Notable Ancient Indian Texts and Their Authors
1. Rigveda (1500-1200 BCE)
- Attributed to: Ancient Rishis
- Details: Oldest Vedic text, hymns to deities.
2. Upanishads (800-500 BCE)
- Attributed to: Various sages
- Details: Philosophical texts on Brahman and Atman.
3. Mahabharata (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE)
- Author: Ved Vyasa
- Details: Epic narrating the Kurukshetra War.
4. Ramayana (c. 500 BCE - 100 BCE)
- Author: Valmiki
- Details: Epic about Prince Rama's life and battle with Ravana.
5. Arthashastra (4th Century BCE)
- Author: Kautilya (Chanakya)
- Details: Treatise on statecraft and economics.
6. Ashtadhyayi (c. 5th Century BCE)
- Author: Panini
- Details: Foundational Sanskrit grammar text.
7. Yoga Sutras (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Patanjali
- Details: Aphorisms on yoga philosophy.
8. Charaka Samhita (c. 300 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Charaka
- Details: Core Ayurvedic text on internal medicine.
9. Sushruta Samhita (c. 600 BCE)
- Author: Sushruta
- Details: Ayurvedic text focusing on surgery.
10. Natyashastra (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Bharata Muni
- Details: Treatise on performing arts.
11. Manusmriti (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Manu
- Details: Ancient legal text on social laws.
12. Brahmasutra (c. 200 BCE)
- Author: Badarayana (Vyasa)
- Details: Foundational text for Vedanta philosophy.
13. Vishnu Purana (c. 300 CE)
- Attributed to: Sage Parashara
- Details: Purana detailing myths and teachings of Vishnu.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Rigveda (1500-1200 BCE)
- Attributed to: Ancient Rishis
- Details: Oldest Vedic text, hymns to deities.
2. Upanishads (800-500 BCE)
- Attributed to: Various sages
- Details: Philosophical texts on Brahman and Atman.
3. Mahabharata (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE)
- Author: Ved Vyasa
- Details: Epic narrating the Kurukshetra War.
4. Ramayana (c. 500 BCE - 100 BCE)
- Author: Valmiki
- Details: Epic about Prince Rama's life and battle with Ravana.
5. Arthashastra (4th Century BCE)
- Author: Kautilya (Chanakya)
- Details: Treatise on statecraft and economics.
6. Ashtadhyayi (c. 5th Century BCE)
- Author: Panini
- Details: Foundational Sanskrit grammar text.
7. Yoga Sutras (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Patanjali
- Details: Aphorisms on yoga philosophy.
8. Charaka Samhita (c. 300 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Charaka
- Details: Core Ayurvedic text on internal medicine.
9. Sushruta Samhita (c. 600 BCE)
- Author: Sushruta
- Details: Ayurvedic text focusing on surgery.
10. Natyashastra (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Bharata Muni
- Details: Treatise on performing arts.
11. Manusmriti (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Manu
- Details: Ancient legal text on social laws.
12. Brahmasutra (c. 200 BCE)
- Author: Badarayana (Vyasa)
- Details: Foundational text for Vedanta philosophy.
13. Vishnu Purana (c. 300 CE)
- Attributed to: Sage Parashara
- Details: Purana detailing myths and teachings of Vishnu.
#Kas_Prelims
Notable Literature from the Gupta Period
1. Kalidasa
- Works: *Shakuntala*, *Meghaduta*, *Raghuvamsa*, *Kumarasambhava*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Celebrated poet and dramatist.
2. Vishakhadatta
- Works: *Mudrarakshasa*, *Devichandraguptam*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Known for political dramas.
3. Sudraka
- Work: *Mricchakatika* (The Little Clay Cart)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: A drama on love and society.
4. Aryabhata
- Work: *Aryabhatiya*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Foundational text on mathematics and astronomy.
5. Vatsyayana
- Work: *Kamasutra*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Text on love, sexuality, and social conduct.
6. Amarasimha
- Work: *Amarakosha*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Authoritative Sanskrit thesaurus.
7. Varahamihira
- Works: *Brihat Samhita*, *Pancha Siddhantika*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Scholar in astronomy and astrology.
8. Bhatti
- Work: *Bhattikavya* (Ravanavadha)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Combines grammar with epic poetry.
9. Bhasa
- Works: *Svapnavasavadatta*, *Pratijnayaugandharayana*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Influential playwright.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Kalidasa
- Works: *Shakuntala*, *Meghaduta*, *Raghuvamsa*, *Kumarasambhava*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Celebrated poet and dramatist.
2. Vishakhadatta
- Works: *Mudrarakshasa*, *Devichandraguptam*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Known for political dramas.
3. Sudraka
- Work: *Mricchakatika* (The Little Clay Cart)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: A drama on love and society.
