computer generations
First Generation
In the late 1940s and early 1950s (EDSAC, UNIVAC I, etc.) computers used vacuum tubes for their digital logic and liquid mercury memories for storage. See early memory, EDSAC and UNIVAC I.
Second Generation
In the late 1950s, transistors replaced tubes and used magnetic cores for memories (IBM 1401, Honeywell 800). Size was reduced and reliability was significantly improved. See IBM 1401 and Honeywell.
Third Generation
In the mid-1960s, computers used the first integrated circuits (IBM 360, CDC 6400) and the first operating systems and database management systems. Although most processing was still batch oriented using punch cards and magnetic tapes, online systems were being developed. This was the era of mainframes and minicomputers, essentially large centralized computers and small departmental computers. See punch card, System/360 and Control Data.
Fourth Generation
The mid to late-1970s spawned the microprocessor and personal computer, introducing distributed processing and office automation. Word processing, query languages, report writers and spreadsheets put large numbers of people in touch with the computer for the first time. See query language and report writer.
Fifth Generation - The Future
The 21st century ushered in the fifth generation, which increasingly delivers various forms of artificial intelligence (AI). More sophisticated search and natural language recognition are features that users recognize, but software that improves its functionality by learning on its own will change just about everything in the tech world in the future. See AI, machine learning, deep learning, neural network, computer vision, virtual assistant and natural language recognition.
First Generation
In the late 1940s and early 1950s (EDSAC, UNIVAC I, etc.) computers used vacuum tubes for their digital logic and liquid mercury memories for storage. See early memory, EDSAC and UNIVAC I.
Second Generation
In the late 1950s, transistors replaced tubes and used magnetic cores for memories (IBM 1401, Honeywell 800). Size was reduced and reliability was significantly improved. See IBM 1401 and Honeywell.
Third Generation
In the mid-1960s, computers used the first integrated circuits (IBM 360, CDC 6400) and the first operating systems and database management systems. Although most processing was still batch oriented using punch cards and magnetic tapes, online systems were being developed. This was the era of mainframes and minicomputers, essentially large centralized computers and small departmental computers. See punch card, System/360 and Control Data.
Fourth Generation
The mid to late-1970s spawned the microprocessor and personal computer, introducing distributed processing and office automation. Word processing, query languages, report writers and spreadsheets put large numbers of people in touch with the computer for the first time. See query language and report writer.
Fifth Generation - The Future
The 21st century ushered in the fifth generation, which increasingly delivers various forms of artificial intelligence (AI). More sophisticated search and natural language recognition are features that users recognize, but software that improves its functionality by learning on its own will change just about everything in the tech world in the future. See AI, machine learning, deep learning, neural network, computer vision, virtual assistant and natural language recognition.
General Windows Shortcuts :
-------------------------
Ctrl + X : Cut the selected item
Ctrl + C : Copy the selected item
Ctrl + V : Paste the selected item
Ctrl + Z : Undo an action
Alt + Tab : Switch between open apps
Alt + F4 : Close the active item, or exit the active app
Alt + F8 : Show your password on the sign-in screen
Alt + Esc : Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened
Alt + underlined letter : Perform the command for that letter
Alt + Enter : Display properties for the selected item
Alt + Spacebar : Open the shortcut menu for the active window
Alt + Left arrow : Go back
Alt + Right arrow : Go forward
Alt + Page Up : Move up one screen
Alt + Page Down : Move down one screen
Ctrl + F4 : Close the active document (in apps that are full-screen and let you have multiple documents open at the same time)
Ctrl + A : Select all items in a document or window
Ctrl + D (or Delete) : Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
Ctrl + R (or F5) : Refresh the active window
Ctrl + Y : Redo an action
