policies. It aimed to bridge socio-economic gaps and promote inclusivity.
Conclusion:
The reservation system, shaped by historical developments and the Mandal Commission's recommendations, remains a critical tool for social justice in India. While controversies persist, its impact on marginalized communities cannot be overlooked.
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UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE
Q. The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise #GS2 #Polity #CSM18
CAG acts as the guardian of public purse and controls the entire gamut of financial administration. Article 148 envisages the post of CAG with a tenure of six years. He is appointed by President and can be removed on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity - on the basis of a resolution passed by a special majority by both the houses of parliament.
Moreover, CAG’s salary and allowances are charged upon Consolidated Fund of India, ensuring immunity from Vote of Parliament. Thus, there are strong inbuilt safeguards available to ensure autonomy for the CAG to effectively discharge its role.
Role of CAG
Conducts legal, regulatory and propriety audit.
Audits expenditure from Contingency Fund, Public Account, Consolidated Fund of India and the states.
Submits audit reports to President and Governor for legislative scrutiny.
Audits the receipts and expenditure of Government companies and entities substantially financed from the Central or State revenues.
Acts as a guide to Public Accounts Committee of Parliament ensuring transparency in financial administration.
Its role as the highest auditing authority is intrinsically linked to the efficacy of government policies by keeping a watch on financial aspect of Good Governance, thereby preserving the democratic ethos.
Moreover, CAG’s salary and allowances are charged upon Consolidated Fund of India, ensuring immunity from Vote of Parliament. Thus, there are strong inbuilt safeguards available to ensure autonomy for the CAG to effectively discharge its role.
Role of CAG
Conducts legal, regulatory and propriety audit.
Audits expenditure from Contingency Fund, Public Account, Consolidated Fund of India and the states.
Submits audit reports to President and Governor for legislative scrutiny.
Audits the receipts and expenditure of Government companies and entities substantially financed from the Central or State revenues.
Acts as a guide to Public Accounts Committee of Parliament ensuring transparency in financial administration.
Its role as the highest auditing authority is intrinsically linked to the efficacy of government policies by keeping a watch on financial aspect of Good Governance, thereby preserving the democratic ethos.
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UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE
Q.“In doing a good thing, everything is permitted which is not prohibited expressly or by clear implication.” Examine the statement with suitable examples in the context of a public servant discharging his/her duties. #GS4 #Ethics #CSM18
Things that are not expressly forbidden by law or by clear implication are allowed in public administration. If the action promotes good and is not proscribed by any law or is not covered potentially by possible implication of conflict of interest, then it is permitted.
For public servants discharging their duties, the above statement provides a code of conduct for carrying out their responsibilities. ‘Everything which is not forbidden is allowed’ is also a constitutional principle of English law defining the essential freedom of citizens.
The conduct of a civil servant should be free of bias and prejudice. The overriding motive should be ‘public interest’ and conflict of interest should be avoided. As such, doing a good thing is allowed if there is no law against it and if there is no potential or perceived conflict of interest
For example, a public servant such as a District Magistrate endowed with the spirit of service may arrange for refreshment of senior citizens visiting the office for various services. Such a good gesture is not forbidden by law and does not appear to be influenced by any prejudice. Similarly, treating flood-affected victims with more kindness, empathy and understanding and going out of one’s way to help them as long as it does not violate any law is another case of an act within the ambit of the spirit of the statement.
For public servants discharging their duties, the above statement provides a code of conduct for carrying out their responsibilities. ‘Everything which is not forbidden is allowed’ is also a constitutional principle of English law defining the essential freedom of citizens.
The conduct of a civil servant should be free of bias and prejudice. The overriding motive should be ‘public interest’ and conflict of interest should be avoided. As such, doing a good thing is allowed if there is no law against it and if there is no potential or perceived conflict of interest
For example, a public servant such as a District Magistrate endowed with the spirit of service may arrange for refreshment of senior citizens visiting the office for various services. Such a good gesture is not forbidden by law and does not appear to be influenced by any prejudice. Similarly, treating flood-affected victims with more kindness, empathy and understanding and going out of one’s way to help them as long as it does not violate any law is another case of an act within the ambit of the spirit of the statement.
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Q.Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India”.
#GS1 #IndianSociety #CSM18
#GS1 #IndianSociety #CSM18
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UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE
Q.Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India”. #GS1 #IndianSociety #CSM18
Introduction
Caste refers to a broad hierarchical institutional arrangement along which basic social factors like birth, marriage, food-sharing etc are arranged in a hierarchy of rank and status. These sub-divisions are traditionally linked to occupations and decide the social relations with respect to other upper and lower castes.