4. Aryabhata
- Work: *Aryabhatiya*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Foundational text on mathematics and astronomy.
5. Vatsyayana
- Work: *Kamasutra*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Text on love, sexuality, and social conduct.
6. Amarasimha
- Work: *Amarakosha*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Authoritative Sanskrit thesaurus.
7. Varahamihira
- Works: *Brihat Samhita*, *Pancha Siddhantika*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Scholar in astronomy and astrology.
8. Bhatti
- Work: *Bhattikavya* (Ravanavadha)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Combines grammar with epic poetry.
9. Bhasa
- Works: *Svapnavasavadatta*, *Pratijnayaugandharayana*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Influential playwright.
#Kas_Prelims
Anglo-Mysore Wars: Key Treaties and Participants
1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769)
- Treaty: Treaty of Madras, 1769
- Participants: Mysore (Hyder Ali) vs. British East India Company, Nizam of Hyderabad, Marathas
2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
- Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore, 1784
- Participants: Mysore (Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792
- Participants: Mysore (Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799)
- Outcome: Tipu Sultan defeated and killed; Mysore annexed
- Participants: Mysore (Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
#Kas_Prelims
1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769)
- Treaty: Treaty of Madras, 1769
- Participants: Mysore (Hyder Ali) vs. British East India Company, Nizam of Hyderabad, Marathas
2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
- Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore, 1784
- Participants: Mysore (Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792
- Participants: Mysore (Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799)
- Outcome: Tipu Sultan defeated and killed; Mysore annexed
- Participants: Mysore (Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
#Kas_Prelims
Key British Wars and Treaties with Afghanistan, Sindh, Tibet, and Burma
1. Afghanistan
- First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): British defeat.
- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880): British victory, Treaty of Gandamak.
- Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919): Stalemate, Treaty of Rawalpindi (Afghan independence).
2. Sindh
- Conquest of Sindh (1843): British victory, Sindh annexed after Battle of Miani.
3. Tibet
- British Expedition to Tibet (1903-1904): British victory, Treaty of Lhasa (trade concessions).
4. Burma
- First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826): British victory, Treaty of Yandabo (Arakan and Tenasserim ceded).
- Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852-1853): British victory, annexation of Lower Burma.
- Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885): British victory, complete annexation of Burma.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Afghanistan
- First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): British defeat.
- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880): British victory, Treaty of Gandamak.
- Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919): Stalemate, Treaty of Rawalpindi (Afghan independence).
2. Sindh
- Conquest of Sindh (1843): British victory, Sindh annexed after Battle of Miani.
3. Tibet
- British Expedition to Tibet (1903-1904): British victory, Treaty of Lhasa (trade concessions).
4. Burma
- First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826): British victory, Treaty of Yandabo (Arakan and Tenasserim ceded).
- Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852-1853): British victory, annexation of Lower Burma.
- Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885): British victory, complete annexation of Burma.
#Kas_Prelims
Anglo-French Rivalry: The Carnatic Wars and Their Pivotal Treaties
First Carnatic War (1744-1748)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
*Year:* 1748
Second Carnatic War (1749-1754)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Pondicherry
*Year:* 1754
Third Carnatic War (1756-1763)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Paris
*Year:* 1763
#Kas_Prelims
First Carnatic War (1744-1748)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
*Year:* 1748
Second Carnatic War (1749-1754)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Pondicherry
*Year:* 1754
Third Carnatic War (1756-1763)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Paris
*Year:* 1763
#Kas_Prelims
Important topics from Ancient History
1. IVC : sites and their importance+ Social conditions.
2. Vedic : Rig vedic + Later vedic + 4 vedas
3. Mahajanapadas: area - kings
4. Mauryas : Ashoka + inscriptions +
5. Later mauras: Kanishka + Indo Greek
6 Buddhism + Jainism: Basics + Teachings ( difference) + Councils+ literature+ symbols.
7.Gupta : Chandra gupta maurya + Samudra gupta+ Literature+ administration + Kumara gupta + vakatakas+ temple architecture
8. Harshavardhan: conquest+ assembly+ literature
9.Travellers
Invest at least 15-20 minutes on each topics.
1. IVC : sites and their importance+ Social conditions.
2. Vedic : Rig vedic + Later vedic + 4 vedas
3. Mahajanapadas: area - kings
4. Mauryas : Ashoka + inscriptions +
5. Later mauras: Kanishka + Indo Greek
6 Buddhism + Jainism: Basics + Teachings ( difference) + Councils+ literature+ symbols.
7.Gupta : Chandra gupta maurya + Samudra gupta+ Literature+ administration + Kumara gupta + vakatakas+ temple architecture
8. Harshavardhan: conquest+ assembly+ literature
9.Travellers
Invest at least 15-20 minutes on each topics.
