Recent committees in India along with their chairpersons:
1. National Education Policy (NEP) Committee
- Chairperson: Dr. K. Kasturirangan
2. National Committee on Vaccine Administration (NCVA)
- Chairperson: Dr. V. K. Paul
3. Committee on Agricultural Reforms
- Chairperson: Dr. Ashok Dalwai
4. Committee on Digital Payments
- Chairperson: Nandan Nilekani
5. Committee on Cybersecurity
- Chairperson: Lt. Gen. (Retd) Rajesh Pant
6. Committee on Judicial Reforms
- Chairperson: Justice B. N. Srikrishna (Retd)
7. Committee on Environmental Conservation
- Chairperson: Dr. K. Kasturirangan
8. Committee on Urban Development
- Chairperson: Durga Shanker Mishra
9. Committee on Healthcare Infrastructure
- Chairperson: Dr. Vinod Paul
10. Committee on Industrial Growth
- Chairperson: Amitabh Kant
#Kas_Prelims
1. National Education Policy (NEP) Committee
- Chairperson: Dr. K. Kasturirangan
2. National Committee on Vaccine Administration (NCVA)
- Chairperson: Dr. V. K. Paul
3. Committee on Agricultural Reforms
- Chairperson: Dr. Ashok Dalwai
4. Committee on Digital Payments
- Chairperson: Nandan Nilekani
5. Committee on Cybersecurity
- Chairperson: Lt. Gen. (Retd) Rajesh Pant
6. Committee on Judicial Reforms
- Chairperson: Justice B. N. Srikrishna (Retd)
7. Committee on Environmental Conservation
- Chairperson: Dr. K. Kasturirangan
8. Committee on Urban Development
- Chairperson: Durga Shanker Mishra
9. Committee on Healthcare Infrastructure
- Chairperson: Dr. Vinod Paul
10. Committee on Industrial Growth
- Chairperson: Amitabh Kant
#Kas_Prelims
India's Disease Elimination Targets and Strategies
1. Tuberculosis (TB)
- Target Year: 2025
- Strategy: Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP), National Strategic Plan for TB Elimination, DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course), NIKSHAY (web-based TB reporting system).
2. Malaria
- Target Year: 2030
- Strategy: National Framework for Malaria Elimination, National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination, vector control, prompt diagnosis, and treatment.
3. HIV/AIDS
- Target Year: 2030
- Strategy: National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), prevention programs, antiretroviral therapy (ART), awareness campaigns.
4. Kala-azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis)
- Target Year: 2023
- Strategy: Kala-azar Elimination Programme, vector control, case detection, and treatment.
5. Lymphatic Filariasis
- Target Year: 2025
- Strategy: Mass Drug Administration (MDA), Morbidity Management and Disability Prevention (MMDP).
6. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
- Target Year: Below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030
- Strategy: Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), skilled birth attendance, emergency obstetric care.
7. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
- Target Year: Below 12 per 1,000 live births by 2030
- Strategy: Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI), Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK), immunization, newborn care.
8. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- Target Year: Reduce premature mortality from NCDs by one-third by 2030
- Strategy: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS), health promotion, early diagnosis, and treatment.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Tuberculosis (TB)
- Target Year: 2025
- Strategy: Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP), National Strategic Plan for TB Elimination, DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course), NIKSHAY (web-based TB reporting system).
2. Malaria
- Target Year: 2030
- Strategy: National Framework for Malaria Elimination, National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination, vector control, prompt diagnosis, and treatment.
3. HIV/AIDS
- Target Year: 2030
- Strategy: National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), prevention programs, antiretroviral therapy (ART), awareness campaigns.
4. Kala-azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis)
- Target Year: 2023
- Strategy: Kala-azar Elimination Programme, vector control, case detection, and treatment.
5. Lymphatic Filariasis
- Target Year: 2025
- Strategy: Mass Drug Administration (MDA), Morbidity Management and Disability Prevention (MMDP).
6. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
- Target Year: Below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030
- Strategy: Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), skilled birth attendance, emergency obstetric care.
7. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
- Target Year: Below 12 per 1,000 live births by 2030
- Strategy: Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI), Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK), immunization, newborn care.
8. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- Target Year: Reduce premature mortality from NCDs by one-third by 2030
- Strategy: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS), health promotion, early diagnosis, and treatment.
#Kas_Prelims
Forwarded from ConvertKAS
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Parts of Constitution
1. Part I: The Union and its Territory - Articles 1 to 4 deal with the country's territory and formation of new states.
2. Part II: Citizenship - Articles 5 to 11 outline the criteria for Indian citizenship.
3. Part III: Fundamental Rights - Articles 12 to 35 describe the fundamental rights guaranteed to citizens.
4. Part IV: Directive Principles of State Policy - Articles 36 to 51 guide the state in policy-making to establish a just society.
5. Part IVA: Fundamental Duties - Article 51A lists the duties of citizens towards the nation.
6. Part V: The Union - Articles 52 to 151 cover the President, Vice-President, Council of Ministers, Parliament, and the Union Judiciary.