The traditional hierarchical ordering of castes was based on the distinction between ‘purity’ and ‘pollution’. While the manifestation of the order has changed to a large extent in the recent times, the system itself has not changed much.
For example- even though untouchability and caste-based discrimination is barred under the Constitution of India, occupations like manual scavenging have the majority of workers from lower castes.
New identities and associational forms
Political: In contrast to the older structure, various caste communities have asserted themselves by forming political parties based on caste identities. For example-
Bahujan Samaj Party. Political mobilization based on caste has been rising.
Lingayats’ demand to be considered as a minority community.
Economic: Development policies targeting the backward castes and scheduled have benefitted only a section of the population. These sections have emerged as the elite and this has created a division within the backward castes. Also, the welfare policies have led to social stigma among the castes which are not included. These policies have strengthened the caste-based mobilization. For example:
Dominant castes like Marathas, kapus and patidars have been demanding reservation.
Socially empowered and landholding communities like Jats have also mobilized themselves and have demanded reservation.
Social: Under the impact of globalization and technological advancement, the strict codes of marriage and inheritance have diluted with more inter-caste marriages taking place. Caste groups like Khap Panchayats have been brought under the scrutiny of the judiciary. The expression of social exclusion and maintaining the caste-based division by the communities has however not vanished but has changed to become more subtle. For example-
The matrimonial advertisements are frequent in the newspapers that especially demand brides and grooms from particular communities.
Even religions that do not follow caste systems like Muslims and Christianity have observed caste-like discrimination. Dalits who have converted to Christianity have separate graveyards in States like Kerala.
Conclusion
Considering that these divisions offer solidarity and psychological strength to various marginalized groups, even if the caste-based discrimination is diffused through the legislative enforcement the divisions of identity will be difficult to erase.
Caste refers to a broad hierarchical institutional arrangement along which basic social factors like birth, marriage, food-sharing etc are arranged in a hierarchy of rank and status. These sub-divisions are traditionally linked to occupations and decide the social relations with respect to other upper and lower castes.
The traditional hierarchical ordering of castes was based on the distinction between ‘purity’ and ‘pollution’. While the manifestation of the order has changed to a large extent in the recent times, the system itself has not changed much.
For example- even though untouchability and caste-based discrimination is barred under the Constitution of India, occupations like manual scavenging have the majority of workers from lower castes.
New identities and associational forms
Political: In contrast to the older structure, various caste communities have asserted themselves by forming political parties based on caste identities. For example-
Bahujan Samaj Party. Political mobilization based on caste has been rising.
Lingayats’ demand to be considered as a minority community.
Economic: Development policies targeting the backward castes and scheduled have benefitted only a section of the population. These sections have emerged as the elite and this has created a division within the backward castes. Also, the welfare policies have led to social stigma among the castes which are not included. These policies have strengthened the caste-based mobilization. For example:
Dominant castes like Marathas, kapus and patidars have been demanding reservation.
Socially empowered and landholding communities like Jats have also mobilized themselves and have demanded reservation.
Social: Under the impact of globalization and technological advancement, the strict codes of marriage and inheritance have diluted with more inter-caste marriages taking place. Caste groups like Khap Panchayats have been brought under the scrutiny of the judiciary. The expression of social exclusion and maintaining the caste-based division by the communities has however not vanished but has changed to become more subtle. For example-
The matrimonial advertisements are frequent in the newspapers that especially demand brides and grooms from particular communities.
Even religions that do not follow caste systems like Muslims and Christianity have observed caste-like discrimination. Dalits who have converted to Christianity have separate graveyards in States like Kerala.
Conclusion
Considering that these divisions offer solidarity and psychological strength to various marginalized groups, even if the caste-based discrimination is diffused through the legislative enforcement the divisions of identity will be difficult to erase.
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UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE
Q. The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise. #GS2 #Polity #CSM18
CAG acts as the guardian of public purse and controls the entire gamut of financial administration. Article 148 envisages the post of CAG with a tenure of six years. He is appointed by President and can be removed on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity - on the basis of a resolution passed by a special majority by both the houses of parliament.
Moreover, CAG’s salary and allowances are charged upon Consolidated Fund of India, ensuring immunity from Vote of Parliament. Thus, there are strong inbuilt safeguards available to ensure autonomy for the CAG to effectively discharge its role.
