🌍 International Year of Cooperatives 2025* 🤝🇮🇳
A Year of Cooperative Empowerment & Expansion

🌟 *Key Highlights* 🌟

🏛️ *8.5+ lakh* cooperatives registered | *6.6 lakh* functional
👥 *32 crore* members across *30 sectors* | 👩 *10 crore* women linked via SHGs
💻 *79k + PACS* sanctioned for computerisation
🐄🐟🌾 *32,009* new multipurpose, dairy & fisheries cooperatives
🚢 *National Cooperative Exports Limited (NCEL):* *13.77 LMT* exports worth *₹5,556 crore* to *28 countries*
🌱 *National Cooperative Organic Limited (NCOL):* *10,035* cooperatives | *28* organic products
🌾 *Bharatiya Beej Sahakari Samiti Limited (BBSSL):* *31,605* member cooperatives
📈 *National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)*: 💸 *₹95,000* *crore* (FY 2025–26 so far)
🚕 *Sahakar Taxi:* *1.5 lakh +* drivers registered, *2 lakh* users (trial)

✨ Cooperatives strengthening prosperity & self-reliance-together!.

*🛡️Sangam Age:- Key Highlights*

*💎Titles of Sangam Dynasties*

*♟️Chola* – Senni, Valavan, Killi
♟️ *Pandya* – Thennavar, Minavar, Panchavar
*♟️Cheras* – Vanavar, Villavar, Kuttavar

*💎Village Administration*

*♟️Manram* – Village assemblies managing local affairs
*♟️Urs* – Town
*♟️Perur* – Large villages
*♟️Sirur* – Small villages

*💎Trade & Ports (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea)*

*♟️Noura* – Kannur
*♟️Tyndis* – Ponnani
*♟️Muziris* – Kodungallur
*♟️Nelcynda* – Kottayam
*♟️Colchi* – Korkai
*♟️Camara* – Kaveripattanam
*♟️Poduka/Arikamedu* – Pondicherry

*💎Major Trade & Industry*

*♟️Madurai & Uraiyur* – Important textile centers
*♟️Korkai* – Center for pearl trade

*💎Land Classification by Fertility*

*♟️Marudam* – Most fertile land
*♟️Menpulam* – Fertile land
*♟️Pinpulam* – Dry land
*♟️Vanpulam* – Hard land
*♟️Kalaṇilam/Uvanilam* – Salty land

*💎Market System*

*♟️Angadi* – The market
*♟️Nalangadi* – Morning bazaar
*♟️Allangadi* – Evening bazaar

*💎Society & Culture*

*♟️Occupational Castes* – Panar, Eyinar, Pulaiyar
*♟️Devarinda* – Term for a group of five gods: Murugan, Shiva, Krishna, Balarama, and Indra
*♟️Karikala* – Known as the Master of 7 notes of music
*♟️Utharamerur Inscription* – Provides insights into local self-government under the Cholas.

*🛡️Mahi River*

♟️The Mahi basin extends over states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat having total area of 34,842 Sq km.

♟️It is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the north-west, by Malwa Plateau on the east, by the Vindhyas on the south and by the Gulf of Khambhat on the west.

♟️Mahi is one of the major interstate west flowing rivers of India.

♟️It originates from the northern slopes of Vindhyas at an altitude of 500 m in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.

♟️The total length of Mahi is 583 km.

♟️It drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat.

♟️The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 63.63% of the total area

♟️Hydro Power stations are located in Mahi Bajaj Sagar dam and at Kadana Dam.

♟️Vadodara is the only important urban centre in the basin. There are not many industries in the basin.

♟️Some of the industries are cotton textile, paper, newsprint, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Most of these industries are located at Tatlam.

*🛡️Sixth Schedule*

♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution.

*💎Advantages*

♟️Democratic devolution of powers
♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region
♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land
♟️Enhance transfer of funds

*💎Issues*

♟️Limited geographical coverage
♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption
♟️Financial dependency over state authority
♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers
♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega.
♟️Lack of codification of customary laws
♟️Lack of skilled professionals.

♟️Creation of elected village councils
♟️Regular election by state election commission
♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws
♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.

*🛡️Climate Change Performance Index*

*♟️Launched* at COP30 - Belem,Brazil

*♟️Published by:* Germanwatch, New Climate Institute,Climate Action Network International

*♟️Purpose:* Tracks climate mitigation progress of the world’s largest emitters

*♟️Key Indicators -* GHG Emissions, Renewable Energy, Energy Use, Climate Policy

*♟️Coverage:* 63 countries + European Union
(account for >90% of global GHG emissions)

*♟️Top Performers -* Denmark (3rd), United Kingdom(4th), Morocco(5th)

*♟️Note:* No country occupies the top three positions because none is fully Paris-compatible.

♟️INDIA ranks 23rd, Sharp fall of 13 places (10th to 23rd).
-Moves from High to Medium Performer.

*🛡️Climate Change Performance Index*

*♟️Launched* at COP30 - Belem,Brazil

*♟️Published by:* Germanwatch, New Climate Institute,Climate Action Network International

*♟️Purpose:* Tracks climate mitigation progress of the world’s largest emitters

*♟️Key Indicators -* GHG Emissions, Renewable Energy, Energy Use, Climate Policy

*♟️Coverage:* 63 countries + European Union
(account for >90% of global GHG emissions)

*♟️Top Performers -* Denmark (3rd), United Kingdom(4th), Morocco(5th)

*♟️Note:* No country occupies the top three positions because none is fully Paris-compatible.

