India recognizes six classical languages:
1. Tamil (2004)
2. Sanskrit (2005)
3. Kannada (2008)
4. Telugu (2008)
5. Malayalam (2013)
6. Odia (2014)
1. Tamil (2004)
2. Sanskrit (2005)
3. Kannada (2008)
4. Telugu (2008)
5. Malayalam (2013)
6. Odia (2014)
Notable Foreign Travelers to India: Timelines, Rulers, and Their Works
### Ancient Period
1. Megasthenes (4th Century BCE)
- King: Chandragupta Maurya
- Book: *Indica*
2. Fa-Hien (399-414 CE)
- King: Chandragupta II
- Book: *A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms*
### Medieval Period
1. Hiuen Tsang (630-645 CE)
- King: Harsha Vardhana
- Book: *Great Tang Records on the Western Regions*
2. Al-Biruni (973-1048 CE)
- King: Mahmud of Ghazni
- Book: *Kitab-ul-Hind*
3. Marco Polo (1292 CE)
- Ruler: Regional rulers in South India
- Book: *The Travels of Marco Polo*
4. Ibn Battuta (1333-1347 CE)
- King: Muhammad bin Tughlaq
- Book: *Rihla* (The Travels)
5. Niccolò de' Conti (1420-1444 CE)
- Ruler: Vijayanagar Empire
- Book: *The Travels of Niccolò de' Conti* (Recorded by Poggio Bracciolini)
6. Domingo Paes (1520-1522 CE)
- King: Krishna Deva Raya (Vijayanagar Empire)
- Book: *Chronicles of Paes* (Recorded later)
7. Abdur Razzaq (1442-1444 CE)
- King: Deva Raya II (Vijayanagar Empire)
- Book: *Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain*
### Modern Period
1. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1640-1667 CE)
- Kings: Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
- Book: *Travels in India*
2. Bernier (1656-1668 CE)
- King: Aurangzeb
- Book: *Travels in the Mogul Empire*
3. Niccolao Manucci (1656-1712 CE)
- Kings: Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, successors
- Book: *Storia do Mogor*
4. William Hawkins (1608-1611 CE)
- King: Jahangir
- Document: Accounts in East India Company records
5. Ralph Fitch (1583-1591 CE)
- King: Akbar
- Document: Letters and reports for East India Company
#Kas_Prelims
### Ancient Period
1. Megasthenes (4th Century BCE)
- King: Chandragupta Maurya
- Book: *Indica*
2. Fa-Hien (399-414 CE)
- King: Chandragupta II
- Book: *A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms*
### Medieval Period
1. Hiuen Tsang (630-645 CE)
- King: Harsha Vardhana
- Book: *Great Tang Records on the Western Regions*
2. Al-Biruni (973-1048 CE)
- King: Mahmud of Ghazni
- Book: *Kitab-ul-Hind*
3. Marco Polo (1292 CE)
- Ruler: Regional rulers in South India
- Book: *The Travels of Marco Polo*
4. Ibn Battuta (1333-1347 CE)
- King: Muhammad bin Tughlaq
- Book: *Rihla* (The Travels)
5. Niccolò de' Conti (1420-1444 CE)
- Ruler: Vijayanagar Empire
- Book: *The Travels of Niccolò de' Conti* (Recorded by Poggio Bracciolini)
6. Domingo Paes (1520-1522 CE)
- King: Krishna Deva Raya (Vijayanagar Empire)
- Book: *Chronicles of Paes* (Recorded later)
7. Abdur Razzaq (1442-1444 CE)
- King: Deva Raya II (Vijayanagar Empire)
- Book: *Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain*
### Modern Period
1. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1640-1667 CE)
- Kings: Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
- Book: *Travels in India*
2. Bernier (1656-1668 CE)
- King: Aurangzeb
- Book: *Travels in the Mogul Empire*
3. Niccolao Manucci (1656-1712 CE)
- Kings: Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, successors
- Book: *Storia do Mogor*
4. William Hawkins (1608-1611 CE)
- King: Jahangir
- Document: Accounts in East India Company records
5. Ralph Fitch (1583-1591 CE)
- King: Akbar
- Document: Letters and reports for East India Company
#Kas_Prelims
Notable Ancient Indian Texts and Their Authors
1. Rigveda (1500-1200 BCE)
- Attributed to: Ancient Rishis
- Details: Oldest Vedic text, hymns to deities.
