Some major cities around the world and the significant rivers that flow through or near them:

1. New York City, USA
- River: Hudson

2. Chicago, USA
- River: Chicago

3. Toronto, Canada
- River: Humber, Don

4. Buenos Aires, Argentina
- River: Río de la Plata (estuary), Paraná (nearby)

5. São Paulo, Brazil
- River: Tietê, Pinheiros

6. London, United Kingdom
- River: Thames

7. Paris, France
- River: Seine

8. Berlin, Germany
- River: Spree

9. Moscow, Russia
- River: Moskva

10. Istanbul, Turkey
- River: Bosphorus (strait), Golden Horn (inlet)

11. Cairo, Egypt
- River: Nile

12. Tokyo, Japan
- River: Sumida, Arakawa

13. Shanghai, China
- River: Huangpu

14. Beijing, China
- River: Yongding, Chaobai

15. Mumbai, India
- River: Mithi

16. Delhi, India
- River: Yamuna

17. Bangkok, Thailand
- River: Chao Phraya

18. Sydney, Australia
- River: Parramatta

19. Seoul, South Korea
- River: Han

Equator Passes Through These Countries

1. Ecuador
2. Colombia
3. Brazil
4. São Tomé and Príncipe
5. Gabon
6. Republic of the Congo
7. Democratic Republic of the Congo
8. Uganda
9. Kenya
10. Somalia
11. Maldives (through its southern atolls)
12. Indonesia
13. Kiribati

Note :The equator does not pass through any state in India.

🌟 Introducing Our All-Inclusive PDF Resource Bundle for Karnataka State Exams! 🌟

🎓 Unlock Your Potential with Our Exclusive Study Packages! 🎓

Subscribe Now at Unbeatable Prices:

📚 Lakshya + Parishram + Budget + Quick Revision Notes: ₹1700
- Everything you need to excel in KAS and other Karnataka state exams.
📚 Lakshya + Parishram + Budget: ₹1400
📚 Lakshya + Parishram: ₹1000
- Your ultimate guide to mastering the syllabus.
📚 Parishram Only: ₹600
📚 Lakshya Only: ₹600

✨ Special Offer for Existing Test Series Subscribers! ✨
- Already subscribed to our test series (Lakshya + Parishram)? Get additional PDF resources at a special price!
🎉 Take advantage of this incredible offer and gear up for success in your Karnataka State Exams! 🎉

Notable pre-independence newspapers and their editors:

1. Bengal Gazette (1780) - James Augustus Hicky
2. Samvad Kaumudi (1819) - Raja Ram Mohan Roy
3. Mirat-ul-Akbar (1822) - Raja Ram Mohan Roy
4. Hindoo Patriot (1853) - Madhusudan Ray
5. Rast Goftar (1854) - Dadabhai Naoroji
6. Som Prakash (1858) - Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
7. Indian Mirror (1862) - Devendra Nath Tagore
8. Amrita Bazar Patrika (1868) - Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh
9. Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq (1871) - Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
10. The Hindu (1878) - G. Subramania Iyer
11. Kesari (1881) - Bal Gangadhar Tilak
12. Sudharak (1888) - Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
13. Prabuddha Bharata (1896) - P. Aiyasami, B. R. Rajam Iyer, G. G. Narasimhacharya, and B. V. Kamesvara Iyer
14. Udbodhana (1899) - Swami Vivekananda
15. Indian Opinion (1903) - Mahatma Gandhi
16. Bande Mataram (1905) - Aurobindo Ghosh
17. Bombay Chronicle (1910) - Firoze Shah Mehta
18. Comrade (1911) - Maulana Mohammad Ali
19. Al-Balagh (1912) - Abul Kalam Azad
20. Al-Hilal (1912) - Abul Kalam Azad
21. Pratap (1913) - Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
22. New India (1914) - Annie Besant
23. Independent (1919) - Motilal Nehru
24. Young India (1919) - Mahatma Gandhi
25. Mook Nayak (1920) - B.R. Ambedkar
26. Hindustan Times (1924) - Sunder Singh Lyallpuri
27. Harijan (1932) - Mahatma Gandhi

#Kas_Prelims

📚 Karnataka History & Geography Quick Revision Notes Subscription

✨ Special Offer ✨

💥Karnataka History Quick Revision Notes: ₹199/-

💥Karnataka Geography Quick Revision Notes: ₹199/-

✨Combo Price:₹400/- ₹299/-

Unlock the secrets of Karnataka’s rich history and diverse geography with our meticulously curated revision notes. Perfect for quick reviews and last-minute study sessions!

For subscription and payment, contact us: @ConvertKAS

Hurry, subscribe now and ace your exams with ease!

