Notable pre-independence newspapers and their editors:

1. Bengal Gazette (1780) - James Augustus Hicky
2. Samvad Kaumudi (1819) - Raja Ram Mohan Roy
3. Mirat-ul-Akbar (1822) - Raja Ram Mohan Roy
4. Hindoo Patriot (1853) - Madhusudan Ray
5. Rast Goftar (1854) - Dadabhai Naoroji
6. Som Prakash (1858) - Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
7. Indian Mirror (1862) - Devendra Nath Tagore
8. Amrita Bazar Patrika (1868) - Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh
9. Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq (1871) - Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
10. The Hindu (1878) - G. Subramania Iyer
11. Kesari (1881) - Bal Gangadhar Tilak
12. Sudharak (1888) - Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
13. Prabuddha Bharata (1896) - P. Aiyasami, B. R. Rajam Iyer, G. G. Narasimhacharya, and B. V. Kamesvara Iyer
14. Udbodhana (1899) - Swami Vivekananda
15. Indian Opinion (1903) - Mahatma Gandhi
16. Bande Mataram (1905) - Aurobindo Ghosh
17. Bombay Chronicle (1910) - Firoze Shah Mehta
18. Comrade (1911) - Maulana Mohammad Ali
19. Al-Balagh (1912) - Abul Kalam Azad
20. Al-Hilal (1912) - Abul Kalam Azad
21. Pratap (1913) - Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
22. New India (1914) - Annie Besant
23. Independent (1919) - Motilal Nehru
24. Young India (1919) - Mahatma Gandhi
25. Mook Nayak (1920) - B.R. Ambedkar
26. Hindustan Times (1924) - Sunder Singh Lyallpuri
27. Harijan (1932) - Mahatma Gandhi

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Major Global Navigation Systems and Their Countries

1. GPS (Global Positioning System) - United States
2. GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) - Russia
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3. Galileo - European Union
4. BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) - China
5. NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) - India
6. QZSS (Quasi-Zenith Satellite System) - Japan

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Major Congress Sessions and Their Presidents

1. 1885 - First Session (Bombay)
- President: Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee

2. 1906 - Calcutta Session
- President: Dadabhai Naoroji

3. 1916 - Lucknow Session
- President: Ambica Charan Mazumdar

4. 1919 - Amritsar Session
- President: Motilal Nehru

5. 1920 - Nagpur Session
- President: C. Vijayaraghavachariar

6. 1924 - Belgaum Session
- President: Mahatma Gandhi
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7. 1929 - Lahore Session
- President: Jawaharlal Nehru

8. 1931 - Karachi Session
- President: Vallabhbhai Patel

9. 1936 - Lucknow Session
- President: Jawaharlal Nehru

10. 1938 - Haripura Session
- President: Subhas Chandra Bose
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11. 1939 - Tripuri Session
- President: Subhas Chandra Bose

12. 1942 - Bombay Session (Quit India Movement)
- President: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad


13. 1946 - Meerut Session
- President: Acharya J.B. Kripalani


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Notable Autobiographies by Important Indian Personalities

1. The Story of My Experiments with Truth by Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi's journey of truth and non-violence, pivotal in India's independence movement.

2. Wings of Fire by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: From a humble background to becoming India's "Missile Man" and President.

3. An Autobiography by Jawaharlal Nehru: Nehru's experiences and role in India's struggle for independence.

4. My Country My Life by L.K. Advani: The political journey of L.K. Advani, a key figure in the BJP.

5. My Truth by Indira Gandhi: Insights into the personal and political life of India's first female Prime Minister.

6. Autobiography of a Yogi by Paramahansa Yogananda: Yogananda's spiritual journey and teachings of Kriya Yoga.

7. The Race of My Life by Milkha Singh: The inspiring story of the "Flying Sikh," from partition struggles to athletic glory.