2. Upanishads (800-500 BCE)
- Attributed to: Various sages
- Details: Philosophical texts on Brahman and Atman.
3. Mahabharata (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE)
- Author: Ved Vyasa
- Details: Epic narrating the Kurukshetra War.
4. Ramayana (c. 500 BCE - 100 BCE)
- Author: Valmiki
- Details: Epic about Prince Rama's life and battle with Ravana.
5. Arthashastra (4th Century BCE)
- Author: Kautilya (Chanakya)
- Details: Treatise on statecraft and economics.
6. Ashtadhyayi (c. 5th Century BCE)
- Author: Panini
- Details: Foundational Sanskrit grammar text.
7. Yoga Sutras (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Patanjali
- Details: Aphorisms on yoga philosophy.
8. Charaka Samhita (c. 300 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Charaka
- Details: Core Ayurvedic text on internal medicine.
9. Sushruta Samhita (c. 600 BCE)
- Author: Sushruta
- Details: Ayurvedic text focusing on surgery.
10. Natyashastra (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Bharata Muni
- Details: Treatise on performing arts.
11. Manusmriti (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Manu
- Details: Ancient legal text on social laws.
12. Brahmasutra (c. 200 BCE)
- Author: Badarayana (Vyasa)
- Details: Foundational text for Vedanta philosophy.
13. Vishnu Purana (c. 300 CE)
- Attributed to: Sage Parashara
- Details: Purana detailing myths and teachings of Vishnu.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Rigveda (1500-1200 BCE)
- Attributed to: Ancient Rishis
- Details: Oldest Vedic text, hymns to deities.
2. Upanishads (800-500 BCE)
- Attributed to: Various sages
- Details: Philosophical texts on Brahman and Atman.
3. Mahabharata (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE)
- Author: Ved Vyasa
- Details: Epic narrating the Kurukshetra War.
4. Ramayana (c. 500 BCE - 100 BCE)
- Author: Valmiki
- Details: Epic about Prince Rama's life and battle with Ravana.
5. Arthashastra (4th Century BCE)
- Author: Kautilya (Chanakya)
- Details: Treatise on statecraft and economics.
6. Ashtadhyayi (c. 5th Century BCE)
- Author: Panini
- Details: Foundational Sanskrit grammar text.
7. Yoga Sutras (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Patanjali
- Details: Aphorisms on yoga philosophy.
8. Charaka Samhita (c. 300 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Charaka
- Details: Core Ayurvedic text on internal medicine.
9. Sushruta Samhita (c. 600 BCE)
- Author: Sushruta
- Details: Ayurvedic text focusing on surgery.
10. Natyashastra (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Bharata Muni
- Details: Treatise on performing arts.
11. Manusmriti (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Manu
- Details: Ancient legal text on social laws.
12. Brahmasutra (c. 200 BCE)
- Author: Badarayana (Vyasa)
- Details: Foundational text for Vedanta philosophy.
13. Vishnu Purana (c. 300 CE)
- Attributed to: Sage Parashara
- Details: Purana detailing myths and teachings of Vishnu.
#Kas_Prelims
Notable Literature from the Gupta Period
1. Kalidasa
- Works: *Shakuntala*, *Meghaduta*, *Raghuvamsa*, *Kumarasambhava*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Celebrated poet and dramatist.
2. Vishakhadatta
- Works: *Mudrarakshasa*, *Devichandraguptam*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Known for political dramas.
3. Sudraka
- Work: *Mricchakatika* (The Little Clay Cart)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: A drama on love and society.
4. Aryabhata
- Work: *Aryabhatiya*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Foundational text on mathematics and astronomy.
5. Vatsyayana
- Work: *Kamasutra*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Text on love, sexuality, and social conduct.
6. Amarasimha
- Work: *Amarakosha*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Authoritative Sanskrit thesaurus.
7. Varahamihira
- Works: *Brihat Samhita*, *Pancha Siddhantika*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Scholar in astronomy and astrology.
8. Bhatti
- Work: *Bhattikavya* (Ravanavadha)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Combines grammar with epic poetry.
9. Bhasa
- Works: *Svapnavasavadatta*, *Pratijnayaugandharayana*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Influential playwright.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Kalidasa
- Works: *Shakuntala*, *Meghaduta*, *Raghuvamsa*, *Kumarasambhava*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Celebrated poet and dramatist.
2. Vishakhadatta
- Works: *Mudrarakshasa*, *Devichandraguptam*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Known for political dramas.