Key Treaties and Figures in the Anglo-Mysore, Anglo-Maratha, and Anglo-Sikh Wars
_Anglo-Mysore Wars_
1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1766-1769)
- Treaty: Treaty of Madras (1769)
- Major personality (Mysore): Hyder Ali
- British Governor: Sir Thomas Gage
2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
- Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore (1784)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Sir Eyre Coote
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Lord Cornwallis
4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (1799)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Lord Wellesley
_Anglo-Maratha Wars_
1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782)
- Treaty: Treaty of Salbai (1782)
- Major personality (Maratha): Mahadji Scindia
- British Governor: Warren Hastings
2. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805)
- Treaty: Treaty of Deogaon (1805)
- Major personality (Maratha): Daulat Rao Scindia
- British Governor: Lord Cornwallis
3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
- Treaty: Treaty of Gwailor (1818)
- Major personality (Maratha): Malhar Rao Holkar
- British Governor: Lord Hastings
_Anglo-Sikh Wars_
1. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lahore (1846)
- Major personality (Sikh): Maharaja Duleep Singh
- British Governor: Sir Henry Hardinge
2. Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lahore (1849)
- Major personality (Sikh): Maharaja Duleep Singh
- British Governor: Lord Dalhousie
#Kas_Prelims
_Anglo-Mysore Wars_
1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1766-1769)
- Treaty: Treaty of Madras (1769)
- Major personality (Mysore): Hyder Ali
- British Governor: Sir Thomas Gage
2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
- Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore (1784)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Sir Eyre Coote
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Lord Cornwallis
4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (1799)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Lord Wellesley
_Anglo-Maratha Wars_
1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782)
- Treaty: Treaty of Salbai (1782)
- Major personality (Maratha): Mahadji Scindia
- British Governor: Warren Hastings
2. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805)
- Treaty: Treaty of Deogaon (1805)
- Major personality (Maratha): Daulat Rao Scindia
- British Governor: Lord Cornwallis
3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
- Treaty: Treaty of Gwailor (1818)
- Major personality (Maratha): Malhar Rao Holkar
- British Governor: Lord Hastings
_Anglo-Sikh Wars_
1. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lahore (1846)
- Major personality (Sikh): Maharaja Duleep Singh
- British Governor: Sir Henry Hardinge
2. Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lahore (1849)
- Major personality (Sikh): Maharaja Duleep Singh
- British Governor: Lord Dalhousie
#Kas_Prelims
list of Major Anglo-Wars, Treaties, and Key Personalities:
---
1. Anglo-Nepal War (1814-1816)
- Treaty: Treaty of Sugauli (1816)
- Major Personality (Nepal): Bhimsen Thapa
- British Governor: Lord Hastings
2. Anglo-Burma Wars
- First Anglo-Burma War (1824-1826)
- Treaty: Treaty of Yandabo (1826)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Bagyidaw
- British Governor: Lord Amherst
- Second Anglo-Burma War (1852-1853)
- Treaty: Treaty of Pegu (1853)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Pagan Min
- British Governor: Lord Dalhousie
- Third Anglo-Burma War (1885)
- Outcome: Annexation of Burma (1885)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Thibaw Min
- British Governor: Lord Dufferin
3. Anglo-Tibet War
- British Expedition to Tibet (1903-1904)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
- Major Personality (Tibet): 13th Dalai Lama
- British Governor: Lord Curzon
4. Anglo-Afghan Wars
- First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)
- Treaty: Treaty of Kabul (1842)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Dost Mohammad Khan
- British Governor: Lord Auckland
- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)
- Treaty: Treaty of Gandamak (1879)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Mohammad Yaqub Khan
- British Governor: Lord Lytton
- Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
- Treaty: Treaty of Rawalpindi (1919)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Amanullah Khan
- British Governor: Lord Chelmsford
---
#Kas_Prelims
---
1. Anglo-Nepal War (1814-1816)
- Treaty: Treaty of Sugauli (1816)
- Major Personality (Nepal): Bhimsen Thapa
- British Governor: Lord Hastings
2. Anglo-Burma Wars
- First Anglo-Burma War (1824-1826)
- Treaty: Treaty of Yandabo (1826)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Bagyidaw
- British Governor: Lord Amherst
- Second Anglo-Burma War (1852-1853)
- Treaty: Treaty of Pegu (1853)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Pagan Min
- British Governor: Lord Dalhousie
- Third Anglo-Burma War (1885)