🚨Price Hike Alert:
The Offer Price Ends Tomorrow.

Major Global Navigation Systems and Their Countries

1. GPS (Global Positioning System) - United States
2. GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) - Russia
ConvertKAS
3. Galileo - European Union
4. BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) - China
5. NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) - India
6. QZSS (Quasi-Zenith Satellite System) - Japan

#Kas_Prelims

🌟 Introducing Our All-Inclusive PDF Resource Bundle for Karnataka State Exams! 🌟

🎓 Unlock Your Potential with Our Exclusive Study Packages! 🎓

Subscribe Now at Unbeatable Prices:

📚 Lakshya + Parishram + Budget + Quick Revision Notes: ₹1700
- Everything you need to excel in KAS and other Karnataka state exams.
📚 Lakshya + Parishram + Budget: ₹1400
📚 Lakshya + Parishram: ₹1000
- Your ultimate guide to mastering the syllabus.
📚 Parishram Only: ₹600
📚 Lakshya Only: ₹600

✨ Special Offer for Existing Test Series Subscribers! ✨
- Already subscribed to our test series (Lakshya + Parishram)? Get additional PDF resources at a special price!
🎉 Take advantage of this incredible offer and gear up for success in your Karnataka State Exams! 🎉

Major Congress Sessions and Their Presidents

1. 1885 - First Session (Bombay)
- President: Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee

2. 1906 - Calcutta Session
- President: Dadabhai Naoroji

3. 1916 - Lucknow Session
- President: Ambica Charan Mazumdar

4. 1919 - Amritsar Session
- President: Motilal Nehru

5. 1920 - Nagpur Session
- President: C. Vijayaraghavachariar

6. 1924 - Belgaum Session
- President: Mahatma Gandhi
ConvertKAS

7. 1929 - Lahore Session
- President: Jawaharlal Nehru

8. 1931 - Karachi Session
- President: Vallabhbhai Patel

9. 1936 - Lucknow Session
- President: Jawaharlal Nehru

10. 1938 - Haripura Session
- President: Subhas Chandra Bose
ConvertKAS

11. 1939 - Tripuri Session
- President: Subhas Chandra Bose

12. 1942 - Bombay Session (Quit India Movement)
- President: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad


13. 1946 - Meerut Session
- President: Acharya J.B. Kripalani


#Kas_Prelims

Notable Autobiographies by Important Indian Personalities

1. The Story of My Experiments with Truth by Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi's journey of truth and non-violence, pivotal in India's independence movement.

2. Wings of Fire by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: From a humble background to becoming India's "Missile Man" and President.

3. An Autobiography by Jawaharlal Nehru: Nehru's experiences and role in India's struggle for independence.

4. My Country My Life by L.K. Advani: The political journey of L.K. Advani, a key figure in the BJP.

5. My Truth by Indira Gandhi: Insights into the personal and political life of India's first female Prime Minister.

6. Autobiography of a Yogi by Paramahansa Yogananda: Yogananda's spiritual journey and teachings of Kriya Yoga.

7. The Race of My Life by Milkha Singh: The inspiring story of the "Flying Sikh," from partition struggles to athletic glory.

8. Playing It My Way by Sachin Tendulkar: The cricket legend's career and personal journey.

9. Why I Am An Atheist by Bhagat Singh: Singh's transformation to atheism during his time in jail.

10. Waiting for a Visa by B.R. Ambedkar: An account of caste-based discrimination faced by Ambedkar, used as a textbook at Columbia University.


#Kas_Prelims

🌟 Introducing Our All-Inclusive PDF Resource Bundle for Karnataka State Exams! 🌟

🎓 Unlock Your Potential with Our Exclusive Study Packages! 🎓

Subscribe Now at Unbeatable Prices:

📚 Lakshya + Parishram + Budget + Quick Revision Notes: ₹1700
- Everything you need to excel in KAS and other Karnataka state exams.
📚 Lakshya + Parishram + Budget: ₹1400
📚 Lakshya + Parishram: ₹1000
- Your ultimate guide to mastering the syllabus.
📚 Parishram Only: ₹600
📚 Lakshya Only: ₹600

✨ Special Offer for Existing Test Series Subscribers! ✨
- Already subscribed to our test series (Lakshya + Parishram)? Get additional PDF resources at a special price!
🎉 Take advantage of this incredible offer and gear up for success in your Karnataka State Exams! 🎉

Key International Agreements on Ozone Protection

1. Vienna Convention (1985)
- Purpose: Framework for international cooperation on ozone layer research.
- Key Points: Non-binding, promotes research and technology sharing.

