Prominent Waterfalls in Karnataka

Jog Falls
- Location: Sagara, Shivamogga district
- Height: 253 meters (830 feet)
- River: Sharavathi

Shivanasamudra Falls
- Location: Mandya district
- Type: Segmented waterfalls
- River: Kaveri

Abbey Falls
- Location: Madikeri, Kodagu district
- Height: 70 feet
- River: Kaveri (a tributary)

Gokak Falls
- Location: Belagavi district
- Height: 52 meters (170 feet)
- River: Ghataprabha

Unchalli Falls
- Location: Uttara Kannada district
- Height: 116 meters (381 feet)
- River: Aghanashini

Magod Falls
- Location: Uttara Kannada district
- Height: 200 meters (660 feet)
- River: Bedti

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Important Topics #Kas_Prelims

### World's Highest Waterfalls and Associated Rivers

1. Angel Falls (Salto Ángel), Venezuela
- Height: 979 meters (3,212 feet)
- River: Carrao River
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2. Tugela Falls, South Africa
- Height: 948 meters (3,110 feet)
- River: Tugela River
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3. Tres Hermanas Falls, Peru
- Height: 914 meters (2,999 feet)
- River: Cutivireni River
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### India's Highest Waterfalls and Associated Rivers

1. Kunchikal Falls, Karnataka
- Height: 455 meters (1,493 feet)
- River: Varahi River
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2. Barehipani Falls, Odisha
- Height: 399 meters (1,309 feet)
- River: Budhabalanga River
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3. Nohkalikai Falls, Meghalaya
- Height: 340 meters (1,115 feet)
- River: Nohkalikai stream
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### Karnataka's Highest Waterfalls and Associated Rivers

1. Kunchikal Falls
- Height: 455 meters (1,493 feet)
- River: Varahi River
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2. Barkana Falls
- Height: 259 meters (850 feet)
- River: Seetha River
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3. Jog Falls
- Height: 253 meters (830 feet)
- River: Sharavathi River
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### Peaks of the World

1. Mount Everest
- Height: 8,848 meters (29,029 feet)
- Location: Border of Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China
- Notable: Highest peak in the world.

2. K2 (Mount Godwin-Austen)
- Height: 8,611 meters (28,251 feet)
- Location: Border of Pakistan and China
- Notable: Second highest peak in the world and considered one of the most difficult to climb.

3. Kangchenjunga
- Height: 8,586 meters (28,169 feet)
- Location: Border of India and Nepal
- Notable: Third highest peak in the world.

4. Lhotse
- Height: 8,516 meters (27,940 feet)
- Location: Near Mount Everest, Nepal-Tibet border
- Notable: Fourth highest peak and part of the Everest massif.

5. Makalu
- Height: 8,485 meters (27,838 feet)
- Location: Nepal-Tibet border
- Notable: Fifth highest peak, known for its pyramid shape.

### Peaks of India

1. Kangchenjunga
- Height: 8,586 meters (28,169 feet)
- Location: Sikkim
- Notable: Highest peak in India.

2. Nanda Devi
- Height: 7,816 meters (25,643 feet)
- Location: Uttarakhand
- Notable: Second highest peak in India and part of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.

3. Kamet
- Height: 7,756 meters (25,446 feet)
- Location: Uttarakhand
- Notable: Third highest peak in India.

4. Saltoro Kangri
- Height: 7,742 meters (25,400 feet)
- Location: Siachen region, Jammu & Kashmir
- Notable: Fourth highest peak in India.

5. Saser Kangri
- Height: 7,672 meters (25,171 feet)
- Location: Jammu & Kashmir
- Notable: Fifth highest peak in India.

### Peaks of Karnataka

1. Mullayanagiri
- Height: 1,930 meters (6,330 feet)
- Location: Chikmagalur district
- Notable: Highest peak in Karnataka, part of the Western Ghats.

2. Bababudangiri
- Height: 1,895 meters (6,217 feet)
- Location: Chikmagalur district
- Notable: Known for its distinct crescent shape and religious significance.

3. Kudremukh
- Height: 1,894 meters (6,214 feet)
- Location: Chikmagalur district
- Notable: Named after its horse-faced appearance.