Ctrl + Right arrow : Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word
Ctrl + Left arrow : Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word
Ctrl + Down arrow : Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph
Ctrl + Up arrow : Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph
Ctrl + Alt + Tab : Use the arrow keys to switch between all open apps
Ctrl + Alt + Shift + arrow keys : When a group or tile is in focus on the Start menu, move it in the direction specified
Ctrl + arrow key (to move to an item) + Spacebar : Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop
Ctrl + Shift with an arrow key : Select a block of text
Ctrl + Esc : Open Start
Ctrl + Shift + Esc : Open Task Manager
Ctrl + Shift : Switch the keyboard layout when multiple keyboard layouts are available
Ctrl + Spacebar : Turn the Chinese input method editor (IME) on or off
Shift + F10 : Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
Shift with any arrow key : Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document
Shift + Delete : Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first
Right arrow : Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu
Left arrow : Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu
Esc : Stop or leave the current task
Dialog box keyboard shortcuts :
F4 : Display the items in the active list
Ctrl + Tab : Move forward through tabs
Ctrl + Shift + Tab : Move back through tabs
Ctrl + number (number 1–9) : Move to nth tab
Tab : Move forward through options
Shift + Tab : Move back through options
Alt + underlined letter : Perform the command (or select the option) that is used with that letter
Spacebar : Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Backspace : Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box
Arrow keys : Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
File Explorer keyboard shortcuts :
Alt + D : Select the address bar
Ctrl + E : Select the search box
Ctrl + F : Select the search box
Ctrl + N : Open a new window
Ctrl + W : Close the active window
Ctrl + mouse scroll wheel : Change the size and appearance of file and folder icons
Ctrl + Shift + E : Display all folders above the selected folder
Ctrl + Shift + N : Create a new folder
Num Lock + asterisk (*) : Display all subfolders under the selected folder
Num Lock + plus (+) : Display the contents of the selected folder
Num Lock + minus (-) : Collapse the selected folder
Alt + P : Display the preview panel
Alt + Enter : Open the Properties dialog box for the selected item
Alt + Right arrow : View the next folder
Alt + Up arrow : View the folder that the folder was in
Alt + Left arrow : View the previous folder
Backspace : View the previous folder
Right arrow : Display the current selection (if it's collapsed), or select the first subfolder
Left arrow : Collapse the current selection (if it's expanded), or select the folder that the folder was in
End : Display the bottom of the active window
-------------------------
Ctrl + X : Cut the selected item
Ctrl + C : Copy the selected item
Ctrl + V : Paste the selected item
Ctrl + Z : Undo an action
Alt + Tab : Switch between open apps
Alt + F4 : Close the active item, or exit the active app
Alt + F8 : Show your password on the sign-in screen
Alt + Esc : Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened
Alt + underlined letter : Perform the command for that letter
Alt + Enter : Display properties for the selected item
Alt + Spacebar : Open the shortcut menu for the active window
Alt + Left arrow : Go back
Alt + Right arrow : Go forward
Alt + Page Up : Move up one screen
Alt + Page Down : Move down one screen
Ctrl + F4 : Close the active document (in apps that are full-screen and let you have multiple documents open at the same time)
Ctrl + A : Select all items in a document or window
Ctrl + D (or Delete) : Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
Ctrl + R (or F5) : Refresh the active window
Ctrl + Y : Redo an action
Ctrl + Right arrow : Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word
Ctrl + Left arrow : Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word
Ctrl + Down arrow : Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph
Ctrl + Up arrow : Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph
Ctrl + Alt + Tab : Use the arrow keys to switch between all open apps
Ctrl + Alt + Shift + arrow keys : When a group or tile is in focus on the Start menu, move it in the direction specified