7. Part VI: The States - Articles 152 to 237 describe the state governments, including the Governor, State Legislature, and High Courts.
8. Part VII: The States in Part B of the First Schedule - Repealed by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.
9. Part VIII: The Union Territories - Articles 239 to 242 cover the administration of Union Territories.
10. Part IX: The Panchayats - Articles 243 to 243O pertain to the Panchayati Raj system of rural local governance.
11. Part IXA: The Municipalities - Articles 243P to 243ZG relate to urban local governance.
12. Part IXB: The Co-operative Societies - Articles 243ZH to 243ZT (inserted by the 97th Amendment Act, 2011) deal with cooperative societies.
13. Part X: The Scheduled and Tribal Areas - Articles 244 to 244A focus on the administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
14. Part XI: Relations between the Union and the States - Articles 245 to 263 discuss the distribution of legislative powers.
15. Part XII: Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits - Articles 264 to 300A include provisions on fiscal matters and government property.
16. Part XIII: Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse within the Territory of India - Articles 301 to 307 regulate trade and commerce among states.
17. Part XIV: Services under the Union and the States - Articles 308 to 323 pertain to the public services.
18. Part XIVA: Tribunals - Articles 323A to 323B (inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976) deal with administrative and other tribunals.
19. Part XV: Elections - Articles 324 to 329A describe the election process and the Election Commission.
20. Part XVI: Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes - Articles 330 to 342 deal with special provisions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other backward classes.
21. Part XVII: Official Language - Articles 343 to 351 cover the official language of the Republic of India.
22. Part XVIII: Emergency Provisions - Articles 352 to 360 lay down the provisions for declaring emergencies.
23. Part XIX: Miscellaneous - Articles 361 to 367 cover various other provisions not classified elsewhere.
24. Part XX: Amendment of the Constitution - Article 368 provides the process for amending the Constitution.
25. Part XXI: Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions - Articles 369 to 392 deal with temporary and special provisions.
26. Part XXII: Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi, and Repeals - Articles 393 to 395 provide the short title, commencement date, authoritative text in Hindi, and repeals of the Constitution.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Part I: The Union and its Territory - Articles 1 to 4 deal with the country's territory and formation of new states.
2. Part II: Citizenship - Articles 5 to 11 outline the criteria for Indian citizenship.
3. Part III: Fundamental Rights - Articles 12 to 35 describe the fundamental rights guaranteed to citizens.
4. Part IV: Directive Principles of State Policy - Articles 36 to 51 guide the state in policy-making to establish a just society.
5. Part IVA: Fundamental Duties - Article 51A lists the duties of citizens towards the nation.
6. Part V: The Union - Articles 52 to 151 cover the President, Vice-President, Council of Ministers, Parliament, and the Union Judiciary.
7. Part VI: The States - Articles 152 to 237 describe the state governments, including the Governor, State Legislature, and High Courts.
8. Part VII: The States in Part B of the First Schedule - Repealed by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.
9. Part VIII: The Union Territories - Articles 239 to 242 cover the administration of Union Territories.
10. Part IX: The Panchayats - Articles 243 to 243O pertain to the Panchayati Raj system of rural local governance.
11. Part IXA: The Municipalities - Articles 243P to 243ZG relate to urban local governance.
12. Part IXB: The Co-operative Societies - Articles 243ZH to 243ZT (inserted by the 97th Amendment Act, 2011) deal with cooperative societies.
13. Part X: The Scheduled and Tribal Areas - Articles 244 to 244A focus on the administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
14. Part XI: Relations between the Union and the States - Articles 245 to 263 discuss the distribution of legislative powers.
15. Part XII: Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits - Articles 264 to 300A include provisions on fiscal matters and government property.
16. Part XIII: Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse within the Territory of India - Articles 301 to 307 regulate trade and commerce among states.
17. Part XIV: Services under the Union and the States - Articles 308 to 323 pertain to the public services.
18. Part XIVA: Tribunals - Articles 323A to 323B (inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976) deal with administrative and other tribunals.
19. Part XV: Elections - Articles 324 to 329A describe the election process and the Election Commission.
20. Part XVI: Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes - Articles 330 to 342 deal with special provisions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other backward classes.
21. Part XVII: Official Language - Articles 343 to 351 cover the official language of the Republic of India.
22. Part XVIII: Emergency Provisions - Articles 352 to 360 lay down the provisions for declaring emergencies.
23. Part XIX: Miscellaneous - Articles 361 to 367 cover various other provisions not classified elsewhere.
24. Part XX: Amendment of the Constitution - Article 368 provides the process for amending the Constitution.
25. Part XXI: Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions - Articles 369 to 392 deal with temporary and special provisions.
26. Part XXII: Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi, and Repeals - Articles 393 to 395 provide the short title, commencement date, authoritative text in Hindi, and repeals of the Constitution.