♟️INDIA ranks 23rd, Sharp fall of 13 places (10th to 23rd).
-Moves from High to Medium Performer.

🛡️ *Major Environmental Institutes*

♟️National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) —Nagpur, Maharashtra
♟️Central Avian Research Institute —Izzatnagar, Barreilly
♟️Largest museum in India —Chennai, Tamil Nadu
♟️Largest fish aquarium in India —Mumbai, Maharashtra
♟️Largest Zoo in India —Alipur, Kolkata. best study channel-study for civil services
♟️Largest bird park in India —Bharatpur, Rajasthan
♟️Largest Zoo in the World —Kruger National Park

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*🏔️ Highest Peaks of Indian States*

👉 Trick: “Kanchen loves Kamal”

Kanchen ➨ Kanchenjunga (Sikkim)

Kamal ➨ Kamet (Uttarakhand)

Nanda ➨ Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand)

Anai ➨ Anai Mudi (Kerala – South India’s highest)

*🌍 Countries bordering India*

👉 Trick: “My Brother Never Bangs China”

My ➨ Myanmar

Brother ➨ Bhutan

Never ➨ Nepal

Bangs ➨ Bangladesh

China ➨ China

(Also Pakistan – easy to remember separately)

*🛕 States where Sun Temple is located*

👉 Trick: “Kota Mod Sun”

Ko ➨ Konark (Odisha)

Ta ➨ Tamil Nadu (Kumbakonam, etc.)

Mo ➨ Modhera (Gujarat)

*🛣️ National Highways – Golden Quadrilateral Cities*

👉 Trick: “DKCM” = Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai

D ➨ Delhi

K ➨ Kolkata

C ➨ Chennai

M ➨ Mumbai

*🏞️ Indian Rivers & Their Nicknames*

👉 Trick: “G-G-KM”

Ganga ➨ Holy River

Godavari ➨ Dakshin Ganga (Ganga of the South)

Krishna ➨ Maharashtra’s lifeline

Mahanadi ➨ Odisha’s lifeline

*🏛️ First in Indian Constitution*

👉 Trick: “Raja made Ambedkar drink”

Raja ➨ Rajendra Prasad (First President)

Made ➨ Rajendra Prasad again (First Food Minister)

Ambedkar ➨ First Law Minister

Drink ➨ Sukumar Sen (First CEC – Election)

*🛡️Women & Gender Data Highlights*

♟️Overall sex ratio = 1020 women for every 1000 men, sex ratios at birth abnormally low = 929/1000

♟️Increase in share of gender budget in total union budget to 6.5% in 2024

♟️Female Labour Force Participation Rate - 2023 = 37% (2018 = 23%), global average = 65%

♟️PMJDY - 55% account holders are women

♟️India ranked 129/146 in Global Gender Gap Index 2024, ranked behind neighbours like B’desh (99), China (106), Nepal (117), Sri Lanka (122), Bhutan (124)

♟️Women in India on average earn 70% of what men earn for the same job (globally = 80%)

♟️Women in Indian Parliament = 14.7% (lower than global avg of 27%)

♟️Literacy rate of women in India is 65% while that of men is 82%

♟️Women make up > 40% of STEM graduates but constitue < 15% of STEM professionals employed in R&D institutions

♟️More than 90% of women are involved in unpaid domestic services for household members (men = 27%)

♟️57% of the women aged 15-49 are anaemic

♟️74.10% of married women have their demand for family planning met by any modern method

♟️210 among every 1,000 persons in managerial positions are women

♟️55.63% Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan accounts held by women.

*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment*

♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971
♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973
♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987
♟️Vienna Convention - 1988
♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992
♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
♟️Basel Convention - 1989
♟️Rio Summit - 1992
♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000
♟️UN-REDD - 2008
♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010
♟️Minamata Convention - 2013
♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994
♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997
♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998

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*🛡️Major Wildlife Institutes*

♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre – Kolkata
♟️Centre for Ecological Sciences – Bengaluru
♟️Indian Institute of Forest Management – Bhopal
♟️Govind Ballabh Pant Institute – Almora (Uttarakhand)
♟️Indian Forest College – Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
♟️Indian Forest Survey Centre – Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
♟️Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment – New Delhi
♟️Indian Forest Ranger College – Dehradun
♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun
♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre Kolkata
♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun
♟️Indian Botanical Garden – Kolkata
♟️Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) – Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)
♟️National Environmental Research Institute – Nagpur
♟️Rainforest Research Institute – Jorhat
♟️Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Institute - Coimbatore
♟️Forest Productivity Centre – Ranchi
♟️Central Avian Research Institute - Izzatnagar, Bareilly.


*🛡️Pacific Ocean*

*💎Warm Currents:-*
♟️1. Kuroshio Current (Japan Current)
♟️2. North Equatorial Current
♟️3. South Equatorial Current
♟️4. East Australian Current
♟️5. Equatorial Counter Current
♟️6. Alaskan Current

*💎Cold Currents:-*
♟️1. Oyashio Current
♟️2. California Current
♟️3. Peru Current (Humboldt Current)
♟️4. West Wind Drift (part of Antarctic Circumpolar Current).