Ctrl + arrow key (to move to an item) + Spacebar : Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop
Ctrl + Shift with an arrow key : Select a block of text
Ctrl + Esc : Open Start
Ctrl + Shift + Esc : Open Task Manager
Ctrl + Shift : Switch the keyboard layout when multiple keyboard layouts are available
Ctrl + Spacebar : Turn the Chinese input method editor (IME) on or off
Shift + F10 : Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
Shift with any arrow key : Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document
Shift + Delete : Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first
Right arrow : Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu
Left arrow : Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu
Esc : Stop or leave the current task
Dialog box keyboard shortcuts :
F4 : Display the items in the active list
Ctrl + Tab : Move forward through tabs
Ctrl + Shift + Tab : Move back through tabs
Ctrl + number (number 1–9) : Move to nth tab
Tab : Move forward through options
Shift + Tab : Move back through options
Alt + underlined letter : Perform the command (or select the option) that is used with that letter
Spacebar : Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Backspace : Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box
Arrow keys : Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
File Explorer keyboard shortcuts :
Alt + D : Select the address bar
Ctrl + E : Select the search box
Ctrl + F : Select the search box
Ctrl + N : Open a new window
Ctrl + W : Close the active window
Ctrl + mouse scroll wheel : Change the size and appearance of file and folder icons
Ctrl + Shift + E : Display all folders above the selected folder
Ctrl + Shift + N : Create a new folder
Num Lock + asterisk (*) : Display all subfolders under the selected folder
Num Lock + plus (+) : Display the contents of the selected folder
Num Lock + minus (-) : Collapse the selected folder
Alt + P : Display the preview panel
Alt + Enter : Open the Properties dialog box for the selected item
Alt + Right arrow : View the next folder
Alt + Up arrow : View the folder that the folder was in
Alt + Left arrow : View the previous folder
Backspace : View the previous folder
Right arrow : Display the current selection (if it's collapsed), or select the first subfolder
Left arrow : Collapse the current selection (if it's expanded), or select the folder that the folder was in
End : Display the bottom of the active window
Windows logo key Shortcuts :
-------------------------
Windows logo key : Open or close Start
Windows logo key + A : Open Action center
Windows logo key + B : Set focus in the notification area
Windows logo key + C : Open Cortana in listening mode(This shortcut is turned off by default.)
Windows logo key + Shift + C : Open the charms menu
Windows logo key + D : Display and hide the desktop
Windows logo key + Alt + D : Display and hide the date and time on the desktop
Windows logo key + E : Open File Explorer
Windows logo key + F : Open Feedback Hub
Windows logo key + G : Open Game bar when a game is open
Windows logo key + I : Open Settings
Windows logo key + J : Set focus to a Windows tip when one is available.
When a Windows tip appears, bring focus to the Tip. Pressing the keyboard shortcuts again to bring focus to the element on the screen to which the Windows tip is anchored.
Windows logo key + K : Open the Connect quick action
Windows logo key + L : Lock your PC or switch accounts
Windows logo key + M : Minimize all windows
Windows logo key + O : Lock device orientation
Windows logo key + P : Choose a presentation display mode
Windows logo key + R : Open the Run dialog box
Windows logo key + : Open search
Windows logo key + T : Cycle through apps on the taskbar
Windows logo key + U : Open Ease of Access Center
Windows logo key + V : Cycle through notifications
Windows logo key + Shift + V : Cycle through notifications in reverse order
Windows logo key + X : Open the Quick Link menu
Windows logo key + Z : Show the commands available in an app in full-screen mode
Windows logo key + comma (,) : Temporarily peek at the desktop
Windows logo key + Pause : Display the System Properties dialog box
Windows logo key + Ctrl + F : Search for PCs (if you are on a network)
Windows logo key + Shift + M : Restore minimized windows on the desktop
Windows logo key + number : Open the desktop and start the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number. If the app is already running, switch to that app.