#Kas_Prelims
The major rivers of India along with their origins:
1. Ganges (Ganga) - Originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the Uttarakhand state.
2. Yamuna - Originates from the Yamunotri Glacier in the Uttarakhand state.
3. Brahmaputra - Originates from the Angsi Glacier in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
4. Indus - Originates from the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
5. Godavari - Originates from the Trimbakeshwar in the Maharashtra state.
6. Krishna - Originates from the Mahabaleshwar in the Maharashtra state.
7. Cauvery (Kaveri) - Originates from the Tala Kaveri in the Karnataka state.
8. Narmada - Originates from the Amarkantak Plateau in the Madhya Pradesh state.
9. Tapti (Tapi) - Originates from the Satpura Range in the Madhya Pradesh state.
10. Mahanadi - Originates from the Sihawa in the Chhattisgarh state.
11. Sutlej - Originates from the Rakshastal near Mount Kailash in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
12. Beas - Originates from the Beas Kund in the Himachal Pradesh state.
13. Ravi - Originates from the Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass in the Himachal Pradesh state.
14. Chenab - Originates from the Baralacha Pass in the Himachal Pradesh state.
15. Jhelum - Originates from the Verinag Spring in the Jammu and Kashmir region.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Ganges (Ganga) - Originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the Uttarakhand state.
2. Yamuna - Originates from the Yamunotri Glacier in the Uttarakhand state.
3. Brahmaputra - Originates from the Angsi Glacier in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
4. Indus - Originates from the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
5. Godavari - Originates from the Trimbakeshwar in the Maharashtra state.
6. Krishna - Originates from the Mahabaleshwar in the Maharashtra state.
7. Cauvery (Kaveri) - Originates from the Tala Kaveri in the Karnataka state.
8. Narmada - Originates from the Amarkantak Plateau in the Madhya Pradesh state.
9. Tapti (Tapi) - Originates from the Satpura Range in the Madhya Pradesh state.
10. Mahanadi - Originates from the Sihawa in the Chhattisgarh state.
11. Sutlej - Originates from the Rakshastal near Mount Kailash in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
12. Beas - Originates from the Beas Kund in the Himachal Pradesh state.
13. Ravi - Originates from the Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass in the Himachal Pradesh state.
14. Chenab - Originates from the Baralacha Pass in the Himachal Pradesh state.
15. Jhelum - Originates from the Verinag Spring in the Jammu and Kashmir region.
#Kas_Prelims
The notable mountain passes in India and the states they are located in:
1. Nathu La - Sikkim
2. Jalep La - Sikkim
3. Bomdi La - Arunachal Pradesh
4. Khardung La - Ladakh (Union Territory)
5. Rohtang Pass - Himachal Pradesh
6. Baralacha La - Himachal Pradesh
7. Shipki La - Himachal Pradesh
8. Zoji La - Ladakh (Union Territory)
9. Chang La - Ladakh (Union Territory)
10. Lipu Lekh Pass - Uttarakhand
11. Mana Pass - Uttarakhand
12. Niti Pass - Uttarakhand
13. Banihal Pass - Jammu and Kashmir
14. Pangong Tso Pass - Ladakh (Union Territory)
15. Sela Pass - Arunachal Pradesh
#Kas_Prelims
1. Nathu La - Sikkim
2. Jalep La - Sikkim
3. Bomdi La - Arunachal Pradesh
4. Khardung La - Ladakh (Union Territory)
5. Rohtang Pass - Himachal Pradesh
6. Baralacha La - Himachal Pradesh
7. Shipki La - Himachal Pradesh
8. Zoji La - Ladakh (Union Territory)
9. Chang La - Ladakh (Union Territory)
10. Lipu Lekh Pass - Uttarakhand
11. Mana Pass - Uttarakhand
12. Niti Pass - Uttarakhand
13. Banihal Pass - Jammu and Kashmir
14. Pangong Tso Pass - Ladakh (Union Territory)
15. Sela Pass - Arunachal Pradesh
#Kas_Prelims
Tribes
Africa
1. Maasai (Kenya, Tanzania) - Semi-nomadic, known for customs, dress, beadwork.
2. Zulu (South Africa) - Largest ethnic group, rich history, cultural practices.
3. San/Bushmen (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa) - Ancient hunter-gatherers.
4. Himba (Namibia) - Ochre-covered skin, intricate hairstyles.
### Asia
1. Toda (India) - Nilgiri Hills, traditional dairy economy.
2. Hmong (China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand) - Vibrant clothing, embroidery.
3. Batek (Malaysia) - Nomadic hunter-gatherers.
4. Kalash (Pakistan) - Unique polytheistic beliefs, colorful festivals.
### Americas
1. Navajo (USA) - Largest tribe, art, jewelry, sand paintings.
2. Yanomami (Brazil, Venezuela) - Amazon rainforest, communal living.
3. Mapuche (Chile, Argentina) - Resistance history, rich traditions.
4. Inuit (Canada, Greenland, Alaska) - Arctic survival skills, igloos.
### Europe
1. Sami (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) - Reindeer herding, unique languages.
2. Basque (Spain, France) - Distinct language, traditional sports.
### Oceania
1. Aboriginal Australians (Australia) - Diverse cultures, ancient traditions.
2. Maori (New Zealand) - Mythology, haka dance, carvings, tattoos.
3. Papuan Tribes (Papua New Guinea) - Diverse tribes, Huli known for wigs, face painting.
#Kas_Prelims
Africa
1. Maasai (Kenya, Tanzania) - Semi-nomadic, known for customs, dress, beadwork.
2. Zulu (South Africa) - Largest ethnic group, rich history, cultural practices.
3. San/Bushmen (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa) - Ancient hunter-gatherers.
4. Himba (Namibia) - Ochre-covered skin, intricate hairstyles.
### Asia
1. Toda (India) - Nilgiri Hills, traditional dairy economy.
2. Hmong (China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand) - Vibrant clothing, embroidery.
3. Batek (Malaysia) - Nomadic hunter-gatherers.
4. Kalash (Pakistan) - Unique polytheistic beliefs, colorful festivals.
### Americas
1. Navajo (USA) - Largest tribe, art, jewelry, sand paintings.
2. Yanomami (Brazil, Venezuela) - Amazon rainforest, communal living.
3. Mapuche (Chile, Argentina) - Resistance history, rich traditions.
4. Inuit (Canada, Greenland, Alaska) - Arctic survival skills, igloos.
### Europe
1. Sami (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) - Reindeer herding, unique languages.
2. Basque (Spain, France) - Distinct language, traditional sports.
### Oceania
1. Aboriginal Australians (Australia) - Diverse cultures, ancient traditions.
2. Maori (New Zealand) - Mythology, haka dance, carvings, tattoos.
3. Papuan Tribes (Papua New Guinea) - Diverse tribes, Huli known for wigs, face painting.
#Kas_Prelims
Major Rivers of the World and Their Draining Points
1. Nile River (Africa)
- Drains into: Mediterranean Sea
2. Amazon River (South America)
- Drains into: Atlantic Ocean
3. Yangtze River (Asia)
- Drains into: East China Sea
4. Mississippi River (North America)
- Drains into: Gulf of Mexico
5. Yenisei River (Asia)
- Drains into: Kara Sea (Arctic Ocean)
6. Yellow River (Asia)
- Drains into: Bohai Sea
7. Ob River (Asia)
- Drains into: Gulf of Ob (Arctic Ocean)
8. Congo River (Africa)
- Drains into: Atlantic Ocean
9. Mekong River (Asia)
- Drains into: South China Sea
10. Volga River (Europe)
- Drains into: Caspian Sea
11. Danube River (Europe)
- Drains into: Black Sea
12. Ganges River (Asia)
- Drains into: Bay of Bengal
13. Indus River (Asia)
- Drains into: Arabian Sea
14. Murray River (Australia)
- Drains into: Southern Ocean (via Lake Alexandrina)
15. Niger River (Africa)
- Drains into: Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean)
16. Lena River (Asia)
- Drains into: Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean)
17. Mackenzie River (North America)
- Drains into: Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean)
18. Zambezi River (Africa)
- Drains into: Indian Ocean
#Kas_Prelims
1. Nile River (Africa)
- Drains into: Mediterranean Sea
2. Amazon River (South America)
- Drains into: Atlantic Ocean
3. Yangtze River (Asia)
- Drains into: East China Sea
4. Mississippi River (North America)
- Drains into: Gulf of Mexico
5. Yenisei River (Asia)
- Drains into: Kara Sea (Arctic Ocean)
6. Yellow River (Asia)
- Drains into: Bohai Sea
7. Ob River (Asia)
- Drains into: Gulf of Ob (Arctic Ocean)
8. Congo River (Africa)
- Drains into: Atlantic Ocean
9. Mekong River (Asia)
- Drains into: South China Sea
10. Volga River (Europe)
- Drains into: Caspian Sea
11. Danube River (Europe)
- Drains into: Black Sea
12. Ganges River (Asia)
- Drains into: Bay of Bengal
13. Indus River (Asia)
- Drains into: Arabian Sea
14. Murray River (Australia)
- Drains into: Southern Ocean (via Lake Alexandrina)
15. Niger River (Africa)
- Drains into: Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean)
16. Lena River (Asia)
- Drains into: Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean)
17. Mackenzie River (North America)
- Drains into: Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean)
18. Zambezi River (Africa)
- Drains into: Indian Ocean
#Kas_Prelims
Coal Mines in Europe
1. Germany
- Garzweiler Mine: Located in North Rhine-Westphalia, it is a large open-pit lignite mine.
- Hambach Mine: Also in North Rhine-Westphalia, known for its significant lignite production.
2. Poland
- BeΕchatΓ³w Coal Mine: Located in ΕΓ³dΕΊ Voivodeship, it is one of the largest lignite mines in Europe.
- Bogdanka Coal Mine: Situated in Lublin Voivodeship, a major source of hard coal.
3. United Kingdom
- Ffos-y-fran Land Reclamation Scheme: An open-pit coal mine in South Wales.
- Hatfield Colliery: One of the last deep coal mines in the UK before its closure in 2015, located in South Yorkshire.