4. Tadiandamol
- Height: 1,748 meters (5,735 feet)
- Location: Kodagu district (Coorg)
- Notable: Highest peak in Coorg.

5. Pushpagiri
- Height: 1,712 meters (5,617 feet)
- Location: Kodagu district (Coorg)
- Notable: Also known as Subramanya Hills, popular for trekking.


#Kas_Prelims

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### Hot Deserts:

1. Sahara Desert
- Countries: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara

2. Arabian Desert
- Countries: Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Jordan, Iraq

3. Sonoran Desert
- Countries: United States (Arizona, California), Mexico (Sonora)

4. Kalahari Desert
- Countries: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa

5. Atacama Desert
- Countries: Chile, Peru

### Cold Deserts:

1. Gobi Desert
- Countries: Mongolia, China

2. Great Basin Desert
- Countries: United States (Nevada, Utah)

3. Patagonian Desert (also known as the Patagonian Steppe)
- Countries: Argentina, Chile

4. Taklamakan Desert
- Countries: China (Xinjiang)

5. Karakum Desert
- Countries: Turkmenistan

#Kas_Prelims

five major rivers of the world, India, and Karnataka, along with the oceans they drain into:

### World

1. Amazon River:
- Drains into: Atlantic Ocean

2. Nile River:
- Drains into: Mediterranean Sea

3. Yangtze River:
- Drains into: East China Sea

4. Mississippi-Missouri River System:
- Drains into: Gulf of Mexico

5. Danube River:
- Drains into: Black Sea

### India

1. Ganges River (Ganga):
- Drains into: Bay of Bengal

2. Yamuna River:
- Drains into: Ganges River (confluence at Allahabad/Prayagraj)

3. Brahmaputra River:
- Drains into: Bay of Bengal

4. Godavari River:
- Drains into: Bay of Bengal

5. Krishna River:
- Drains into: Bay of Bengal

### Karnataka

1. Krishna River:
- Drains into: Bay of Bengal (through Andhra Pradesh)

2. Cauvery River:
- Drains into: Bay of Bengal (through Tamil Nadu)

3. Sharavathi River:
- Drains into: Arabian Sea

4. Tungabhadra River:
- Drains into: Krishna River (confluence in Andhra Pradesh)

5. Bhadra River:
- Drains into: Tungabhadra River

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Key Members of the Constituent Assembly and Their Later Roles

1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Chairman of the Drafting Committee; first Law Minister of India.
2. Dr. Rajendra Prasad: President of the Constituent Assembly; first President of India.
3. Jawaharlal Nehru: Vice President of the Assembly; first Prime Minister of India.
4. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Member; first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India.
5. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: Member; first Minister of Education of India.
6. C. Rajagopalachari: Member; last Governor-General of India.
7. Sarojini Naidu: Member; first woman Governor (Uttar Pradesh).
8. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee: Member; Minister for Industry and Supply.
9. H.C. Mookherjee: Vice President of the Assembly; first Governor of West Bengal.
10. K.M. Munshi: Member; Governor of Uttar Pradesh.
11. Dr. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: Member; first Health Minister of India.
12. J.B. Kripalani: Member; President of the Indian National Congress.
13. T.T. Krishnamachari: Member; Finance Minister of India.
14. Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar: Member; prominent jurist.
15. M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar: Member; Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
16. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit: Member; first female President of the UN General Assembly.
17. Begum Aizaz Rasul: Member; prominent in state and national politics.


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Agricultural Revolutions in India

1. Green Revolution (1960s-1970s) - *ConvertKAS*
- Focus: Food grain production (wheat and rice)
- Key Components: HYV seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation
- Impact: Self-sufficiency in food grains

2. White Revolution (1970s-1990s) - *ConvertKAS*
- Focus: Milk production (Operation Flood)
- Key Components: Cooperative dairy farming, dairy technology
- Impact: Largest milk producer globally

3. Blue Revolution (1980s-2000s) - *ConvertKAS*
- Focus: Fish production
- Key Components: Aquaculture, marine and inland fisheries
- Impact: Growth in fish production and export

4. Yellow Revolution (1980s-1990s) - *ConvertKAS*
- Focus: Oilseed production
- Key Components: HYV seeds, better agronomic practices
- Impact: Reduced dependency on edible oil imports

