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Notable Foreign Travelers to India: Timelines, Rulers, and Their Works

### Ancient Period
1. Megasthenes (4th Century BCE)
- King: Chandragupta Maurya
- Book: *Indica*

2. Fa-Hien (399-414 CE)
- King: Chandragupta II
- Book: *A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms*

### Medieval Period
1. Hiuen Tsang (630-645 CE)
- King: Harsha Vardhana
- Book: *Great Tang Records on the Western Regions*

2. Al-Biruni (973-1048 CE)
- King: Mahmud of Ghazni
- Book: *Kitab-ul-Hind*

3. Marco Polo (1292 CE)
- Ruler: Regional rulers in South India
- Book: *The Travels of Marco Polo*

4. Ibn Battuta (1333-1347 CE)
- King: Muhammad bin Tughlaq
- Book: *Rihla* (The Travels)

5. Niccolò de' Conti (1420-1444 CE)
- Ruler: Vijayanagar Empire
- Book: *The Travels of Niccolò de' Conti* (Recorded by Poggio Bracciolini)

6. Domingo Paes (1520-1522 CE)
- King: Krishna Deva Raya (Vijayanagar Empire)
- Book: *Chronicles of Paes* (Recorded later)

7. Abdur Razzaq (1442-1444 CE)
- King: Deva Raya II (Vijayanagar Empire)
- Book: *Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain*

### Modern Period
1. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1640-1667 CE)
- Kings: Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
- Book: *Travels in India*

2. Bernier (1656-1668 CE)
- King: Aurangzeb
- Book: *Travels in the Mogul Empire*

3. Niccolao Manucci (1656-1712 CE)
- Kings: Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, successors
- Book: *Storia do Mogor*

4. William Hawkins (1608-1611 CE)
- King: Jahangir
- Document: Accounts in East India Company records

5. Ralph Fitch (1583-1591 CE)
- King: Akbar
- Document: Letters and reports for East India Company

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Notable Ancient Indian Texts and Their Authors

1. Rigveda (1500-1200 BCE)
- Attributed to: Ancient Rishis
- Details: Oldest Vedic text, hymns to deities.

2. Upanishads (800-500 BCE)
- Attributed to: Various sages
- Details: Philosophical texts on Brahman and Atman.

3. Mahabharata (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE)
- Author: Ved Vyasa
- Details: Epic narrating the Kurukshetra War.

4. Ramayana (c. 500 BCE - 100 BCE)
- Author: Valmiki
- Details: Epic about Prince Rama's life and battle with Ravana.

5. Arthashastra (4th Century BCE)
- Author: Kautilya (Chanakya)
- Details: Treatise on statecraft and economics.

6. Ashtadhyayi (c. 5th Century BCE)
- Author: Panini
- Details: Foundational Sanskrit grammar text.

7. Yoga Sutras (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Patanjali
- Details: Aphorisms on yoga philosophy.

8. Charaka Samhita (c. 300 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Charaka
- Details: Core Ayurvedic text on internal medicine.

9. Sushruta Samhita (c. 600 BCE)
- Author: Sushruta
- Details: Ayurvedic text focusing on surgery.

10. Natyashastra (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Bharata Muni
- Details: Treatise on performing arts.

11. Manusmriti (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Manu
- Details: Ancient legal text on social laws.

12. Brahmasutra (c. 200 BCE)
- Author: Badarayana (Vyasa)
- Details: Foundational text for Vedanta philosophy.

13. Vishnu Purana (c. 300 CE)
- Attributed to: Sage Parashara
- Details: Purana detailing myths and teachings of Vishnu.

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Notable Literature from the Gupta Period

1. Kalidasa
- Works: *Shakuntala*, *Meghaduta*, *Raghuvamsa*, *Kumarasambhava*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Celebrated poet and dramatist.

2. Vishakhadatta
- Works: *Mudrarakshasa*, *Devichandraguptam*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Known for political dramas.

3. Sudraka
- Work: *Mricchakatika* (The Little Clay Cart)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: A drama on love and society.

4. Aryabhata
- Work: *Aryabhatiya*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Foundational text on mathematics and astronomy.

5. Vatsyayana
- Work: *Kamasutra*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Text on love, sexuality, and social conduct.

6. Amarasimha
- Work: *Amarakosha*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Authoritative Sanskrit thesaurus.

7. Varahamihira
- Works: *Brihat Samhita*, *Pancha Siddhantika*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Scholar in astronomy and astrology.

8. Bhatti
- Work: *Bhattikavya* (Ravanavadha)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Combines grammar with epic poetry.