4. Czech Republic
- ΔSA Coal Mine: Located in the Most Basin, it's a significant lignite mining site.
- NΓ‘stup TuΕ‘imice Mine: Another important lignite mine in the Czech Republic.
Iron Mines in Europe
1. Sweden
- Kiruna Mine: Located in the Lapland region, it's one of the largest and most modern underground iron ore mines in the world.
- Malmberget Mine: Also in Lapland, known for significant iron ore production.
2. Russia (European part)
- Kovdor Mine: Located in the Murmansk region, a major source of iron ore.
- Lebedinsky GOK: In the Belgorod region, one of the largest iron ore mining and beneficiation complexes.
3. Ukraine
- Kryvyi Rih Basin: Known as Kryvbas, this region in central Ukraine is one of the largest iron ore reserves in the world.
- Poltava Mine: Another significant iron ore mine located in the Poltava region.
4. France
- Lorraine Iron Mines: Historically significant, located in the Lorraine region, though largely depleted now.
- Mines of the CΓ©vennes: Another historical iron mining area, though not as active today.
5. Spain
- Rio Tinto Mines: Located in Andalusia, historically significant for various minerals including iron.
- Alquife Mines: Located in the province of Granada, known for iron ore production.
#Kas_Prelims
1. Germany
- Garzweiler Mine: Located in North Rhine-Westphalia, it is a large open-pit lignite mine.
- Hambach Mine: Also in North Rhine-Westphalia, known for its significant lignite production.
2. Poland
- BeΕchatΓ³w Coal Mine: Located in ΕΓ³dΕΊ Voivodeship, it is one of the largest lignite mines in Europe.
- Bogdanka Coal Mine: Situated in Lublin Voivodeship, a major source of hard coal.
3. United Kingdom
- Ffos-y-fran Land Reclamation Scheme: An open-pit coal mine in South Wales.
- Hatfield Colliery: One of the last deep coal mines in the UK before its closure in 2015, located in South Yorkshire.
4. Czech Republic
- ΔSA Coal Mine: Located in the Most Basin, it's a significant lignite mining site.
- NΓ‘stup TuΕ‘imice Mine: Another important lignite mine in the Czech Republic.
Iron Mines in Europe
1. Sweden
- Kiruna Mine: Located in the Lapland region, it's one of the largest and most modern underground iron ore mines in the world.
- Malmberget Mine: Also in Lapland, known for significant iron ore production.
2. Russia (European part)
- Kovdor Mine: Located in the Murmansk region, a major source of iron ore.
- Lebedinsky GOK: In the Belgorod region, one of the largest iron ore mining and beneficiation complexes.
3. Ukraine
- Kryvyi Rih Basin: Known as Kryvbas, this region in central Ukraine is one of the largest iron ore reserves in the world.
- Poltava Mine: Another significant iron ore mine located in the Poltava region.
4. France
- Lorraine Iron Mines: Historically significant, located in the Lorraine region, though largely depleted now.
- Mines of the CΓ©vennes: Another historical iron mining area, though not as active today.
5. Spain
- Rio Tinto Mines: Located in Andalusia, historically significant for various minerals including iron.
- Alquife Mines: Located in the province of Granada, known for iron ore production.
#Kas_Prelims
Forwarded from ConvertKAS
π Introducing Our All-Inclusive PDF Resource Bundle for Karnataka State Exams! π
π Unlock Your Potential with Our Exclusive Study Packages! π
Subscribe Now at Unbeatable Prices:
π Lakshya + Parishram + Budget + Quick Revision Notes: βΉ1700
- Everything you need to excel in KAS and other Karnataka state exams.
π Lakshya + Parishram + Budget: βΉ1400
π Lakshya + Parishram: βΉ1000
- Your ultimate guide to mastering the syllabus.
π Parishram Only: βΉ600
π Lakshya Only: βΉ600
β¨ Special Offer for Existing Test Series Subscribers! β¨
- Already subscribed to our test series (Lakshya + Parishram)? Get additional PDF resources at a special price!
π Take advantage of this incredible offer and gear up for success in your Karnataka State Exams! π
π Unlock Your Potential with Our Exclusive Study Packages! π
Subscribe Now at Unbeatable Prices:
π Lakshya + Parishram + Budget + Quick Revision Notes: βΉ1700
- Everything you need to excel in KAS and other Karnataka state exams.
π Lakshya + Parishram + Budget: βΉ1400
π Lakshya + Parishram: βΉ1000
- Your ultimate guide to mastering the syllabus.
π Parishram Only: βΉ600
π Lakshya Only: βΉ600
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Notable International Rail Links
Europe
- Eurostar: Connects UK (London) with France (Paris), Belgium (Brussels), and the Netherlands (Amsterdam) via the Channel Tunnel.
- Thalys: High-speed service linking France (Paris), Belgium (Brussels), the Netherlands (Amsterdam), and Germany (Cologne).
- TGV Lyria: Connects France (Paris) with Switzerland (Geneva, Lausanne, Zurich).