- Outcome: Annexation of Burma (1885)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Thibaw Min
- British Governor: Lord Dufferin
3. Anglo-Tibet War
- British Expedition to Tibet (1903-1904)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
- Major Personality (Tibet): 13th Dalai Lama
- British Governor: Lord Curzon
4. Anglo-Afghan Wars
- First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)
- Treaty: Treaty of Kabul (1842)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Dost Mohammad Khan
- British Governor: Lord Auckland
- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)
- Treaty: Treaty of Gandamak (1879)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Mohammad Yaqub Khan
- British Governor: Lord Lytton
- Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
- Treaty: Treaty of Rawalpindi (1919)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Amanullah Khan
- British Governor: Lord Chelmsford
---
#Kas_Prelims
The Four Buddhist Councils
1. First Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 543 BCE
- Place: Rajagriha, India
- Presided by: Mahakasyapa
- King Patronage: Ajatashatru
2. Second Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 383 BCE
- Place: Vesali, India
- Presided by: Sabbakami
- King Patronage: Kalasoka
3. Third Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 250 BCE
- Place: Pataliputra, India
- Presided by: Moggaliputta Tissa
- King Patronage: Emperor Ashoka
4. Fourth Buddhist Council
- Year: 100 CE (Mahayana tradition)
- Place: Kundalavana (Mahayana), India
- Presided by: Vasumitra (Mahayana)
- King Patronage: Kanishka the Great (Mahayana)
#Kas_Prelims
1. First Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 543 BCE
- Place: Rajagriha, India
- Presided by: Mahakasyapa
- King Patronage: Ajatashatru
2. Second Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 383 BCE
- Place: Vesali, India
- Presided by: Sabbakami
- King Patronage: Kalasoka
3. Third Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 250 BCE
- Place: Pataliputra, India
- Presided by: Moggaliputta Tissa
- King Patronage: Emperor Ashoka
4. Fourth Buddhist Council
- Year: 100 CE (Mahayana tradition)
- Place: Kundalavana (Mahayana), India
- Presided by: Vasumitra (Mahayana)
- King Patronage: Kanishka the Great (Mahayana)
#Kas_Prelims
Panipat Wars
1. First Battle of Panipat (1526 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Sultanate of Delhi
- Key Figures: Babur vs. Ibrahim Lodi
- Outcome: Victory for Babur
- Significance: Established Mughal rule in India.
2. Second Battle of Panipat (1556 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Suri Empire
- Key Figures: Akbar vs. Hemu
- Outcome: Victory for Akbar
- Significance: Restored Mughal control after the Suri Empire.
3. Third Battle of Panipat (1761 CE)
- Combatants: Maratha Empire vs. Durrani Empire
- Key Figures: Sadashiv Ballal vs. Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Outcome: Victory for Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Significance: Weakened the Maratha Empire, leading to a power vacuum.
#Kas_Prelims
1. First Battle of Panipat (1526 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Sultanate of Delhi
- Key Figures: Babur vs. Ibrahim Lodi
- Outcome: Victory for Babur
- Significance: Established Mughal rule in India.
2. Second Battle of Panipat (1556 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Suri Empire
- Key Figures: Akbar vs. Hemu
- Outcome: Victory for Akbar
- Significance: Restored Mughal control after the Suri Empire.
3. Third Battle of Panipat (1761 CE)
- Combatants: Maratha Empire vs. Durrani Empire
- Key Figures: Sadashiv Ballal vs. Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Outcome: Victory for Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Significance: Weakened the Maratha Empire, leading to a power vacuum.
#Kas_Prelims
Babur's key wars that established the Mughal Empire:
1. First Battle of Panipat (1526): Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, ending the Delhi Sultanate and establishing Mughal rule in India.
2. Battle of Khanwa (1527): Babur defeated Rana Sanga, securing his dominance in northern India.
3. Battle of Chanderi (1528): Babur captured Chanderi, weakening Rajput resistance.
4. Battle of Ghaghra (1529): Babur defeated Afghan chiefs, solidifying control over the Gangetic plains.
#Kas_Prelims
1. First Battle of Panipat (1526): Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, ending the Delhi Sultanate and establishing Mughal rule in India.
2. Battle of Khanwa (1527): Babur defeated Rana Sanga, securing his dominance in northern India.
3. Battle of Chanderi (1528): Babur captured Chanderi, weakening Rajput resistance.
4. Battle of Ghaghra (1529): Babur defeated Afghan chiefs, solidifying control over the Gangetic plains.
#Kas_Prelims
Forwarded from ConvertKAS
🚨 KAS Prelims Countdown Offer! 🚨
We know the pressure is on, and we’re here to help you ace the KAS Prelims with a limited-time offer on our essential PDF resources. Get everything you need to boost your preparation at a special price!