3. Sudraka
- Work: *Mricchakatika* (The Little Clay Cart)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: A drama on love and society.
4. Aryabhata
- Work: *Aryabhatiya*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Foundational text on mathematics and astronomy.
5. Vatsyayana
- Work: *Kamasutra*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Text on love, sexuality, and social conduct.
6. Amarasimha
- Work: *Amarakosha*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Authoritative Sanskrit thesaurus.
7. Varahamihira
- Works: *Brihat Samhita*, *Pancha Siddhantika*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Scholar in astronomy and astrology.
8. Bhatti
- Work: *Bhattikavya* (Ravanavadha)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Combines grammar with epic poetry.
9. Bhasa
- Works: *Svapnavasavadatta*, *Pratijnayaugandharayana*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Influential playwright.
#Kas_Prelims
Anglo-Mysore Wars: Key Treaties and Participants
1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769)
- Treaty: Treaty of Madras, 1769
- Participants: Mysore (Hyder Ali) vs. British East India Company, Nizam of Hyderabad, Marathas
2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
- Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore, 1784
- Participants: Mysore (Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792
- Participants: Mysore (Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799)
- Outcome: Tipu Sultan defeated and killed; Mysore annexed
- Participants: Mysore (Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
#Kas_Prelims
1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769)
- Treaty: Treaty of Madras, 1769
- Participants: Mysore (Hyder Ali) vs. British East India Company, Nizam of Hyderabad, Marathas
2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
- Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore, 1784
- Participants: Mysore (Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792
- Participants: Mysore (Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799)
- Outcome: Tipu Sultan defeated and killed; Mysore annexed
- Participants: Mysore (Tipu Sultan) vs. British East India Company, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad
#Kas_Prelims
Key British Wars and Treaties with Afghanistan, Sindh, Tibet, and Burma
1. Afghanistan
- First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): British defeat.
- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880): British victory, Treaty of Gandamak.
- Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919): Stalemate, Treaty of Rawalpindi (Afghan independence).
2. Sindh
- Conquest of Sindh (1843): British victory, Sindh annexed after Battle of Miani.
3. Tibet
- British Expedition to Tibet (1903-1904): British victory, Treaty of Lhasa (trade concessions).
4. Burma
- First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826): British victory, Treaty of Yandabo (Arakan and Tenasserim ceded).
- Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852-1853): British victory, annexation of Lower Burma.
- Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885): British victory, complete annexation of Burma.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Afghanistan
- First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): British defeat.
- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880): British victory, Treaty of Gandamak.
- Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919): Stalemate, Treaty of Rawalpindi (Afghan independence).
2. Sindh
- Conquest of Sindh (1843): British victory, Sindh annexed after Battle of Miani.
3. Tibet
- British Expedition to Tibet (1903-1904): British victory, Treaty of Lhasa (trade concessions).
4. Burma
- First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826): British victory, Treaty of Yandabo (Arakan and Tenasserim ceded).
- Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852-1853): British victory, annexation of Lower Burma.
- Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885): British victory, complete annexation of Burma.
#Kas_Prelims
Anglo-French Rivalry: The Carnatic Wars and Their Pivotal Treaties
First Carnatic War (1744-1748)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
*Year:* 1748
Second Carnatic War (1749-1754)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Pondicherry
*Year:* 1754
Third Carnatic War (1756-1763)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Paris
*Year:* 1763
#Kas_Prelims
First Carnatic War (1744-1748)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
*Year:* 1748
Second Carnatic War (1749-1754)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Pondicherry
*Year:* 1754
Third Carnatic War (1756-1763)
*Treaty:* Treaty of Paris
*Year:* 1763
#Kas_Prelims
Important topics from Ancient History
1. IVC : sites and their importance+ Social conditions.
2. Vedic : Rig vedic + Later vedic + 4 vedas
3. Mahajanapadas: area - kings
4. Mauryas : Ashoka + inscriptions +
5. Later mauras: Kanishka + Indo Greek
6 Buddhism + Jainism: Basics + Teachings ( difference) + Councils+ literature+ symbols.
7.Gupta : Chandra gupta maurya + Samudra gupta+ Literature+ administration + Kumara gupta + vakatakas+ temple architecture
8. Harshavardhan: conquest+ assembly+ literature
9.Travellers
Invest at least 15-20 minutes on each topics.
