// Program to illustrate the working of
// objects and class in C++ Programming
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// create a class
class Room {
public:
double length;
double breadth;
double height;
double calculateArea() {
return length * breadth;
}
double calculateVolume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}
};
int main() {
// create object of Room class
Room room1;
// assign values to data members
room1.length = 42.5;
room1.breadth = 30.8;
room1.height = 19.2;
// calculate and display the area and volume of the room
cout << "Area of Room = " << room1.calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Volume of Room = " << room1.calculateVolume() << endl;
return 0;
}
// objects and class in C++ Programming
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// create a class
class Room {
public:
double length;
double breadth;
double height;
double calculateArea() {
return length * breadth;
}
double calculateVolume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}
};
int main() {
// create object of Room class
Room room1;
// assign values to data members
room1.length = 42.5;
room1.breadth = 30.8;
room1.height = 19.2;
// calculate and display the area and volume of the room
cout << "Area of Room = " << room1.calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Volume of Room = " << room1.calculateVolume() << endl;
return 0;
}
In this program, we have used the Room class and its object room1 to calculate the area and volume of a room.
In main(), we assigned the values of length, breadth, and height with the code:
In main(), we assigned the values of length, breadth, and height with the code:
room1.length = 42.5;
room1.breadth = 30.8;
room1.height = 19.2;
We then called the functions calculateArea() and calculateVolume() to perform the necessary calculations.
Note the use of the keyword public in the program. This means the members are public and can be accessed anywhere from the program.
As per our needs, we can also create private members using the private keyword. The private members of a class can only be accessed from within the class. For example,
class Test {
private:
int a;
void function1() { }
public:
int b;
void function2() { }
}
Here, a and function1() are private. Thus they cannot be accessed from outside the class.
On the other hand, b and function2() are accessible from everywhere in the program.
room1.breadth = 30.8;
room1.height = 19.2;
We then called the functions calculateArea() and calculateVolume() to perform the necessary calculations.
Note the use of the keyword public in the program. This means the members are public and can be accessed anywhere from the program.
As per our needs, we can also create private members using the private keyword. The private members of a class can only be accessed from within the class. For example,
class Test {
private:
int a;
void function1() { }
public:
int b;
void function2() { }
}
Here, a and function1() are private. Thus they cannot be accessed from outside the class.
On the other hand, b and function2() are accessible from everywhere in the program.
// Program to illustrate the working of
// public and private in C++ Class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Room {
private:
double length;
double breadth;
double height;
public:
// function to initialize private variables
void initData(double len, double brth, double hgt) {
length = len;
breadth = brth;
height = hgt;
}
double calculateArea() {
return length * breadth;
}
double calculateVolume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}
};
int main() {
// create object of Room class
Room room1;
// pass the values of private variables as arguments
room1.initData(42.5, 30.8, 19.2);
cout << "Area of Room = " << room1.calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Volume of Room = " << room1.calculateVolume() << endl;
return 0;
}
// public and private in C++ Class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Room {
private:
double length;
double breadth;
double height;
public:
// function to initialize private variables
void initData(double len, double brth, double hgt) {
length = len;
breadth = brth;
height = hgt;
}
double calculateArea() {
return length * breadth;
}
double calculateVolume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}
};
int main() {
// create object of Room class
Room room1;
// pass the values of private variables as arguments
room1.initData(42.5, 30.8, 19.2);
cout << "Area of Room = " << room1.calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Volume of Room = " << room1.calculateVolume() << endl;
return 0;
}
The above example is nearly identical to the first example, except that the class variables are now private.
Since the variables are now private, we cannot access them directly from main(). Hence, using the following code would be invalid:
// invalid code
obj.length = 42.5;
obj.breadth = 30.8;
obj.height = 19.2;
Instead, we use the public function initData() to initialize the private variables via the function parameters double len, double brth, and double hgt.
Since the variables are now private, we cannot access them directly from main(). Hence, using the following code would be invalid:
// invalid code
obj.length = 42.5;
obj.breadth = 30.8;
obj.height = 19.2;
Instead, we use the public function initData() to initialize the private variables via the function parameters double len, double brth, and double hgt.
C++ Constructors
In this tutorial, we will learn about the C++ constructor and its type with the help examples.
A constructor is a special type of member function that is called automatically when an object is created.
In C++, a constructor has the same name as that of the class and it does not have a return type. For example,
class Wall {
public:
// create a constructor
Wall() {
// code
}
};
Here, the function Wall() is a constructor of the class Wall. Notice that the constructor
has the same name as the class,
does not have a return type, and
is public
In this tutorial, we will learn about the C++ constructor and its type with the help examples.
A constructor is a special type of member function that is called automatically when an object is created.