What’s Included:
1. Lakshya Test Series – 33 Tests (Complete Static Coverage)
2. Parishram Test Series – 15 Tests (Exclusive Karnataka Current Affairs)
3. Quick Revision Material – Focused on Karnataka History and Geography
4. Karnataka Budget – Comprehensive Review
⏳ Don’t miss this chance to sharpen your strategy and nail the exam. Grab the bundle now and march towards success! 💪
*Contact us* : @ConvertKAS
We know the pressure is on, and we’re here to help you ace the KAS Prelims with a limited-time offer on our essential PDF resources. Get everything you need to boost your preparation at a special price!
What’s Included:
1. Lakshya Test Series – 33 Tests (Complete Static Coverage)
2. Parishram Test Series – 15 Tests (Exclusive Karnataka Current Affairs)
3. Quick Revision Material – Focused on Karnataka History and Geography
4. Karnataka Budget – Comprehensive Review
⏳ Don’t miss this chance to sharpen your strategy and nail the exam. Grab the bundle now and march towards success! 💪
*Contact us* : @ConvertKAS
Army Exercises:
1. Yudh Abhyas - United States
2. Sampriti - Bangladesh
3. Indra - Russia
4. Mitra Shakti - Sri Lanka
5. Vajra Prahar - United States
6. Shakti - France
7. Ekuverin - Maldives
8. Hand-in-Hand - China
9. Nomadic Elephant - Mongolia
10. Al Nagah - Oman
11. Garuda Shakti - Indonesia
12. Harimau Shakti - Malaysia
13. Surya Kiran - Nepal
14. Ajeya Warrior - United Kingdom
15. Khanjar - Kyrgyzstan
16. Lamitye - Seychelles
Naval Exercises:
1. Malabar - United States, Japan, Australia
2. SIMBEX - Singapore
3. Varuna - France
4. Konkan - United Kingdom
5. Indra Navy - Russia
6. Milan - Multilateral Exercise (includes various countries)
7. SLINEX - Sri Lanka
8. JIMEX - Japan
9. AUSINDEX - Australia
10. IBSAMAR - South Africa and Brazil
11. CORPAT - Indonesia
12. SIMBEX - Singapore
13. IMCOR - Myanmar
14. Paschim Lehar - Internal Exercise
Air Force Exercises:
1. Cope India - United States
2. Garuda - France
3. Indradhanush - United Kingdom
4. Aviaindra - Russia
5. Desert Eagle - United Arab Emirates
6. Eastern Bridge - Oman
7. Ex Pitch Black - Australia
Tri-Service Exercises:
1. Indra - Russia
2. Exercise Tiger Triumph - United States
3. PANEX-21 - BIMSTEC Countries
#Kas_Prelims
1. Yudh Abhyas - United States
2. Sampriti - Bangladesh
3. Indra - Russia
4. Mitra Shakti - Sri Lanka
5. Vajra Prahar - United States
6. Shakti - France
7. Ekuverin - Maldives
8. Hand-in-Hand - China
9. Nomadic Elephant - Mongolia
10. Al Nagah - Oman
11. Garuda Shakti - Indonesia
12. Harimau Shakti - Malaysia
13. Surya Kiran - Nepal
14. Ajeya Warrior - United Kingdom
15. Khanjar - Kyrgyzstan
16. Lamitye - Seychelles
Naval Exercises:
1. Malabar - United States, Japan, Australia
2. SIMBEX - Singapore
3. Varuna - France
4. Konkan - United Kingdom
5. Indra Navy - Russia
6. Milan - Multilateral Exercise (includes various countries)
7. SLINEX - Sri Lanka
8. JIMEX - Japan
9. AUSINDEX - Australia
10. IBSAMAR - South Africa and Brazil
11. CORPAT - Indonesia
12. SIMBEX - Singapore
13. IMCOR - Myanmar
14. Paschim Lehar - Internal Exercise
Air Force Exercises:
1. Cope India - United States
2. Garuda - France
3. Indradhanush - United Kingdom
4. Aviaindra - Russia
5. Desert Eagle - United Arab Emirates
6. Eastern Bridge - Oman
7. Ex Pitch Black - Australia
Tri-Service Exercises:
1. Indra - Russia
2. Exercise Tiger Triumph - United States
3. PANEX-21 - BIMSTEC Countries
#Kas_Prelims
Chronological List of Major Environmental Conventions and Protocols
1. Ramsar Convention (1971): Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
2. Stockholm Declaration (1972): Human environment and sustainable development.
3. CITES (1973): Regulates international trade in endangered species.
4. Montreal Protocol (1987): Phasing out ozone-depleting substances.
5. Basel Convention (1989): Controlling hazardous waste movements.
6. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992): Conservation, sustainable use, and benefit-sharing of biodiversity.