1. IVC : sites and their importance+ Social conditions.
2. Vedic : Rig vedic + Later vedic + 4 vedas
3. Mahajanapadas: area - kings
4. Mauryas : Ashoka + inscriptions +
5. Later mauras: Kanishka + Indo Greek
6 Buddhism + Jainism: Basics + Teachings ( difference) + Councils+ literature+ symbols.
7.Gupta : Chandra gupta maurya + Samudra gupta+ Literature+ administration + Kumara gupta + vakatakas+ temple architecture
8. Harshavardhan: conquest+ assembly+ literature
9.Travellers
Invest at least 15-20 minutes on each topics.
Key Treaties and Figures in the Anglo-Mysore, Anglo-Maratha, and Anglo-Sikh Wars
_Anglo-Mysore Wars_
1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1766-1769)
- Treaty: Treaty of Madras (1769)
- Major personality (Mysore): Hyder Ali
- British Governor: Sir Thomas Gage
2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
- Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore (1784)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Sir Eyre Coote
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Lord Cornwallis
4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (1799)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Lord Wellesley
_Anglo-Maratha Wars_
1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782)
- Treaty: Treaty of Salbai (1782)
- Major personality (Maratha): Mahadji Scindia
- British Governor: Warren Hastings
2. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805)
- Treaty: Treaty of Deogaon (1805)
- Major personality (Maratha): Daulat Rao Scindia
- British Governor: Lord Cornwallis
3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
- Treaty: Treaty of Gwailor (1818)
- Major personality (Maratha): Malhar Rao Holkar
- British Governor: Lord Hastings
_Anglo-Sikh Wars_
1. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lahore (1846)
- Major personality (Sikh): Maharaja Duleep Singh
- British Governor: Sir Henry Hardinge
2. Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lahore (1849)
- Major personality (Sikh): Maharaja Duleep Singh
- British Governor: Lord Dalhousie
#Kas_Prelims
_Anglo-Mysore Wars_
1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1766-1769)
- Treaty: Treaty of Madras (1769)
- Major personality (Mysore): Hyder Ali
- British Governor: Sir Thomas Gage
2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
- Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore (1784)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Sir Eyre Coote
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Lord Cornwallis
4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799)
- Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (1799)
- Major personality (Mysore): Tipu Sultan
- British Governor: Lord Wellesley
_Anglo-Maratha Wars_
1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782)
- Treaty: Treaty of Salbai (1782)
- Major personality (Maratha): Mahadji Scindia
- British Governor: Warren Hastings
2. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805)
- Treaty: Treaty of Deogaon (1805)
- Major personality (Maratha): Daulat Rao Scindia
- British Governor: Lord Cornwallis
3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
- Treaty: Treaty of Gwailor (1818)
- Major personality (Maratha): Malhar Rao Holkar
- British Governor: Lord Hastings
_Anglo-Sikh Wars_
1. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lahore (1846)
- Major personality (Sikh): Maharaja Duleep Singh
- British Governor: Sir Henry Hardinge
2. Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lahore (1849)
- Major personality (Sikh): Maharaja Duleep Singh
- British Governor: Lord Dalhousie
#Kas_Prelims
list of Major Anglo-Wars, Treaties, and Key Personalities:
---
1. Anglo-Nepal War (1814-1816)
- Treaty: Treaty of Sugauli (1816)
- Major Personality (Nepal): Bhimsen Thapa
- British Governor: Lord Hastings
2. Anglo-Burma Wars
- First Anglo-Burma War (1824-1826)
- Treaty: Treaty of Yandabo (1826)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Bagyidaw
- British Governor: Lord Amherst
- Second Anglo-Burma War (1852-1853)
- Treaty: Treaty of Pegu (1853)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Pagan Min
- British Governor: Lord Dalhousie
- Third Anglo-Burma War (1885)
- Outcome: Annexation of Burma (1885)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Thibaw Min
- British Governor: Lord Dufferin
3. Anglo-Tibet War
- British Expedition to Tibet (1903-1904)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
- Major Personality (Tibet): 13th Dalai Lama
- British Governor: Lord Curzon
4. Anglo-Afghan Wars
- First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)
- Treaty: Treaty of Kabul (1842)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Dost Mohammad Khan
- British Governor: Lord Auckland
- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)
- Treaty: Treaty of Gandamak (1879)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Mohammad Yaqub Khan