Windows logo key + Shift + number : Open the desktop and start a new instance of the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number
Windows logo key + Ctrl + number : Open the desktop and switch to the last active window of the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number
Windows logo key + Alt + number : Open the desktop and open the Jump List for the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number
Windows logo key + Ctrl + Shift + number : Open the desktop and open a new instance of the app located at the given position on the taskbar as an administrator
Windows logo key + Tab : Open Task view
Windows logo key + Up arrow : Maximize the window
Windows logo key + Down arrow : Remove current app from screen or minimize the desktop window
Windows logo key + Left arrow : Maximize the app or desktop window to the left side of the screen
Windows logo key + Right arrow : Maximize the app or desktop window to the right side of the screen
Windows logo key + Home : Minimize all except the active desktop window (restores all windows on second stroke)
Windows logo key + Shift + Up arrow : Stretch the desktop window to the top and bottom of the screen
Windows logo key + Shift + Down arrow : Restore/minimize active desktop windows vertically, maintaining width
Windows logo key + Shift + Left arrow or Right arrow : Move an app or window in the desktop from one monitor to another
Windows logo key + Spacebar : Switch input language and keyboard layout
Windows logo key + Ctrl + Spacebar : Change to a previously selected input
Windows logo key + Ctrl + Enter : Open Narrator
Windows logo key + forward slash (/) : Begin IME reconversion
Windows logo key + plus (+) or minus (-) : Zoom in or out using Magnifier
Windows logo key + Esc : Exit Magnifier
-------------------------
Windows logo key : Open or close Start
Windows logo key + A : Open Action center
Windows logo key + B : Set focus in the notification area
Windows logo key + C : Open Cortana in listening mode(This shortcut is turned off by default.)
Windows logo key + Shift + C : Open the charms menu
Windows logo key + D : Display and hide the desktop
Windows logo key + Alt + D : Display and hide the date and time on the desktop
Windows logo key + E : Open File Explorer
Windows logo key + F : Open Feedback Hub
Windows logo key + G : Open Game bar when a game is open
Windows logo key + I : Open Settings
Windows logo key + J : Set focus to a Windows tip when one is available.
When a Windows tip appears, bring focus to the Tip. Pressing the keyboard shortcuts again to bring focus to the element on the screen to which the Windows tip is anchored.
Windows logo key + K : Open the Connect quick action
Windows logo key + L : Lock your PC or switch accounts
Windows logo key + M : Minimize all windows
Windows logo key + O : Lock device orientation
Windows logo key + P : Choose a presentation display mode
Windows logo key + R : Open the Run dialog box
Windows logo key + : Open search
Windows logo key + T : Cycle through apps on the taskbar
Windows logo key + U : Open Ease of Access Center
Windows logo key + V : Cycle through notifications
Windows logo key + Shift + V : Cycle through notifications in reverse order
Windows logo key + X : Open the Quick Link menu
Windows logo key + Z : Show the commands available in an app in full-screen mode
Windows logo key + comma (,) : Temporarily peek at the desktop
Windows logo key + Pause : Display the System Properties dialog box
Windows logo key + Ctrl + F : Search for PCs (if you are on a network)
Windows logo key + Shift + M : Restore minimized windows on the desktop
Windows logo key + number : Open the desktop and start the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number. If the app is already running, switch to that app.
Windows logo key + Shift + number : Open the desktop and start a new instance of the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number
Windows logo key + Ctrl + number : Open the desktop and switch to the last active window of the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number