In C++, a constructor has the same name as that of the class and it does not have a return type. For example,
class Wall {
public:
// create a constructor
Wall() {
// code
}
};
Here, the function Wall() is a constructor of the class Wall. Notice that the constructor
has the same name as the class,
does not have a return type, and
is public
C++ Default Constructor
A constructor with no parameters is known as a default constructor. In the example above, Wall() is a default constructor.
A constructor with no parameters is known as a default constructor. In the example above, Wall() is a default constructor.
// C++ program to demonstrate the use of default constructor
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// declare a class
class Wall {
private:
double length;
public:
// default constructor to initialize variable
Wall() {
length = 5.5;
cout << "Creating a wall." << endl;
cout << "Length = " << length << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Wall wall1;
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// declare a class
class Wall {
private:
double length;
public:
// default constructor to initialize variable
Wall() {
length = 5.5;
cout << "Creating a wall." << endl;
cout << "Length = " << length << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Wall wall1;
return 0;
}
Here, when the wall1 object is created, the Wall() constructor is called. This sets the length variable of the object to 5.5.
Note: If we have not defined a constructor in our class, then the C++ compiler will automatically create a default constructor with an empty code and no parameters.
Note: If we have not defined a constructor in our class, then the C++ compiler will automatically create a default constructor with an empty code and no parameters.
C++ Parameterized Constructor
In C++, a constructor with parameters is known as a parameterized constructor. This is the preferred method to initialize member data.
In C++, a constructor with parameters is known as a parameterized constructor. This is the preferred method to initialize member data.
// C++ program to calculate the area of a wall
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// declare a class
class Wall {
private:
double length;
double height;
public:
// parameterized constructor to initialize variables
Wall(double len, double hgt) {
length = len;
height = hgt;
}
double calculateArea() {
return length * height;
}
};
int main() {
// create object and initialize data members
Wall wall1(10.5, 8.6);
Wall wall2(8.5, 6.3);
cout << "Area of Wall 1: " << wall1.calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Area of Wall 2: " << wall2.calculateArea();
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// declare a class
class Wall {
private:
double length;
double height;
public:
// parameterized constructor to initialize variables
Wall(double len, double hgt) {
length = len;
height = hgt;
}
double calculateArea() {
return length * height;
}
};
int main() {
// create object and initialize data members
Wall wall1(10.5, 8.6);
Wall wall2(8.5, 6.3);
cout << "Area of Wall 1: " << wall1.calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Area of Wall 2: " << wall2.calculateArea();
return 0;
}
Here, we have created a parameterized constructor Wall() that has 2 parameters: double len and double hgt. The values contained in these parameters are used to initialize the member variables length and height.
When we create an object of the Wall class, we pass the values for the member variables as arguments. The code for this is:
Wall wall1(10.5, 8.6);
Wall wall2(8.5, 6.3);
With the member variables thus initialized, we can now calculate the area of the wall with the calculateArea() function.
When we create an object of the Wall class, we pass the values for the member variables as arguments. The code for this is:
Wall wall1(10.5, 8.6);
Wall wall2(8.5, 6.3);
With the member variables thus initialized, we can now calculate the area of the wall with the calculateArea() function.
C++ Copy Constructor
The copy constructor in C++ is used to copy data of one object to another.
The copy constructor in C++ is used to copy data of one object to another.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// declare a class
class Wall {
private:
double length;
double height;
public:
// initialize variables with parameterized constructor
Wall(double len, double hgt) {
length = len;
height = hgt;
}
// copy constructor with a Wall object as parameter
// copies data of the obj parameter
Wall(Wall &obj) {
length = obj.length;
height = obj.height;
}
double calculateArea() {
return length * height;
}
};
int main() {
// create an object of Wall class
Wall wall1(10.5, 8.6);
// copy contents of wall1 to wall2
Wall wall2 = wall1;
// print areas of wall1 and wall2
cout << "Area of Wall 1: " << wall1.calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Area of Wall 2: " << wall2.calculateArea();
return 0;
}
using namespace std;
// declare a class
class Wall {
private:
double length;
double height;
public:
// initialize variables with parameterized constructor
Wall(double len, double hgt) {
length = len;
height = hgt;
}
// copy constructor with a Wall object as parameter
// copies data of the obj parameter
Wall(Wall &obj) {
length = obj.length;
height = obj.height;
}
double calculateArea() {
return length * height;
}
};
int main() {
// create an object of Wall class
Wall wall1(10.5, 8.6);
// copy contents of wall1 to wall2
Wall wall2 = wall1;
// print areas of wall1 and wall2
cout << "Area of Wall 1: " << wall1.calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Area of Wall 2: " << wall2.calculateArea();
return 0;
}