- British Governor: Lord Lytton
- Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
- Treaty: Treaty of Rawalpindi (1919)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Amanullah Khan
- British Governor: Lord Chelmsford
---
#Kas_Prelims
---
1. Anglo-Nepal War (1814-1816)
- Treaty: Treaty of Sugauli (1816)
- Major Personality (Nepal): Bhimsen Thapa
- British Governor: Lord Hastings
2. Anglo-Burma Wars
- First Anglo-Burma War (1824-1826)
- Treaty: Treaty of Yandabo (1826)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Bagyidaw
- British Governor: Lord Amherst
- Second Anglo-Burma War (1852-1853)
- Treaty: Treaty of Pegu (1853)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Pagan Min
- British Governor: Lord Dalhousie
- Third Anglo-Burma War (1885)
- Outcome: Annexation of Burma (1885)
- Major Personality (Burma): King Thibaw Min
- British Governor: Lord Dufferin
3. Anglo-Tibet War
- British Expedition to Tibet (1903-1904)
- Treaty: Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
- Major Personality (Tibet): 13th Dalai Lama
- British Governor: Lord Curzon
4. Anglo-Afghan Wars
- First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)
- Treaty: Treaty of Kabul (1842)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Dost Mohammad Khan
- British Governor: Lord Auckland
- Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)
- Treaty: Treaty of Gandamak (1879)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Mohammad Yaqub Khan
- British Governor: Lord Lytton
- Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
- Treaty: Treaty of Rawalpindi (1919)
- Major Personality (Afghanistan): Amanullah Khan
- British Governor: Lord Chelmsford
---
#Kas_Prelims
The Four Buddhist Councils
1. First Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 543 BCE
- Place: Rajagriha, India
- Presided by: Mahakasyapa
- King Patronage: Ajatashatru
2. Second Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 383 BCE
- Place: Vesali, India
- Presided by: Sabbakami
- King Patronage: Kalasoka
3. Third Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 250 BCE
- Place: Pataliputra, India
- Presided by: Moggaliputta Tissa
- King Patronage: Emperor Ashoka
4. Fourth Buddhist Council
- Year: 100 CE (Mahayana tradition)
- Place: Kundalavana (Mahayana), India
- Presided by: Vasumitra (Mahayana)
- King Patronage: Kanishka the Great (Mahayana)
#Kas_Prelims
1. First Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 543 BCE
- Place: Rajagriha, India
- Presided by: Mahakasyapa
- King Patronage: Ajatashatru
2. Second Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 383 BCE
- Place: Vesali, India
- Presided by: Sabbakami
- King Patronage: Kalasoka
3. Third Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 250 BCE
- Place: Pataliputra, India
- Presided by: Moggaliputta Tissa
- King Patronage: Emperor Ashoka
4. Fourth Buddhist Council
- Year: 100 CE (Mahayana tradition)
- Place: Kundalavana (Mahayana), India
- Presided by: Vasumitra (Mahayana)
- King Patronage: Kanishka the Great (Mahayana)
#Kas_Prelims
Panipat Wars
1. First Battle of Panipat (1526 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Sultanate of Delhi
- Key Figures: Babur vs. Ibrahim Lodi
- Outcome: Victory for Babur
- Significance: Established Mughal rule in India.
2. Second Battle of Panipat (1556 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Suri Empire
- Key Figures: Akbar vs. Hemu
- Outcome: Victory for Akbar
- Significance: Restored Mughal control after the Suri Empire.
3. Third Battle of Panipat (1761 CE)
- Combatants: Maratha Empire vs. Durrani Empire
- Key Figures: Sadashiv Ballal vs. Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Outcome: Victory for Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Significance: Weakened the Maratha Empire, leading to a power vacuum.
#Kas_Prelims
1. First Battle of Panipat (1526 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Sultanate of Delhi
- Key Figures: Babur vs. Ibrahim Lodi
- Outcome: Victory for Babur
- Significance: Established Mughal rule in India.
2. Second Battle of Panipat (1556 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Suri Empire
- Key Figures: Akbar vs. Hemu
- Outcome: Victory for Akbar
- Significance: Restored Mughal control after the Suri Empire.
3. Third Battle of Panipat (1761 CE)
- Combatants: Maratha Empire vs. Durrani Empire
- Key Figures: Sadashiv Ballal vs. Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Outcome: Victory for Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Significance: Weakened the Maratha Empire, leading to a power vacuum.
#Kas_Prelims
Babur's key wars that established the Mughal Empire:
1. First Battle of Panipat (1526): Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, ending the Delhi Sultanate and establishing Mughal rule in India.