Asia
- Trans-Siberian Railway: Runs from Russia (Moscow) to China, Mongolia, and North Korea.
- Eastern and Oriental Express: Luxury service from Singapore through Malaysia to Thailand (Bangkok).
- Samjhauta Express: Bi-weekly service between India (New Delhi) and Pakistan (Lahore).
North America
- Amtrak Cascades: Links the USA (Pacific Northwest) with Canada (Vancouver).
- Amtrak Adirondack: Connects USA (New York City) with Canada (Montreal).
Africa
- Tazara Railway: Connects Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) with Zambia (New Kapiri Mposhi).
- Rift Valley Railways: Runs between Kenya (Mombasa) and Uganda (Kampala).
South America
- Tren Internacional: Connects Argentina (Mendoza) with Chile (Santiago).
- Trans-Andean Railway: Links Peru (Mollendo) with Bolivia (La Paz).
#Kas_Prelims
Europe
- Eurostar: Connects UK (London) with France (Paris), Belgium (Brussels), and the Netherlands (Amsterdam) via the Channel Tunnel.
- Thalys: High-speed service linking France (Paris), Belgium (Brussels), the Netherlands (Amsterdam), and Germany (Cologne).
- TGV Lyria: Connects France (Paris) with Switzerland (Geneva, Lausanne, Zurich).
Asia
- Trans-Siberian Railway: Runs from Russia (Moscow) to China, Mongolia, and North Korea.
- Eastern and Oriental Express: Luxury service from Singapore through Malaysia to Thailand (Bangkok).
- Samjhauta Express: Bi-weekly service between India (New Delhi) and Pakistan (Lahore).
North America
- Amtrak Cascades: Links the USA (Pacific Northwest) with Canada (Vancouver).
- Amtrak Adirondack: Connects USA (New York City) with Canada (Montreal).
Africa
- Tazara Railway: Connects Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) with Zambia (New Kapiri Mposhi).
- Rift Valley Railways: Runs between Kenya (Mombasa) and Uganda (Kampala).
South America
- Tren Internacional: Connects Argentina (Mendoza) with Chile (Santiago).
- Trans-Andean Railway: Links Peru (Mollendo) with Bolivia (La Paz).
#Kas_Prelims
Forwarded from ConvertKAS
π Introducing Our All-Inclusive PDF Resource Bundle for Karnataka State Exams! π
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π Lakshya + Parishram + Budget + Quick Revision Notes: βΉ1700
- Everything you need to excel in KAS and other Karnataka state exams.
π Lakshya + Parishram + Budget: βΉ1400
π Lakshya + Parishram: βΉ1000
- Your ultimate guide to mastering the syllabus.
π Parishram Only: βΉ600
π Lakshya Only: βΉ600
β¨ Special Offer for Existing Test Series Subscribers! β¨
- Already subscribed to our test series (Lakshya + Parishram)? Get additional PDF resources at a special price!
π Take advantage of this incredible offer and gear up for success in your Karnataka State Exams! π
π Unlock Your Potential with Our Exclusive Study Packages! π
Subscribe Now at Unbeatable Prices:
π Lakshya + Parishram + Budget + Quick Revision Notes: βΉ1700
- Everything you need to excel in KAS and other Karnataka state exams.
π Lakshya + Parishram + Budget: βΉ1400
π Lakshya + Parishram: βΉ1000
- Your ultimate guide to mastering the syllabus.
π Parishram Only: βΉ600
π Lakshya Only: βΉ600
β¨ Special Offer for Existing Test Series Subscribers! β¨
- Already subscribed to our test series (Lakshya + Parishram)? Get additional PDF resources at a special price!
π Take advantage of this incredible offer and gear up for success in your Karnataka State Exams! π
### Best Coal Mines and States in India
#### Major Coal Mines
- Jharia Coalfield (Jharkhand)
- Largest, oldest, high-quality coking coal.
- Raniganj Coalfield (West Bengal)
- Birthplace, coking and non-coking coal.
- Korba Coalfield (Chhattisgarh)
- Largest producer, thermal coal.
- Talcher Coalfield (Odisha)
- Fast-growing, thermal power.
- Singrauli Coalfield (Madhya Pradesh)
- Vast reserves, thermal plants.
#### Leading Coal-Producing States
- Jharkhand
- Largest reserves, Jharia, Bokaro, North Karanpura.
- Chhattisgarh
- Coking and non-coking, Korba, Hasdeo-Arand, Mand-Raigarh.
- Odisha
- Significant producer, Talcher, Ib Valley.
- West Bengal
- High-quality coal, Raniganj, Jhargram.
- Madhya Pradesh
- Important supplier, Singrauli, Sohagpur.
#Kas_Prelims
#### Major Coal Mines
- Jharia Coalfield (Jharkhand)
- Largest, oldest, high-quality coking coal.
- Raniganj Coalfield (West Bengal)
- Birthplace, coking and non-coking coal.
- Korba Coalfield (Chhattisgarh)
- Largest producer, thermal coal.
- Talcher Coalfield (Odisha)
- Fast-growing, thermal power.