Windows logo key + Alt + number : Open the desktop and open the Jump List for the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number
Windows logo key + Ctrl + Shift + number : Open the desktop and open a new instance of the app located at the given position on the taskbar as an administrator
Windows logo key + Tab : Open Task view
Windows logo key + Up arrow : Maximize the window
Windows logo key + Down arrow : Remove current app from screen or minimize the desktop window
Windows logo key + Left arrow : Maximize the app or desktop window to the left side of the screen
Windows logo key + Right arrow : Maximize the app or desktop window to the right side of the screen
Windows logo key + Home : Minimize all except the active desktop window (restores all windows on second stroke)
Windows logo key + Shift + Up arrow : Stretch the desktop window to the top and bottom of the screen
Windows logo key + Shift + Down arrow : Restore/minimize active desktop windows vertically, maintaining width
Windows logo key + Shift + Left arrow or Right arrow : Move an app or window in the desktop from one monitor to another
Windows logo key + Spacebar : Switch input language and keyboard layout
Windows logo key + Ctrl + Spacebar : Change to a previously selected input
Windows logo key + Ctrl + Enter : Open Narrator
Windows logo key + forward slash (/) : Begin IME reconversion
Windows logo key + plus (+) or minus (-) : Zoom in or out using Magnifier
Windows logo key + Esc : Exit Magnifier
MS Word Shortcuts :
-------------------------
Ctrl + A : Select all contents of the page
Ctrl + B : Bold highlighted selection Text
Ctrl + C : Copy selected text
Ctrl + X : Cut selected text
Ctrl + N : Open new/blank document
Ctrl + O : Open options
Ctrl + P : Open the print window
Ctrl + F : Open find box
Ctrl + I : Italicize highlighted selection
Ctrl + K : Insert link
Ctrl + U : Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + V : Paste
Ctrl + Y : Redo the last action performed
Ctrl + Z : Undo last action
Ctrl + G : Find and replace options
Ctrl + H : Find and replace options
Ctrl + J : Justify paragraph alignment
Ctrl + L : Align selected text or line to the left
Ctrl + Q : Align selected paragraph to the left
Ctrl + E : Align selected text or line to the center
Ctrl + R : Align selected text or line to the right
Ctrl + M : Indent the paragraph
Ctrl + T : Hanging indent
Ctrl + D : Font options
Ctrl + Shift + F : Change the font
Ctrl + Shift + > : Increase selected font +1
Ctrl + ] : Increase selected font +1
Ctrl + Shift + < : Decrease selected font -1
Ctrl + [ : Decrease selected font -1
Ctrl + Shift + * : View or hide non printing characters
Ctrl + ← : Move one word to the left
Ctrl + → : Move one word to the right
Ctrl + ↑ : Move to beginning of the line or paragraph
Ctrl + ↓ : Move to the end of the paragraph
Ctrl + Del : Delete word to right of cursor
Ctrl + Backspace : Delete word to left of cursor
Ctrl + End : Move cursor to end of document
Ctrl + Home : Move cursor to beginning of document
Ctrl + Space : Reset highlighted text to default font
Ctrl + 1 : Single-space lines
Ctrl + 2 : Double-space lines
Ctrl + 5 : 1.5-line spacing
Ctrl + Alt + 1 : Change text to heading 1
Ctrl + Alt + 2 : Change text to heading 2
Ctrl + Alt + 3 : Change text to heading 3
F1 : Open help
Shift + F3 : Change case of selected text
Shift + Insert : Paste
F4 : Repeat last action performed (Word 2000+)
F7 : Spell check selected text and/or document
Shift + F7 : Activate the thesaurus
F12 : Save as
Ctrl + S : Save
Shift + F12 : Save
Alt + Shift + D : Insert the current date
Alt + Shift + T : Insert the current time
Ctrl + W : Close document
-------------------------
Ctrl + A : Select all contents of the page
Ctrl + B : Bold highlighted selection Text
Ctrl + C : Copy selected text
Ctrl + X : Cut selected text
Ctrl + N : Open new/blank document
Ctrl + O : Open options
Ctrl + P : Open the print window
Ctrl + F : Open find box
Ctrl + I : Italicize highlighted selection
Ctrl + K : Insert link
Ctrl + U : Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + V : Paste
Ctrl + Y : Redo the last action performed
Ctrl + Z : Undo last action
Ctrl + G : Find and replace options
Ctrl + H : Find and replace options