7. UNFCCC (1992): Stabilizing greenhouse gases to combat climate change.
8. UNCCD (1994): Combating desertification and drought.
9. Kyoto Protocol (1997): Binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.
10. Rotterdam Convention (1998): Regulates international trade of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.
11. Nagoya Protocol (2010): Fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
12. Kuala Lumpur Protocol (2010): Liability and redress for biodiversity damage from LMOs.
13. Paris Agreement (2015): Limiting global temperature rise.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Ramsar Convention (1971): Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
2. Stockholm Declaration (1972): Human environment and sustainable development.
3. CITES (1973): Regulates international trade in endangered species.
4. Montreal Protocol (1987): Phasing out ozone-depleting substances.
5. Basel Convention (1989): Controlling hazardous waste movements.
6. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992): Conservation, sustainable use, and benefit-sharing of biodiversity.
7. UNFCCC (1992): Stabilizing greenhouse gases to combat climate change.
8. UNCCD (1994): Combating desertification and drought.
9. Kyoto Protocol (1997): Binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.
10. Rotterdam Convention (1998): Regulates international trade of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.
11. Nagoya Protocol (2010): Fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
12. Kuala Lumpur Protocol (2010): Liability and redress for biodiversity damage from LMOs.
13. Paris Agreement (2015): Limiting global temperature rise.
#Kas_Prelims
Report :
### 1. UNDP
- Human Development Report (HDR)
- Global Humanitarian Assistance Report
- Human Development Perspectives
- Annual Report
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Reports
### 2. UNEP
- Global Environment Outlook (GEO)
- Emissions Gap Report
- Adaptation Gap Report
- Frontiers Report
- Green Economy Report
- Yearbook of Global Environmental Law
### 3. UNFCCC
- Annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports
- Climate Action Reports
- Emissions Gap Report
- Technical Reports on Climate Science
- Adaptation Communications
### 4. UN-Habitat
- World Cities Report
- State of the World’s Cities Report
- Global Urban Monitoring Report
- Urban Trends Report
- Habitat III Reports
### 5. UNICEF
- State of the World's Children Report
- UNICEF’s Annual Report
- Progress for Children Reports
- Child Survival Reports
- The State of the World's Children in Numbers
### 6. FAO
- State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI)
- Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)
- State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture
- Agricultural Outlook
- The State of Food and Agriculture
- Food Loss and Waste Reports
### 7. WHO
- World Health Report
- Global Tuberculosis Report
- World Malaria Report
- Global Status Reports on Noncommunicable Diseases
- World Immunization Report
- Global Health Estimates
### 8. UNESCO
- Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report
- World Water Development Report
- Global Science Report
- World Heritage Report
- Education for Sustainable Development Reports
- Cultural Heritage Report
### 9. ILO
- World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO)
- Global Wage Report
- ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work
- Labour Market Trends Report
- Employment Policy Reports
### 10. UNCTAD
- Trade and Development Report
- World Investment Report
- Technology and Innovation Report
- Commodity Market Reports
- Economic Development in Africa Report
### 11. UNODC
- World Drug Report
- Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
- Global Crime Trends Report
- Corruption Perceptions Report
- Handbook on Crime Statistics
### 12. World Bank (in partnership with the UN)
- World Development Report
- Global Economic Prospects
- Doing Business Report
- Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report
- World Bank Annual Report
- Global Monitoring Report on Education for All
#Kas_Prelims
### 1. UNDP
- Human Development Report (HDR)
- Global Humanitarian Assistance Report
- Human Development Perspectives
- Annual Report
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Reports
### 2. UNEP
- Global Environment Outlook (GEO)
- Emissions Gap Report
- Adaptation Gap Report
- Frontiers Report
- Green Economy Report
- Yearbook of Global Environmental Law
### 3. UNFCCC
- Annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports
- Climate Action Reports
- Emissions Gap Report
- Technical Reports on Climate Science
- Adaptation Communications
### 4. UN-Habitat
- World Cities Report
- State of the World’s Cities Report
- Global Urban Monitoring Report
- Urban Trends Report
- Habitat III Reports
### 5. UNICEF
- State of the World's Children Report
- UNICEF’s Annual Report
- Progress for Children Reports
- Child Survival Reports
- The State of the World's Children in Numbers
### 6. FAO
- State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI)
- Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)
- State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture
- Agricultural Outlook
- The State of Food and Agriculture
- Food Loss and Waste Reports
### 7. WHO
- World Health Report
- Global Tuberculosis Report
- World Malaria Report
- Global Status Reports on Noncommunicable Diseases
- World Immunization Report
- Global Health Estimates
### 8. UNESCO
- Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report
- World Water Development Report
- Global Science Report
- World Heritage Report
- Education for Sustainable Development Reports
- Cultural Heritage Report
### 9. ILO
- World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO)
- Global Wage Report
- ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work
- Labour Market Trends Report
- Employment Policy Reports
### 10. UNCTAD
- Trade and Development Report
- World Investment Report
- Technology and Innovation Report
- Commodity Market Reports
- Economic Development in Africa Report
### 11. UNODC
- World Drug Report
- Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
- Global Crime Trends Report
- Corruption Perceptions Report
- Handbook on Crime Statistics
### 12. World Bank (in partnership with the UN)
- World Development Report
- Global Economic Prospects
- Doing Business Report
- Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report
- World Bank Annual Report
- Global Monitoring Report on Education for All
#Kas_Prelims
Forwarded from ConvertKAS
🚨 KAS Prelims Countdown Offer! 🚨
We know the pressure is on, and we’re here to help you ace the KAS Prelims with a limited-time offer on our essential PDF resources. Get everything you need to boost your preparation at a special price!