8. Playing It My Way by Sachin Tendulkar: The cricket legend's career and personal journey.

9. Why I Am An Atheist by Bhagat Singh: Singh's transformation to atheism during his time in jail.

10. Waiting for a Visa by B.R. Ambedkar: An account of caste-based discrimination faced by Ambedkar, used as a textbook at Columbia University.


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Key International Agreements on Ozone Protection

1. Vienna Convention (1985)
- Purpose: Framework for international cooperation on ozone layer research.
- Key Points: Non-binding, promotes research and technology sharing.

2. Montreal Protocol (1987)
- Purpose: Phase out ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
- Key Points: Legally binding, specific phase-out timelines for CFCs, halons, and other ODS.

3. London Amendment (1990)
- Purpose: Accelerate ODS phase-out.
- Key Points: Adds carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, and earlier phase-out dates.

4. Copenhagen Amendment (1992)
- Purpose: Include hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
- Key Points: Adds HCFCs, accelerates phase-out schedules.

5. Montreal Amendment (1997)
- Purpose: Control ODS trade.
- Key Points: Licensing systems for ODS import/export, compliance measures.

6. Beijing Amendment (1999)
- Purpose: Include bromochloromethane, reduce illegal ODS trade.
- Key Points: Adds bromochloromethane, strengthens control measures.

7. Kigali Amendment (2016)
- Purpose: Phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
- Key Points: Targets HFCs due to high global warming potential, sets reduction timelines.

River - Origin

1. Ganga: Gangotri Glacier, Uttarakhand, Himalayas
2. Yamuna: Yamunotri Glacier, Uttarakhand, Himalayas
3. Brahmaputra: Angsi Glacier, Tibet (China), Himalayas
4. Indus: Tibetan Plateau, near Lake Mansarovar (China), Himalayas
5. Godavari: Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra, Western Ghats
6. Krishna: Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, Western Ghats
7. Narmada: Amarkantak Plateau, Madhya Pradesh, Maikala Range
8. Kaveri: Talakaveri, Karnataka, Western Ghats
9. Mahanadi: Sihawa, Chhattisgarh, Eastern Ghats
10. Tapti (Tapi): Satpura Range, Madhya Pradesh
11. Sutlej: Lake Rakshastal, Tibet (China), Himalayas
12. Chenab: Baralacha Pass, Himachal Pradesh, Himalayas
13. Ravi: Bara Bhangal, Himachal Pradesh, Himalayas
14. Beas: Beas Kund, Himachal Pradesh, Himalayas
15. Ghaghara: Mapchachungo Glacier, Tibet (China), Himalayas
16. Gandak: Nepal Himalayas, Nepal
17. Son: Amarkantak Plateau, Madhya Pradesh, Maikala Range
18. Sabarmati: Aravalli Range, Udaipur (Rajasthan)
19. Hugli: Nabanna, West Bengal (origin from Ganga)
20. Damodar: Chandwa, Jharkhand, Chota Nagpur Plateau

India recognizes six classical languages:

1. Tamil (2004)
2. Sanskrit (2005)
3. Kannada (2008)
4. Telugu (2008)
5. Malayalam (2013)
6. Odia (2014)

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Notable Foreign Travelers to India: Timelines, Rulers, and Their Works

### Ancient Period
1. Megasthenes (4th Century BCE)
- King: Chandragupta Maurya
- Book: *Indica*

2. Fa-Hien (399-414 CE)
- King: Chandragupta II
- Book: *A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms*

### Medieval Period
1. Hiuen Tsang (630-645 CE)
- King: Harsha Vardhana
- Book: *Great Tang Records on the Western Regions*

2. Al-Biruni (973-1048 CE)
- King: Mahmud of Ghazni
- Book: *Kitab-ul-Hind*

3. Marco Polo (1292 CE)
- Ruler: Regional rulers in South India
- Book: *The Travels of Marco Polo*

4. Ibn Battuta (1333-1347 CE)
- King: Muhammad bin Tughlaq
- Book: *Rihla* (The Travels)

5. Niccolò de' Conti (1420-1444 CE)
- Ruler: Vijayanagar Empire
- Book: *The Travels of Niccolò de' Conti* (Recorded by Poggio Bracciolini)