5. Brown Revolution (1980s-1990s) - *ConvertKAS*
- Focus: Cocoa and non-traditional crops
- Key Components: Sustainable practices
- Impact: Diversification of agriculture

6. Golden Revolution (1991-2000s) - *ConvertKAS*
- Focus: Horticulture (fruits, vegetables, flowers)
- Key Components: R&D, storage facilities
- Impact: Boost in horticultural production and export

7. Pink Revolution (1990s-present) - *ConvertKAS*
- Focus: Meat and poultry production
- Key Components: Breeding techniques, livestock healthcare
- Impact: Increased poultry and meat production

8. Silver Revolution (1960s-present) - *ConvertKAS*
- Focus: Egg production
- Key Components: Improved poultry breeds, management practices
- Impact: Significant growth in egg production

#Kas_Prelims

Recent committees in India along with their chairpersons:

1. National Education Policy (NEP) Committee
- Chairperson: Dr. K. Kasturirangan

2. National Committee on Vaccine Administration (NCVA)
- Chairperson: Dr. V. K. Paul

3. Committee on Agricultural Reforms
- Chairperson: Dr. Ashok Dalwai

4. Committee on Digital Payments
- Chairperson: Nandan Nilekani

5. Committee on Cybersecurity
- Chairperson: Lt. Gen. (Retd) Rajesh Pant

6. Committee on Judicial Reforms
- Chairperson: Justice B. N. Srikrishna (Retd)

7. Committee on Environmental Conservation
- Chairperson: Dr. K. Kasturirangan

8. Committee on Urban Development
- Chairperson: Durga Shanker Mishra

9. Committee on Healthcare Infrastructure
- Chairperson: Dr. Vinod Paul

10. Committee on Industrial Growth
- Chairperson: Amitabh Kant

#Kas_Prelims

India's Disease Elimination Targets and Strategies

1. Tuberculosis (TB)
- Target Year: 2025
- Strategy: Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP), National Strategic Plan for TB Elimination, DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course), NIKSHAY (web-based TB reporting system).

2. Malaria
- Target Year: 2030
- Strategy: National Framework for Malaria Elimination, National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination, vector control, prompt diagnosis, and treatment.

3. HIV/AIDS
- Target Year: 2030
- Strategy: National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), prevention programs, antiretroviral therapy (ART), awareness campaigns.

4. Kala-azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis)
- Target Year: 2023
- Strategy: Kala-azar Elimination Programme, vector control, case detection, and treatment.

5. Lymphatic Filariasis
- Target Year: 2025
- Strategy: Mass Drug Administration (MDA), Morbidity Management and Disability Prevention (MMDP).

6. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
- Target Year: Below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030
- Strategy: Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), skilled birth attendance, emergency obstetric care.

7. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
- Target Year: Below 12 per 1,000 live births by 2030
- Strategy: Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI), Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK), immunization, newborn care.

8. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- Target Year: Reduce premature mortality from NCDs by one-third by 2030
- Strategy: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS), health promotion, early diagnosis, and treatment.

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Parts of Constitution

1. Part I: The Union and its Territory - Articles 1 to 4 deal with the country's territory and formation of new states.

2. Part II: Citizenship - Articles 5 to 11 outline the criteria for Indian citizenship.

3. Part III: Fundamental Rights - Articles 12 to 35 describe the fundamental rights guaranteed to citizens.

4. Part IV: Directive Principles of State Policy - Articles 36 to 51 guide the state in policy-making to establish a just society.

5. Part IVA: Fundamental Duties - Article 51A lists the duties of citizens towards the nation.

6. Part V: The Union - Articles 52 to 151 cover the President, Vice-President, Council of Ministers, Parliament, and the Union Judiciary.

7. Part VI: The States - Articles 152 to 237 describe the state governments, including the Governor, State Legislature, and High Courts.

8. Part VII: The States in Part B of the First Schedule - Repealed by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.

9. Part VIII: The Union Territories - Articles 239 to 242 cover the administration of Union Territories.

10. Part IX: The Panchayats - Articles 243 to 243O pertain to the Panchayati Raj system of rural local governance.

11. Part IXA: The Municipalities - Articles 243P to 243ZG relate to urban local governance.

12. Part IXB: The Co-operative Societies - Articles 243ZH to 243ZT (inserted by the 97th Amendment Act, 2011) deal with cooperative societies.