- Singrauli Coalfield (Madhya Pradesh)
- Vast reserves, thermal plants.
#### Leading Coal-Producing States
- Jharkhand
- Largest reserves, Jharia, Bokaro, North Karanpura.
- Chhattisgarh
- Coking and non-coking, Korba, Hasdeo-Arand, Mand-Raigarh.
- Odisha
- Significant producer, Talcher, Ib Valley.
- West Bengal
- High-quality coal, Raniganj, Jhargram.
- Madhya Pradesh
- Important supplier, Singrauli, Sohagpur.
#Kas_Prelims
Some notable "firsts" in various categories in India:
Politics and Governance
1. First President of India: Dr. Rajendra Prasad
2. First Prime Minister of India: Jawaharlal Nehru
3. First Woman President of India: Pratibha Patil
4. First Woman Prime Minister of India: Indira Gandhi
5. First Indian Governor-General of Independent India: C. Rajagopalachari
6. First Speaker of Lok Sabha: Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
7. First Chief Justice of India: H.J. Kania
8. First Woman Chief Minister: Sucheta Kripalani (Uttar Pradesh, 1963)
Science and Technology
1. First Indian in Space: Rakesh Sharma
2. First Satellite: Aryabhata (launched in 1975)
3. First Indigenous Supercomputer: PARAM 8000 (developed in 1991)
4. First Mission to Mars: Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission, launched in 2013)
5. First Nuclear Test: Pokhran-I (Smiling Buddha, conducted in 1974)
Sports
1. First Olympic Gold Medal (Individual): Abhinav Bindra (Shooting, 2008)
2. First Woman to win a Medal at the Olympics: Karnam Malleswari (Weightlifting, 2000)
3. First Cricket World Cup Win: 1983 (under Kapil Devβs captaincy)
4. First Indian Grandmaster in Chess: Viswanathan Anand (1988)
Literature and Arts
1. First Indian to win the Booker Prize: Arundhati Roy (The God of Small Things, 1997)
2. First Indian Film to win an Oscar: "Mother India" (nominated for Best Foreign Language Film, 1957)
3. First Indian to win the Grammy Award: Pandit Ravi Shankar (1972)
4. First Indian to win a Nobel Prize: Rabindranath Tagore (Literature, 1913)
Education
1. First University in India: University of Calcutta (established in 1857)
2. First Medical College: Calcutta Medical College (established in 1835)
3. First IIT (Indian Institute of Technology): IIT Kharagpur (established in 1951)
4. First IIM (Indian Institute of Management): IIM Calcutta (established in 1961)
Military
1. First Field Marshal of India: Sam Manekshaw
2. First Indian to be awarded the Param Vir Chakra: Major Somnath Sharma (posthumously, 1947)
3. First Indian Aircraft Carrier: INS Vikrant
Transportation
1. First Passenger Train: Ran between Mumbai and Thane (1853)
2. First Metro Rail: Kolkata Metro (started in 1984)
3. First Indian to fly an aircraft: J.R.D. Tata (1929)
Women Pioneers
1. First Woman IPS Officer: Kiran Bedi
2. First Woman to climb Mount Everest: Bachendri Pal (1984)
Miscellaneous
1. First Indian to climb Mount Everest: Tenzing Norgay (with Edmund Hillary, 1953)
#Kas_Prelims
Politics and Governance
1. First President of India: Dr. Rajendra Prasad
2. First Prime Minister of India: Jawaharlal Nehru
3. First Woman President of India: Pratibha Patil
4. First Woman Prime Minister of India: Indira Gandhi
5. First Indian Governor-General of Independent India: C. Rajagopalachari
6. First Speaker of Lok Sabha: Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
7. First Chief Justice of India: H.J. Kania
8. First Woman Chief Minister: Sucheta Kripalani (Uttar Pradesh, 1963)
Science and Technology
1. First Indian in Space: Rakesh Sharma
2. First Satellite: Aryabhata (launched in 1975)
3. First Indigenous Supercomputer: PARAM 8000 (developed in 1991)
4. First Mission to Mars: Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission, launched in 2013)
5. First Nuclear Test: Pokhran-I (Smiling Buddha, conducted in 1974)
Sports
1. First Olympic Gold Medal (Individual): Abhinav Bindra (Shooting, 2008)
2. First Woman to win a Medal at the Olympics: Karnam Malleswari (Weightlifting, 2000)
3. First Cricket World Cup Win: 1983 (under Kapil Devβs captaincy)
4. First Indian Grandmaster in Chess: Viswanathan Anand (1988)