Role of CAG
Conducts legal, regulatory and propriety audit.
Audits expenditure from Contingency Fund, Public Account, Consolidated Fund of India and the states.
Submits audit reports to President and Governor for legislative scrutiny.
Audits the receipts and expenditure of Government companies and entities substantially financed from the Central or State revenues.
Acts as a guide to Public Accounts Committee of Parliament ensuring transparency in financial administration.
Its role as the highest auditing authority is intrinsically linked to the efficacy of government policies by keeping a watch on financial aspect of Good Governance, thereby preserving the democratic ethos.
Moreover, CAG’s salary and allowances are charged upon Consolidated Fund of India, ensuring immunity from Vote of Parliament. Thus, there are strong inbuilt safeguards available to ensure autonomy for the CAG to effectively discharge its role.
Role of CAG
Conducts legal, regulatory and propriety audit.
Audits expenditure from Contingency Fund, Public Account, Consolidated Fund of India and the states.
Submits audit reports to President and Governor for legislative scrutiny.
Audits the receipts and expenditure of Government companies and entities substantially financed from the Central or State revenues.
Acts as a guide to Public Accounts Committee of Parliament ensuring transparency in financial administration.
Its role as the highest auditing authority is intrinsically linked to the efficacy of government policies by keeping a watch on financial aspect of Good Governance, thereby preserving the democratic ethos.
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Q.The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.
#GS3 #Economicdevelopment #CSM18
#GS3 #Economicdevelopment #CSM18
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UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE
Q.The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. #GS3 #Economicdevelopment…
One Belt One Road (OBOR) is one of the major initiatives of China focusing on improving connectivity and cooperation connecting Asia to Europe and Africa.
It has two dimensions: Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), a land route and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) an ocean route.
China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is one of the flagship project of SREB.
It provides rail-road connectivity between Gwadar in Baluchistan, Pakistan to Xinjiang province of China and passes through Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir.
It is one of the largest bilateral initiatives between China and Pakistan with a budget of around $46 billion. CPEC is considered as a boon to struggling Pakistani Economy.
India has openly expressed it displeasure over CPEC due to following reasons:
CPEC passes through Indian Territory, thus interferes with India’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
There is a lack of transparency around the way the project is funded. It is considered as a part of Chinese policy of debt-equity swap.
It may disrupt and destroy Himalayan Ecology.
It is said that India should join the CPEC as it will benefit the region at-large and can lead to an improvement in ties between India and Pakistan as economic inter-dependence between the two will increase.
However, it should also be noted that India’s concerns regarding sovereignty and integrity have not been addressed by either China or Pakistan. It will not be good for India to join a project, which challenges India’s sovereignty. In addition, there is no clarity about the funding of the project.
@RenaissanceIAS
@DailyMainsAnswerWritingPractice
It has two dimensions: Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), a land route and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) an ocean route.
China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is one of the flagship project of SREB.
It provides rail-road connectivity between Gwadar in Baluchistan, Pakistan to Xinjiang province of China and passes through Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir.
It is one of the largest bilateral initiatives between China and Pakistan with a budget of around $46 billion. CPEC is considered as a boon to struggling Pakistani Economy.
India has openly expressed it displeasure over CPEC due to following reasons:
CPEC passes through Indian Territory, thus interferes with India’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
There is a lack of transparency around the way the project is funded. It is considered as a part of Chinese policy of debt-equity swap.
It may disrupt and destroy Himalayan Ecology.
It is said that India should join the CPEC as it will benefit the region at-large and can lead to an improvement in ties between India and Pakistan as economic inter-dependence between the two will increase.
However, it should also be noted that India’s concerns regarding sovereignty and integrity have not been addressed by either China or Pakistan. It will not be good for India to join a project, which challenges India’s sovereignty. In addition, there is no clarity about the funding of the project.
@RenaissanceIAS
@DailyMainsAnswerWritingPractice
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UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE
Q.With regard to morality of actions, one view is that means are of paramount importance and the other view is that the ends justify the means. Which view do you think is more appropriate? Justify your answer. #GS4 #Ethics #CSM18
The means-ends debate is a paramount ethical dilemma. ‘Ends justify the means’ (Machiavelli) refers to a situation in which the final aim is considered so important that any way of achieving it is acceptable. Whereas, people like Gandhi firmly rejected the rigid dichotomy between ends and means to the extent that they believed that means and not the ends provide the standard of reference. Gandhi wrote, “The means may be likened to a seed, the end to a tree; and there is just the same inviolable connection between the means and the end as there is between the seed and the tree.”