13. Part X: The Scheduled and Tribal Areas - Articles 244 to 244A focus on the administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.

14. Part XI: Relations between the Union and the States - Articles 245 to 263 discuss the distribution of legislative powers.

15. Part XII: Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits - Articles 264 to 300A include provisions on fiscal matters and government property.

16. Part XIII: Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse within the Territory of India - Articles 301 to 307 regulate trade and commerce among states.

17. Part XIV: Services under the Union and the States - Articles 308 to 323 pertain to the public services.

18. Part XIVA: Tribunals - Articles 323A to 323B (inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976) deal with administrative and other tribunals.

19. Part XV: Elections - Articles 324 to 329A describe the election process and the Election Commission.

20. Part XVI: Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes - Articles 330 to 342 deal with special provisions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other backward classes.

21. Part XVII: Official Language - Articles 343 to 351 cover the official language of the Republic of India.

22. Part XVIII: Emergency Provisions - Articles 352 to 360 lay down the provisions for declaring emergencies.

23. Part XIX: Miscellaneous - Articles 361 to 367 cover various other provisions not classified elsewhere.

24. Part XX: Amendment of the Constitution - Article 368 provides the process for amending the Constitution.

25. Part XXI: Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions - Articles 369 to 392 deal with temporary and special provisions.

26. Part XXII: Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi, and Repeals - Articles 393 to 395 provide the short title, commencement date, authoritative text in Hindi, and repeals of the Constitution.

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The major rivers of India along with their origins:

1. Ganges (Ganga) - Originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the Uttarakhand state.

2. Yamuna - Originates from the Yamunotri Glacier in the Uttarakhand state.

3. Brahmaputra - Originates from the Angsi Glacier in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.

4. Indus - Originates from the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.

5. Godavari - Originates from the Trimbakeshwar in the Maharashtra state.

6. Krishna - Originates from the Mahabaleshwar in the Maharashtra state.

7. Cauvery (Kaveri) - Originates from the Tala Kaveri in the Karnataka state.

8. Narmada - Originates from the Amarkantak Plateau in the Madhya Pradesh state.

9. Tapti (Tapi) - Originates from the Satpura Range in the Madhya Pradesh state.

10. Mahanadi - Originates from the Sihawa in the Chhattisgarh state.

11. Sutlej - Originates from the Rakshastal near Mount Kailash in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.

12. Beas - Originates from the Beas Kund in the Himachal Pradesh state.

13. Ravi - Originates from the Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass in the Himachal Pradesh state.

14. Chenab - Originates from the Baralacha Pass in the Himachal Pradesh state.

15. Jhelum - Originates from the Verinag Spring in the Jammu and Kashmir region.

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The notable mountain passes in India and the states they are located in:

1. Nathu La - Sikkim

2. Jalep La - Sikkim

3. Bomdi La - Arunachal Pradesh

4. Khardung La - Ladakh (Union Territory)

5. Rohtang Pass - Himachal Pradesh

6. Baralacha La - Himachal Pradesh

7. Shipki La - Himachal Pradesh

8. Zoji La - Ladakh (Union Territory)

9. Chang La - Ladakh (Union Territory)

10. Lipu Lekh Pass - Uttarakhand

11. Mana Pass - Uttarakhand

12. Niti Pass - Uttarakhand

13. Banihal Pass - Jammu and Kashmir

14. Pangong Tso Pass - Ladakh (Union Territory)

15. Sela Pass - Arunachal Pradesh


#Kas_Prelims

Tribes


Africa
1. Maasai (Kenya, Tanzania) - Semi-nomadic, known for customs, dress, beadwork.
2. Zulu (South Africa) - Largest ethnic group, rich history, cultural practices.
3. San/Bushmen (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa) - Ancient hunter-gatherers.
4. Himba (Namibia) - Ochre-covered skin, intricate hairstyles.

### Asia
1. Toda (India) - Nilgiri Hills, traditional dairy economy.
2. Hmong (China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand) - Vibrant clothing, embroidery.
3. Batek (Malaysia) - Nomadic hunter-gatherers.
4. Kalash (Pakistan) - Unique polytheistic beliefs, colorful festivals.