Literature and Arts
1. First Indian to win the Booker Prize: Arundhati Roy (The God of Small Things, 1997)
2. First Indian Film to win an Oscar: "Mother India" (nominated for Best Foreign Language Film, 1957)
3. First Indian to win the Grammy Award: Pandit Ravi Shankar (1972)
4. First Indian to win a Nobel Prize: Rabindranath Tagore (Literature, 1913)
Education
1. First University in India: University of Calcutta (established in 1857)
2. First Medical College: Calcutta Medical College (established in 1835)
3. First IIT (Indian Institute of Technology): IIT Kharagpur (established in 1951)
4. First IIM (Indian Institute of Management): IIM Calcutta (established in 1961)
Military
1. First Field Marshal of India: Sam Manekshaw
2. First Indian to be awarded the Param Vir Chakra: Major Somnath Sharma (posthumously, 1947)
3. First Indian Aircraft Carrier: INS Vikrant
Transportation
1. First Passenger Train: Ran between Mumbai and Thane (1853)
2. First Metro Rail: Kolkata Metro (started in 1984)
3. First Indian to fly an aircraft: J.R.D. Tata (1929)
Women Pioneers
1. First Woman IPS Officer: Kiran Bedi
2. First Woman to climb Mount Everest: Bachendri Pal (1984)
Miscellaneous
1. First Indian to climb Mount Everest: Tenzing Norgay (with Edmund Hillary, 1953)
#Kas_Prelims
Traditional Martial Arts of India and Their States
1. Kalaripayattu - Kerala
2. Silambam - Tamil Nadu
3. Thang-Ta - Manipur
4. Gatka - Punjab
5. Mardani Khel - Maharashtra
6. Lathi Khela - West Bengal
7. Kuttiyum Kolum - Kerala
8. Paika Akhada - Odisha
9. Varma Kalai - Tamil Nadu
10. Musti Yuddha - Uttar Pradesh
11. Inbuan Wrestling - Mizoram
12. Mukna - Manipur
#Kas_Prelims
1. Kalaripayattu - Kerala
2. Silambam - Tamil Nadu
3. Thang-Ta - Manipur
4. Gatka - Punjab
5. Mardani Khel - Maharashtra
6. Lathi Khela - West Bengal
7. Kuttiyum Kolum - Kerala
8. Paika Akhada - Odisha
9. Varma Kalai - Tamil Nadu
10. Musti Yuddha - Uttar Pradesh
11. Inbuan Wrestling - Mizoram
12. Mukna - Manipur
#Kas_Prelims
Classical Dances of India and Their States
1. Bharatanatyam - Tamil Nadu
2. Kathak - Uttar Pradesh
3. Kathakali - Kerala
4. Kuchipudi - Andhra Pradesh
5. Odissi - Odisha
6. Manipuri - Manipur
7. Mohiniyattam - Kerala
8. Sattriya - Assam
#Kas_Prelims
1. Bharatanatyam - Tamil Nadu
2. Kathak - Uttar Pradesh
3. Kathakali - Kerala
4. Kuchipudi - Andhra Pradesh
5. Odissi - Odisha
6. Manipuri - Manipur
7. Mohiniyattam - Kerala
8. Sattriya - Assam
#Kas_Prelims
Traditional Dances of India and Their States
1. Bihu - Assam
2. Ghoomar - Rajasthan
3. Garba - Gujarat
4. Lavani - Maharashtra
5. Bhangra - Punjab
6. Dollu Kunitha - Karnataka
7. Jhumar - Haryana
8. Gidda - Punjab
9. Dandiya Raas - Gujarat
10. Chhau - Odisha, West Bengal, and Jharkhand
11. Yakshagana - Karnataka
12. Rouf - Jammu and Kashmir
13. Ghoomar - Rajasthan
14. Pung Cholom - Manipur
15. Kalbelia - Rajasthan
#Kas_Prelims
1. Bihu - Assam
2. Ghoomar - Rajasthan
3. Garba - Gujarat
4. Lavani - Maharashtra
5. Bhangra - Punjab
6. Dollu Kunitha - Karnataka
7. Jhumar - Haryana
8. Gidda - Punjab
9. Dandiya Raas - Gujarat
10. Chhau - Odisha, West Bengal, and Jharkhand
11. Yakshagana - Karnataka
12. Rouf - Jammu and Kashmir
13. Ghoomar - Rajasthan
14. Pung Cholom - Manipur
15. Kalbelia - Rajasthan
#Kas_Prelims
Traditional Paintings of India and Their Regions
1. Madhubani - Bihar
2. Warli - Maharashtra
3. Pattachitra - Odisha and West Bengal
4. Tanjore - Tamil Nadu
5. Kalamkari - Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
6. Phad - Rajasthan
7. Miniature Paintings - Rajasthan
8. Gond - Madhya Pradesh
9. Kangra - Himachal Pradesh
10. Pichwai - Rajasthan
11. Saura - Odisha
12. Cheriyal Scrolls - Telangana
#Kas_Prelims
1. Madhubani - Bihar
2. Warli - Maharashtra
3. Pattachitra - Odisha and West Bengal
4. Tanjore - Tamil Nadu
5. Kalamkari - Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
6. Phad - Rajasthan
7. Miniature Paintings - Rajasthan
8. Gond - Madhya Pradesh
9. Kangra - Himachal Pradesh
10. Pichwai - Rajasthan
11. Saura - Odisha
12. Cheriyal Scrolls - Telangana
#Kas_Prelims