2. Montreal Protocol (1987)
- Purpose: Phase out ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
- Key Points: Legally binding, specific phase-out timelines for CFCs, halons, and other ODS.

3. London Amendment (1990)
- Purpose: Accelerate ODS phase-out.
- Key Points: Adds carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, and earlier phase-out dates.

4. Copenhagen Amendment (1992)
- Purpose: Include hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
- Key Points: Adds HCFCs, accelerates phase-out schedules.

5. Montreal Amendment (1997)
- Purpose: Control ODS trade.
- Key Points: Licensing systems for ODS import/export, compliance measures.

6. Beijing Amendment (1999)
- Purpose: Include bromochloromethane, reduce illegal ODS trade.
- Key Points: Adds bromochloromethane, strengthens control measures.

7. Kigali Amendment (2016)
- Purpose: Phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
- Key Points: Targets HFCs due to high global warming potential, sets reduction timelines.

River - Origin

1. Ganga: Gangotri Glacier, Uttarakhand, Himalayas
2. Yamuna: Yamunotri Glacier, Uttarakhand, Himalayas
3. Brahmaputra: Angsi Glacier, Tibet (China), Himalayas
4. Indus: Tibetan Plateau, near Lake Mansarovar (China), Himalayas
5. Godavari: Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra, Western Ghats
6. Krishna: Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, Western Ghats
7. Narmada: Amarkantak Plateau, Madhya Pradesh, Maikala Range
8. Kaveri: Talakaveri, Karnataka, Western Ghats
9. Mahanadi: Sihawa, Chhattisgarh, Eastern Ghats
10. Tapti (Tapi): Satpura Range, Madhya Pradesh
11. Sutlej: Lake Rakshastal, Tibet (China), Himalayas
12. Chenab: Baralacha Pass, Himachal Pradesh, Himalayas
13. Ravi: Bara Bhangal, Himachal Pradesh, Himalayas
14. Beas: Beas Kund, Himachal Pradesh, Himalayas
15. Ghaghara: Mapchachungo Glacier, Tibet (China), Himalayas
16. Gandak: Nepal Himalayas, Nepal
17. Son: Amarkantak Plateau, Madhya Pradesh, Maikala Range
18. Sabarmati: Aravalli Range, Udaipur (Rajasthan)
19. Hugli: Nabanna, West Bengal (origin from Ganga)
20. Damodar: Chandwa, Jharkhand, Chota Nagpur Plateau

India recognizes six classical languages:

1. Tamil (2004)
2. Sanskrit (2005)
3. Kannada (2008)
4. Telugu (2008)
5. Malayalam (2013)
6. Odia (2014)

It's -27/08/2024

Use - #Kas_Prelims to revise the content.

Notable Foreign Travelers to India: Timelines, Rulers, and Their Works

### Ancient Period
1. Megasthenes (4th Century BCE)
- King: Chandragupta Maurya
- Book: *Indica*

2. Fa-Hien (399-414 CE)
- King: Chandragupta II
- Book: *A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms*

### Medieval Period
1. Hiuen Tsang (630-645 CE)
- King: Harsha Vardhana
- Book: *Great Tang Records on the Western Regions*

2. Al-Biruni (973-1048 CE)
- King: Mahmud of Ghazni
- Book: *Kitab-ul-Hind*

3. Marco Polo (1292 CE)
- Ruler: Regional rulers in South India
- Book: *The Travels of Marco Polo*

4. Ibn Battuta (1333-1347 CE)
- King: Muhammad bin Tughlaq
- Book: *Rihla* (The Travels)

5. Niccolò de' Conti (1420-1444 CE)
- Ruler: Vijayanagar Empire
- Book: *The Travels of Niccolò de' Conti* (Recorded by Poggio Bracciolini)

6. Domingo Paes (1520-1522 CE)
- King: Krishna Deva Raya (Vijayanagar Empire)
- Book: *Chronicles of Paes* (Recorded later)

7. Abdur Razzaq (1442-1444 CE)
- King: Deva Raya II (Vijayanagar Empire)
- Book: *Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain*

### Modern Period
1. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1640-1667 CE)
- Kings: Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
- Book: *Travels in India*

2. Bernier (1656-1668 CE)
- King: Aurangzeb
- Book: *Travels in the Mogul Empire*

3. Niccolao Manucci (1656-1712 CE)
- Kings: Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, successors
- Book: *Storia do Mogor*

4. William Hawkins (1608-1611 CE)
- King: Jahangir
- Document: Accounts in East India Company records

5. Ralph Fitch (1583-1591 CE)
- King: Akbar
- Document: Letters and reports for East India Company

#Kas_Prelims