### Americas
1. Navajo (USA) - Largest tribe, art, jewelry, sand paintings.
2. Yanomami (Brazil, Venezuela) - Amazon rainforest, communal living.
3. Mapuche (Chile, Argentina) - Resistance history, rich traditions.
4. Inuit (Canada, Greenland, Alaska) - Arctic survival skills, igloos.

### Europe
1. Sami (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) - Reindeer herding, unique languages.
2. Basque (Spain, France) - Distinct language, traditional sports.

### Oceania
1. Aboriginal Australians (Australia) - Diverse cultures, ancient traditions.
2. Maori (New Zealand) - Mythology, haka dance, carvings, tattoos.
3. Papuan Tribes (Papua New Guinea) - Diverse tribes, Huli known for wigs, face painting.


#Kas_Prelims

Major Rivers of the World and Their Draining Points

1. Nile River (Africa)
- Drains into: Mediterranean Sea

2. Amazon River (South America)
- Drains into: Atlantic Ocean

3. Yangtze River (Asia)
- Drains into: East China Sea

4. Mississippi River (North America)
- Drains into: Gulf of Mexico

5. Yenisei River (Asia)
- Drains into: Kara Sea (Arctic Ocean)

6. Yellow River (Asia)
- Drains into: Bohai Sea

7. Ob River (Asia)
- Drains into: Gulf of Ob (Arctic Ocean)

8. Congo River (Africa)
- Drains into: Atlantic Ocean

9. Mekong River (Asia)
- Drains into: South China Sea

10. Volga River (Europe)
- Drains into: Caspian Sea

11. Danube River (Europe)
- Drains into: Black Sea

12. Ganges River (Asia)
- Drains into: Bay of Bengal

13. Indus River (Asia)
- Drains into: Arabian Sea

14. Murray River (Australia)
- Drains into: Southern Ocean (via Lake Alexandrina)

15. Niger River (Africa)
- Drains into: Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean)

16. Lena River (Asia)
- Drains into: Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean)

17. Mackenzie River (North America)
- Drains into: Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean)

18. Zambezi River (Africa)
- Drains into: Indian Ocean


#Kas_Prelims

Coal Mines in Europe

1. Germany
- Garzweiler Mine: Located in North Rhine-Westphalia, it is a large open-pit lignite mine.
- Hambach Mine: Also in North Rhine-Westphalia, known for its significant lignite production.

2. Poland
- Bełchatów Coal Mine: Located in Łódź Voivodeship, it is one of the largest lignite mines in Europe.
- Bogdanka Coal Mine: Situated in Lublin Voivodeship, a major source of hard coal.

3. United Kingdom
- Ffos-y-fran Land Reclamation Scheme: An open-pit coal mine in South Wales.
- Hatfield Colliery: One of the last deep coal mines in the UK before its closure in 2015, located in South Yorkshire.

4. Czech Republic
- ČSA Coal Mine: Located in the Most Basin, it's a significant lignite mining site.
- Nástup Tušimice Mine: Another important lignite mine in the Czech Republic.

Iron Mines in Europe

1. Sweden
- Kiruna Mine: Located in the Lapland region, it's one of the largest and most modern underground iron ore mines in the world.
- Malmberget Mine: Also in Lapland, known for significant iron ore production.

2. Russia (European part)
- Kovdor Mine: Located in the Murmansk region, a major source of iron ore.
- Lebedinsky GOK: In the Belgorod region, one of the largest iron ore mining and beneficiation complexes.

3. Ukraine
- Kryvyi Rih Basin: Known as Kryvbas, this region in central Ukraine is one of the largest iron ore reserves in the world.
- Poltava Mine: Another significant iron ore mine located in the Poltava region.

4. France
- Lorraine Iron Mines: Historically significant, located in the Lorraine region, though largely depleted now.
- Mines of the Cévennes: Another historical iron mining area, though not as active today.

5. Spain
- Rio Tinto Mines: Located in Andalusia, historically significant for various minerals including iron.
- Alquife Mines: Located in the province of Granada, known for iron ore production.

#Kas_Prelims