What’s Included:
1. Lakshya Test Series – 33 Tests (Complete Static Coverage)
2. Parishram Test Series – 15 Tests (Exclusive Karnataka Current Affairs)
3. Quick Revision Material – Focused on Karnataka History and Geography
4. Karnataka Budget – Comprehensive Review
⏳ Don’t miss this chance to sharpen your strategy and nail the exam. Grab the bundle now and march towards success! 💪
*Contact us* : @ConvertKAS
We know the pressure is on, and we’re here to help you ace the KAS Prelims with a limited-time offer on our essential PDF resources. Get everything you need to boost your preparation at a special price!
What’s Included:
1. Lakshya Test Series – 33 Tests (Complete Static Coverage)
2. Parishram Test Series – 15 Tests (Exclusive Karnataka Current Affairs)
3. Quick Revision Material – Focused on Karnataka History and Geography
4. Karnataka Budget – Comprehensive Review
⏳ Don’t miss this chance to sharpen your strategy and nail the exam. Grab the bundle now and march towards success! 💪
*Contact us* : @ConvertKAS
Space Missions:
### NASA (United States)
1. Apollo 11 (1969): First human Moon landing.
2. Voyager 1 (1977): Entered interstellar space.
3. Hubble Space Telescope (1990-Present): Deep-space imagery.
4. Curiosity Rover (2012-Present): Exploring Mars.
5. Perseverance Rover (2021-Present): Searching for signs of life on Mars.
6. James Webb Space Telescope (2021-Present): Advanced space observations.
7. New Horizons (2006-Present): First mission to Pluto.
8. Parker Solar Probe (2018-Present): Studying the Sun.
### ESA (European Space Agency)
1. Rosetta (2004-2016): Orbited and landed on a comet.
2. Gaia (2013-Present): Mapping the Milky Way.
3. ExoMars TGO (2016-Present): Mars atmospheric study.
4. BepiColombo (2018-Present): Mission to Mercury.
5. Ariane 5 (1996-2023): Heavy-lift launcher.
6. Envisat (2002-2012): Earth observation.
7. Copernicus (2000s-Present): Environmental monitoring.
8. Mars Express (2003-Present): Mars exploration.
### CNSA (China National Space Administration)
1. Chang'e 3 (2013): First Chinese lunar rover.
2. Chang'e 4 (2019): First far-side lunar landing.
3. Chang'e 5 (2020): Returned lunar samples.
4. Tianwen-1 (2021-Present): Mars mission with rover.
5. Tiangong-1 (2011-2018): First space station prototype.
6. Tiangong-2 (2016-2019): Second space lab.
7. Tiangong Space Station (2021-Present): China's modular space station.
8. Shenzhou 5 (2003): First Chinese human spaceflight.
### ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)
1. Aryabhata (1975): First Indian satellite.
2. Chandrayaan-1 (2008): Discovered lunar water.
3. Mangalyaan (2013-Present): Mars Orbiter Mission.
4. Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Lunar orbiter.