9. Bhasa
- Works: *Svapnavasavadatta*, *Pratijnayaugandharayana*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Influential playwright.

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Anglo-Mysore Wars: Key Treaties and Participants

1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769)
- Treaty: Treaty of Madras, 1769
- Participants: Mysore (Hyder Ali) vs. British East India Company, Nizam of Hyderabad, Marathas

2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
- Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore, 1784
- Participants: Mysore (Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad

3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792
- Participants: Mysore (Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad

4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799)
- Outcome: Tipu Sultan defeated and killed; Mysore annexed
- Participants: Mysore (Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad

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Key British Wars and Treaties with Afghanistan, Sindh, Tibet, and Burma


1. Afghanistan
- First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): British defeat.
- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880): British victory, Treaty of Gandamak.
- Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919): Stalemate, Treaty of Rawalpindi (Afghan independence).


2. Sindh
- Conquest of Sindh (1843): British victory, Sindh annexed after Battle of Miani.


3. Tibet
- British Expedition to Tibet (1903-1904): British victory, Treaty of Lhasa (trade concessions).



4. Burma
- First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826): British victory, Treaty of Yandabo (Arakan and Tenasserim ceded).
- Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852-1853): British victory, annexation of Lower Burma.
- Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885): British victory, complete annexation of Burma.


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Anglo-French Rivalry: The Carnatic Wars and Their Pivotal Treaties

First Carnatic War (1744-1748)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
*Year:* 1748

Second Carnatic War (1749-1754)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Pondicherry
*Year:* 1754

Third Carnatic War (1756-1763)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Paris
*Year:* 1763

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Important topics from Ancient History

1. IVC : sites and their importance+ Social conditions.

2. Vedic : Rig vedic + Later vedic + 4 vedas

3. Mahajanapadas: area - kings

4. Mauryas : Ashoka + inscriptions +

5. Later mauras: Kanishka + Indo Greek

6 Buddhism + Jainism: Basics + Teachings ( difference) + Councils+ literature+ symbols.

7.Gupta : Chandra gupta maurya + Samudra gupta+ Literature+ administration + Kumara gupta + vakatakas+ temple architecture

8. Harshavardhan: conquest+ assembly+ literature

9.Travellers

Invest at least 15-20 minutes on each topics.

Key Treaties and Figures in the Anglo-Mysore, Anglo-Maratha, and Anglo-Sikh Wars

_Anglo-Mysore Wars_

1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1766-1769)
- Treaty: Treaty of Madras (1769)
- Major personality (Mysore): Hyder Ali
- British Governor: Sir Thomas Gage

2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
- Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore (1784)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Sir Eyre Coote

3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Lord Cornwallis

4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (1799)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Lord Wellesley

_Anglo-Maratha Wars_

1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782)
- Treaty: Treaty of Salbai (1782)
- Major personality (Maratha): Mahadji Scindia
- British Governor: Warren Hastings

2. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805)
- Treaty: Treaty of Deogaon (1805)
- Major personality (Maratha): Daulat Rao Scindia
- British Governor: Lord Cornwallis

3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
- Treaty: Treaty of Gwailor (1818)
- Major personality (Maratha): Malhar Rao Holkar
- British Governor: Lord Hastings

_Anglo-Sikh Wars_

1. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lahore (1846)
- Major personality (Sikh): Maharaja Duleep Singh
- British Governor: Sir Henry Hardinge

2. Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lahore (1849)
- Major personality (Sikh): Maharaja Duleep Singh
- British Governor: Lord Dalhousie


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list of Major Anglo-Wars, Treaties, and Key Personalities:

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1. Anglo-Nepal War (1814-1816)

- Treaty: Treaty of Sugauli (1816)
- Major Personality (Nepal): Bhimsen Thapa
- British Governor: Lord Hastings


2. Anglo-Burma Wars

- First Anglo-Burma War (1824-1826)
- Treaty: Treaty of Yandabo (1826)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Bagyidaw
- British Governor: Lord Amherst

- Second Anglo-Burma War (1852-1853)
- Treaty: Treaty of Pegu (1853)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Pagan Min
- British Governor: Lord Dalhousie

- Third Anglo-Burma War (1885)
- Outcome: Annexation of Burma (1885)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Thibaw Min
- British Governor: Lord Dufferin

3. Anglo-Tibet War

- British Expedition to Tibet (1903-1904)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
- Major Personality (Tibet): 13th Dalai Lama
- British Governor: Lord Curzon


4. Anglo-Afghan Wars

- First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)
- Treaty: Treaty of Kabul (1842)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Dost Mohammad Khan
- British Governor: Lord Auckland

- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)
- Treaty: Treaty of Gandamak (1879)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Mohammad Yaqub Khan
- British Governor: Lord Lytton

- Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
- Treaty: Treaty of Rawalpindi (1919)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Amanullah Khan
- British Governor: Lord Chelmsford

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The Four Buddhist Councils

1. First Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 543 BCE
- Place: Rajagriha, India
- Presided by: Mahakasyapa
- King Patronage: Ajatashatru

2. Second Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 383 BCE
- Place: Vesali, India
- Presided by: Sabbakami
- King Patronage: Kalasoka

3. Third Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 250 BCE
- Place: Pataliputra, India
- Presided by: Moggaliputta Tissa
- King Patronage: Emperor Ashoka

4. Fourth Buddhist Council
- Year: 100 CE (Mahayana tradition)
- Place: Kundalavana (Mahayana), India
- Presided by: Vasumitra (Mahayana)
- King Patronage: Kanishka the Great (Mahayana)

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Panipat Wars

1. First Battle of Panipat (1526 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Sultanate of Delhi
- Key Figures: Babur vs. Ibrahim Lodi
- Outcome: Victory for Babur
- Significance: Established Mughal rule in India.

2. Second Battle of Panipat (1556 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Suri Empire
- Key Figures: Akbar vs. Hemu
- Outcome: Victory for Akbar
- Significance: Restored Mughal control after the Suri Empire.

3. Third Battle of Panipat (1761 CE)
- Combatants: Maratha Empire vs. Durrani Empire
- Key Figures: Sadashiv Ballal vs. Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Outcome: Victory for Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Significance: Weakened the Maratha Empire, leading to a power vacuum.

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Babur's key wars that established the Mughal Empire:

1. First Battle of Panipat (1526): Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, ending the Delhi Sultanate and establishing Mughal rule in India.

2. Battle of Khanwa (1527): Babur defeated Rana Sanga, securing his dominance in northern India.

3. Battle of Chanderi (1528): Babur captured Chanderi, weakening Rajput resistance.

4. Battle of Ghaghra (1529): Babur defeated Afghan chiefs, solidifying control over the Gangetic plains.

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Army Exercises:

1. Yudh Abhyas - United States
2. Sampriti - Bangladesh
3. Indra - Russia
4. Mitra Shakti - Sri Lanka
5. Vajra Prahar - United States
6. Shakti - France
7. Ekuverin - Maldives
8. Hand-in-Hand - China
9. Nomadic Elephant - Mongolia
10. Al Nagah - Oman
11. Garuda Shakti - Indonesia
12. Harimau Shakti - Malaysia
13. Surya Kiran - Nepal
14. Ajeya Warrior - United Kingdom
15. Khanjar - Kyrgyzstan
16. Lamitye - Seychelles

Naval Exercises:

1. Malabar - United States, Japan, Australia
2. SIMBEX - Singapore
3. Varuna - France
4. Konkan - United Kingdom
5. Indra Navy - Russia
6. Milan - Multilateral Exercise (includes various countries)
7. SLINEX - Sri Lanka
8. JIMEX - Japan
9. AUSINDEX - Australia
10. IBSAMAR - South Africa and Brazil
11. CORPAT - Indonesia
12. SIMBEX - Singapore
13. IMCOR - Myanmar
14. Paschim Lehar - Internal Exercise

Air Force Exercises:

1. Cope India - United States
2. Garuda - France
3. Indradhanush - United Kingdom
4. Aviaindra - Russia
5. Desert Eagle - United Arab Emirates
6. Eastern Bridge - Oman
7. Ex Pitch Black - Australia

Tri-Service Exercises:

1. Indra - Russia
2. Exercise Tiger Triumph - United States
3. PANEX-21 - BIMSTEC Countries

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Chronological List of Major Environmental Conventions and Protocols

1. Ramsar Convention (1971): Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
2. Stockholm Declaration (1972): Human environment and sustainable development.
3. CITES (1973): Regulates international trade in endangered species.
4. Montreal Protocol (1987): Phasing out ozone-depleting substances.
5. Basel Convention (1989): Controlling hazardous waste movements.
6. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992): Conservation, sustainable use, and benefit-sharing of biodiversity.
7. UNFCCC (1992): Stabilizing greenhouse gases to combat climate change.
8. UNCCD (1994): Combating desertification and drought.
9. Kyoto Protocol (1997): Binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.
10. Rotterdam Convention (1998): Regulates international trade of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.
11. Nagoya Protocol (2010): Fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
12. Kuala Lumpur Protocol (2010): Liability and redress for biodiversity damage from LMOs.
13. Paris Agreement (2015): Limiting global temperature rise.

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