2. Battle of Khanwa (1527): Babur defeated Rana Sanga, securing his dominance in northern India.
3. Battle of Chanderi (1528): Babur captured Chanderi, weakening Rajput resistance.
4. Battle of Ghaghra (1529): Babur defeated Afghan chiefs, solidifying control over the Gangetic plains.
#Kas_Prelims
1. First Battle of Panipat (1526): Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, ending the Delhi Sultanate and establishing Mughal rule in India.
2. Battle of Khanwa (1527): Babur defeated Rana Sanga, securing his dominance in northern India.
3. Battle of Chanderi (1528): Babur captured Chanderi, weakening Rajput resistance.
4. Battle of Ghaghra (1529): Babur defeated Afghan chiefs, solidifying control over the Gangetic plains.
#Kas_Prelims
Forwarded from ConvertKAS
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We know the pressure is on, and we’re here to help you ace the KAS Prelims with a limited-time offer on our essential PDF resources. Get everything you need to boost your preparation at a special price!
What’s Included:
1. Lakshya Test Series – 33 Tests (Complete Static Coverage)
2. Parishram Test Series – 15 Tests (Exclusive Karnataka Current Affairs)
3. Quick Revision Material – Focused on Karnataka History and Geography
4. Karnataka Budget – Comprehensive Review
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Army Exercises:
1. Yudh Abhyas - United States
2. Sampriti - Bangladesh
3. Indra - Russia
4. Mitra Shakti - Sri Lanka
5. Vajra Prahar - United States
6. Shakti - France
7. Ekuverin - Maldives
8. Hand-in-Hand - China
9. Nomadic Elephant - Mongolia
10. Al Nagah - Oman
11. Garuda Shakti - Indonesia
12. Harimau Shakti - Malaysia
13. Surya Kiran - Nepal
14. Ajeya Warrior - United Kingdom
15. Khanjar - Kyrgyzstan
16. Lamitye - Seychelles
Naval Exercises:
1. Malabar - United States, Japan, Australia
2. SIMBEX - Singapore
3. Varuna - France
4. Konkan - United Kingdom
5. Indra Navy - Russia
6. Milan - Multilateral Exercise (includes various countries)
7. SLINEX - Sri Lanka
8. JIMEX - Japan
9. AUSINDEX - Australia
10. IBSAMAR - South Africa and Brazil
11. CORPAT - Indonesia
12. SIMBEX - Singapore
13. IMCOR - Myanmar
14. Paschim Lehar - Internal Exercise
Air Force Exercises:
1. Cope India - United States
2. Garuda - France
3. Indradhanush - United Kingdom
4. Aviaindra - Russia
5. Desert Eagle - United Arab Emirates
6. Eastern Bridge - Oman
7. Ex Pitch Black - Australia
Tri-Service Exercises:
1. Indra - Russia
2. Exercise Tiger Triumph - United States
3. PANEX-21 - BIMSTEC Countries
#Kas_Prelims
1. Yudh Abhyas - United States
2. Sampriti - Bangladesh
3. Indra - Russia
4. Mitra Shakti - Sri Lanka
5. Vajra Prahar - United States
6. Shakti - France
7. Ekuverin - Maldives
8. Hand-in-Hand - China
9. Nomadic Elephant - Mongolia
10. Al Nagah - Oman
11. Garuda Shakti - Indonesia
12. Harimau Shakti - Malaysia
13. Surya Kiran - Nepal
14. Ajeya Warrior - United Kingdom
15. Khanjar - Kyrgyzstan
16. Lamitye - Seychelles
Naval Exercises:
1. Malabar - United States, Japan, Australia
2. SIMBEX - Singapore
3. Varuna - France
4. Konkan - United Kingdom
5. Indra Navy - Russia
6. Milan - Multilateral Exercise (includes various countries)
7. SLINEX - Sri Lanka
8. JIMEX - Japan
9. AUSINDEX - Australia
10. IBSAMAR - South Africa and Brazil
11. CORPAT - Indonesia
12. SIMBEX - Singapore
13. IMCOR - Myanmar
14. Paschim Lehar - Internal Exercise
Air Force Exercises:
1. Cope India - United States
2. Garuda - France
3. Indradhanush - United Kingdom
4. Aviaindra - Russia
5. Desert Eagle - United Arab Emirates
6. Eastern Bridge - Oman
7. Ex Pitch Black - Australia
Tri-Service Exercises:
1. Indra - Russia
2. Exercise Tiger Triumph - United States
3. PANEX-21 - BIMSTEC Countries
#Kas_Prelims