5. PSLV-C37 (2017): Launched 104 satellites.
6. GSAT-11 (2018): Heaviest Indian communication satellite.
7. Gaganyaan (Planned 2024): First human spaceflight.
8. RISAT-2BR1 (2019): Reconnaissance satellite.
### JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)
1. Hayabusa (2003-2010): Asteroid sample return.
2. Hayabusa2 (2014-2020): Returned samples from Ryugu.
3. Kibo Module (2008-Present): ISS research module.
4. Akatsuki (2010-Present): Venus orbiter.
5. SLIM (Planned 2024): Lunar lander.
6. IKAROS (2010-Present): Solar sail demonstration.
7. Astro-H (Hitomi) (2016): X-ray astronomy satellite.
8. Nozomi (1998-2003): Mars mission (failed).
### Roscosmos (Russian Space Agency)
1. Luna 2 (1959): First impact on the Moon.
2. Vostok 1 (1961): First human spaceflight.
3. Luna 9 (1966): First soft landing on the Moon.
4. Soyuz 1 (1967): Early Soyuz crewed mission.
5. Mir Space Station (1986-2001): First modular space station.
6. Venera 7 (1970): First Venus landing.
7. Soyuz TM-32 (2001): First space tourist mission.
8. Luna 25 (Planned 2024): Lunar exploration.
### CSA (Canadian Space Agency)
1. Canadarm (1981-2011): Shuttle robotic arm.
2. Canadarm2 (2001-Present): ISS robotic arm.
3. RADARSAT-1 (1995-2013): Earth observation.
4. RADARSAT-2 (2007-Present): Advanced Earth observation.
5. OSIRIS-REx (2016-2023): Asteroid sample mission.
6. Alouette 1 (1962): First Canadian satellite.
7. SCISAT-1 (2003-Present): Atmospheric research.
8. RADARSAT Constellation (2019-Present): Earth observation satellites.
#Kas_Prelims
### NASA (United States)
1. Apollo 11 (1969): First human Moon landing.
2. Voyager 1 (1977): Entered interstellar space.
3. Hubble Space Telescope (1990-Present): Deep-space imagery.
4. Curiosity Rover (2012-Present): Exploring Mars.
5. Perseverance Rover (2021-Present): Searching for signs of life on Mars.
6. James Webb Space Telescope (2021-Present): Advanced space observations.
7. New Horizons (2006-Present): First mission to Pluto.
8. Parker Solar Probe (2018-Present): Studying the Sun.
### ESA (European Space Agency)
1. Rosetta (2004-2016): Orbited and landed on a comet.
2. Gaia (2013-Present): Mapping the Milky Way.
3. ExoMars TGO (2016-Present): Mars atmospheric study.
4. BepiColombo (2018-Present): Mission to Mercury.
5. Ariane 5 (1996-2023): Heavy-lift launcher.
6. Envisat (2002-2012): Earth observation.
7. Copernicus (2000s-Present): Environmental monitoring.
8. Mars Express (2003-Present): Mars exploration.
### CNSA (China National Space Administration)
1. Chang'e 3 (2013): First Chinese lunar rover.
2. Chang'e 4 (2019): First far-side lunar landing.
3. Chang'e 5 (2020): Returned lunar samples.
4. Tianwen-1 (2021-Present): Mars mission with rover.
5. Tiangong-1 (2011-2018): First space station prototype.
6. Tiangong-2 (2016-2019): Second space lab.
7. Tiangong Space Station (2021-Present): China's modular space station.
8. Shenzhou 5 (2003): First Chinese human spaceflight.
### ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)
1. Aryabhata (1975): First Indian satellite.
2. Chandrayaan-1 (2008): Discovered lunar water.
3. Mangalyaan (2013-Present): Mars Orbiter Mission.
4. Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Lunar orbiter.
5. PSLV-C37 (2017): Launched 104 satellites.
6. GSAT-11 (2018): Heaviest Indian communication satellite.
7. Gaganyaan (Planned 2024): First human spaceflight.
8. RISAT-2BR1 (2019): Reconnaissance satellite.
### JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)
1. Hayabusa (2003-2010): Asteroid sample return.
2. Hayabusa2 (2014-2020): Returned samples from Ryugu.
3. Kibo Module (2008-Present): ISS research module.
4. Akatsuki (2010-Present): Venus orbiter.
5. SLIM (Planned 2024): Lunar lander.
6. IKAROS (2010-Present): Solar sail demonstration.
7. Astro-H (Hitomi) (2016): X-ray astronomy satellite.
8. Nozomi (1998-2003): Mars mission (failed).
### Roscosmos (Russian Space Agency)
1. Luna 2 (1959): First impact on the Moon.
2. Vostok 1 (1961): First human spaceflight.
3. Luna 9 (1966): First soft landing on the Moon.
4. Soyuz 1 (1967): Early Soyuz crewed mission.
5. Mir Space Station (1986-2001): First modular space station.
6. Venera 7 (1970): First Venus landing.
7. Soyuz TM-32 (2001): First space tourist mission.
8. Luna 25 (Planned 2024): Lunar exploration.
### CSA (Canadian Space Agency)
1. Canadarm (1981-2011): Shuttle robotic arm.
2. Canadarm2 (2001-Present): ISS robotic arm.
3. RADARSAT-1 (1995-2013): Earth observation.
4. RADARSAT-2 (2007-Present): Advanced Earth observation.
5. OSIRIS-REx (2016-2023): Asteroid sample mission.
6. Alouette 1 (1962): First Canadian satellite.
7. SCISAT-1 (2003-Present): Atmospheric research.
8. RADARSAT Constellation (2019-Present): Earth observation satellites.
#Kas_Prelims