The answer to the question depends on what the ends or goals are and what means are being used to achieve them. If the goals are good and noble, and the means we use to achieve them are also good and noble, then yes, the ends do justify the means. But that is not what most people often mean when they use the expression. Most use it as an excuse to achieve their goals through any means necessary, no matter how immoral, illegal or unpleasant the means may be. Even Hitler believed that his means (holocaust) were justified for the ends of racial purity in Germany. The ‘ends justifying the means’ usually involves doing something wrong to achieve a positive end and justifying the wrong doing by pointing to a good outcome. There are certain things to consider in such a situation: the morality of the action, the morality of the outcome, and the morality of the person performing the action.
If someone is looking for a justification to their acts, it is often because they are doing something unethical. The ‘means are of paramount importance’, view is clearly more appropriate, ethical and desirable.
@RenaissanceIAS
@DailyMainsAnswerWritingPractice
The answer to the question depends on what the ends or goals are and what means are being used to achieve them. If the goals are good and noble, and the means we use to achieve them are also good and noble, then yes, the ends do justify the means. But that is not what most people often mean when they use the expression. Most use it as an excuse to achieve their goals through any means necessary, no matter how immoral, illegal or unpleasant the means may be. Even Hitler believed that his means (holocaust) were justified for the ends of racial purity in Germany. The ‘ends justifying the means’ usually involves doing something wrong to achieve a positive end and justifying the wrong doing by pointing to a good outcome. There are certain things to consider in such a situation: the morality of the action, the morality of the outcome, and the morality of the person performing the action.
If someone is looking for a justification to their acts, it is often because they are doing something unethical. The ‘means are of paramount importance’, view is clearly more appropriate, ethical and desirable.
@RenaissanceIAS
@DailyMainsAnswerWritingPractice
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Q.Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still existing’. Explain by giving reasons.
#GS1 #IndianSociety #CSM18
#GS1 #IndianSociety #CSM18
UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE
Q.Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still existing’. Explain by giving reasons. #GS1 #IndianSociety #CSM18
Poverty is a social and economic condition in which a part of the society is unable to fulfill its basic requirements. Reducing poverty has become an international concern as SDG 1 targets to end poverty in all its forms everywhere.
Removal of poverty has been a prime focus of Indian policy makers. Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) initiated in early 1980s was one of the early poverty alleviation programmes. Since then a large number of programmes and schemes have been launched, but they have not been able to give the desired results. Reasons for existence of poverty in India are:
Numerous already functional poverty alleviation programmes work in silos.
There is no systematic attempt to identify people who are below poverty line; to determine and address their needs; and enable them to move above the poverty line.
There are cases of corruption in identification of beneficiaries, and there is also a lack of authentic data at every level.
A typically low administrative capacity, coupled with problems of implementation at State level has often resulted in the under utilization of funds.
Leakage at different levels has led to diversion of resources meant for deprived ones.
These programmes have focused on top to bottom approach, but such approach lacks coordination in decision making and causes clogging of funds and asymmetry in distribution.
Poverty eradication in a country with a huge population like India needs to involve programmes and policies with bottom up approach, technological interventions, and a mix of innovative ideas like Universal Basic Income.
@RenaissanceIAS
@DailyMainsAnswerWritingPractice
Removal of poverty has been a prime focus of Indian policy makers. Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) initiated in early 1980s was one of the early poverty alleviation programmes. Since then a large number of programmes and schemes have been launched, but they have not been able to give the desired results. Reasons for existence of poverty in India are:
Numerous already functional poverty alleviation programmes work in silos.
There is no systematic attempt to identify people who are below poverty line; to determine and address their needs; and enable them to move above the poverty line.
There are cases of corruption in identification of beneficiaries, and there is also a lack of authentic data at every level.
A typically low administrative capacity, coupled with problems of implementation at State level has often resulted in the under utilization of funds.
Leakage at different levels has led to diversion of resources meant for deprived ones.
These programmes have focused on top to bottom approach, but such approach lacks coordination in decision making and causes clogging of funds and asymmetry in distribution.
Poverty eradication in a country with a huge population like India needs to involve programmes and policies with bottom up approach, technological interventions, and a mix of innovative ideas like Universal Basic Income.
@RenaissanceIAS
@DailyMainsAnswerWritingPractice
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