6. Domingo Paes (1520-1522 CE)
- King: Krishna Deva Raya (Vijayanagar Empire)
- Book: *Chronicles of Paes* (Recorded later)

7. Abdur Razzaq (1442-1444 CE)
- King: Deva Raya II (Vijayanagar Empire)
- Book: *Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain*

### Modern Period
1. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1640-1667 CE)
- Kings: Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
- Book: *Travels in India*

2. Bernier (1656-1668 CE)
- King: Aurangzeb
- Book: *Travels in the Mogul Empire*

3. Niccolao Manucci (1656-1712 CE)
- Kings: Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, successors
- Book: *Storia do Mogor*

4. William Hawkins (1608-1611 CE)
- King: Jahangir
- Document: Accounts in East India Company records

5. Ralph Fitch (1583-1591 CE)
- King: Akbar
- Document: Letters and reports for East India Company

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Notable Ancient Indian Texts and Their Authors

1. Rigveda (1500-1200 BCE)
- Attributed to: Ancient Rishis
- Details: Oldest Vedic text, hymns to deities.

2. Upanishads (800-500 BCE)
- Attributed to: Various sages
- Details: Philosophical texts on Brahman and Atman.

3. Mahabharata (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE)
- Author: Ved Vyasa
- Details: Epic narrating the Kurukshetra War.

4. Ramayana (c. 500 BCE - 100 BCE)
- Author: Valmiki
- Details: Epic about Prince Rama's life and battle with Ravana.

5. Arthashastra (4th Century BCE)
- Author: Kautilya (Chanakya)
- Details: Treatise on statecraft and economics.

6. Ashtadhyayi (c. 5th Century BCE)
- Author: Panini
- Details: Foundational Sanskrit grammar text.

7. Yoga Sutras (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Patanjali
- Details: Aphorisms on yoga philosophy.

8. Charaka Samhita (c. 300 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Charaka
- Details: Core Ayurvedic text on internal medicine.

9. Sushruta Samhita (c. 600 BCE)
- Author: Sushruta
- Details: Ayurvedic text focusing on surgery.

10. Natyashastra (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Bharata Muni
- Details: Treatise on performing arts.

11. Manusmriti (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE)
- Author: Manu
- Details: Ancient legal text on social laws.

12. Brahmasutra (c. 200 BCE)
- Author: Badarayana (Vyasa)
- Details: Foundational text for Vedanta philosophy.

13. Vishnu Purana (c. 300 CE)
- Attributed to: Sage Parashara
- Details: Purana detailing myths and teachings of Vishnu.

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Notable Literature from the Gupta Period

1. Kalidasa
- Works: *Shakuntala*, *Meghaduta*, *Raghuvamsa*, *Kumarasambhava*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Celebrated poet and dramatist.

2. Vishakhadatta
- Works: *Mudrarakshasa*, *Devichandraguptam*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Known for political dramas.

3. Sudraka
- Work: *Mricchakatika* (The Little Clay Cart)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: A drama on love and society.

4. Aryabhata
- Work: *Aryabhatiya*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Foundational text on mathematics and astronomy.

5. Vatsyayana
- Work: *Kamasutra*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Text on love, sexuality, and social conduct.

6. Amarasimha
- Work: *Amarakosha*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Authoritative Sanskrit thesaurus.

7. Varahamihira
- Works: *Brihat Samhita*, *Pancha Siddhantika*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Scholar in astronomy and astrology.

8. Bhatti
- Work: *Bhattikavya* (Ravanavadha)
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Combines grammar with epic poetry.

9. Bhasa
- Works: *Svapnavasavadatta*, *Pratijnayaugandharayana*
- Language: Sanskrit
- Details: Influential playwright.

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