Ctrl + J : Justify paragraph alignment
Ctrl + L : Align selected text or line to the left
Ctrl + Q : Align selected paragraph to the left
Ctrl + E : Align selected text or line to the center
Ctrl + R : Align selected text or line to the right
Ctrl + M : Indent the paragraph
Ctrl + T : Hanging indent
Ctrl + D : Font options
Ctrl + Shift + F : Change the font
Ctrl + Shift + > : Increase selected font +1
Ctrl + ] : Increase selected font +1
Ctrl + Shift + < : Decrease selected font -1
Ctrl + [ : Decrease selected font -1
Ctrl + Shift + * : View or hide non printing characters
Ctrl + ← : Move one word to the left
Ctrl + → : Move one word to the right
Ctrl + ↑ : Move to beginning of the line or paragraph
Ctrl + ↓ : Move to the end of the paragraph
Ctrl + Del : Delete word to right of cursor
Ctrl + Backspace : Delete word to left of cursor
Ctrl + End : Move cursor to end of document
Ctrl + Home : Move cursor to beginning of document
Ctrl + Space : Reset highlighted text to default font
Ctrl + 1 : Single-space lines
Ctrl + 2 : Double-space lines
Ctrl + 5 : 1.5-line spacing
Ctrl + Alt + 1 : Change text to heading 1
Ctrl + Alt + 2 : Change text to heading 2
Ctrl + Alt + 3 : Change text to heading 3
F1 : Open help
Shift + F3 : Change case of selected text
Shift + Insert : Paste
F4 : Repeat last action performed (Word 2000+)
F7 : Spell check selected text and/or document
Shift + F7 : Activate the thesaurus
F12 : Save as
Ctrl + S : Save
Shift + F12 : Save
Alt + Shift + D : Insert the current date
Alt + Shift + T : Insert the current time
Ctrl + W : Close document
MS Excel Shortcuts :
-------------------------
Alt + Tab : Switch between open applications
Alt + Shift + Tab : Switch backwards between open applications
Alt + Print Screen : Create screen shot for current program
Print Screen : Create screen shot for Display
Ctrl + Alt + Del : Reboot/Windows® task manager
Ctrl + Esc : Bring up start menu
Alt + Esc : Switch between applications on taskbar
F2 : Rename selected icon
F3 : Start find from desktop
F4 : Open the drive selection when browsing
F5 : Refresh contents
Alt + F4 : Close current open program
Ctrl + F4 : Close window in program
Ctrl + PlusKey : Automatically adjust widths of all columns in Windows Explorer
Alt + Enter : Open properties window of selected icon or program
Shift + F10 : Simulate right-click
Shift + Del : Delete program/files permanently
Holding Shift During Bootup : Boot safe mode or bypass system files
-------------------------
Alt + Tab : Switch between open applications
Alt + Shift + Tab : Switch backwards between open applications
Alt + Print Screen : Create screen shot for current program
Print Screen : Create screen shot for Display
Ctrl + Alt + Del : Reboot/Windows® task manager
Ctrl + Esc : Bring up start menu
Alt + Esc : Switch between applications on taskbar
F2 : Rename selected icon
F3 : Start find from desktop
F4 : Open the drive selection when browsing
F5 : Refresh contents
Alt + F4 : Close current open program
Ctrl + F4 : Close window in program
Ctrl + PlusKey : Automatically adjust widths of all columns in Windows Explorer
Alt + Enter : Open properties window of selected icon or program
Shift + F10 : Simulate right-click
Shift + Del : Delete program/files permanently
Holding Shift During Bootup : Boot safe mode or bypass system files
MS Power Point Shortcuts :
-------------------------
Ctrl + Shift + Tab : Switch between outline and side view
Ctrl + M : Insert a new slide
Ctrl + D : Duplicate the current side
Ctrl + Shift + > : Increase font size
Ctrl + Shift + < : Decrease font size
Ctrl + T : Display the font dialog box
Double-click the object : Open the properties for an object
Alt + Shift + Left arrow : Promote a paragraph in an outline
Alt + Shift + Right arrow : Demote a paragraph in an outline
Alt + Shift + Up arrow : Move selected outline paragraphs up
Alt + Shift + Down arrow : Move selected outline paragraphs down
Alt + Shift + 1 : Display outline heading level 1
Alt + Shift + + : Expand outline text below a heading
Alt + Shift + – : Collapse outline text below a heading
Alt + Shift +A : Collapse or show all text or headings
Shift + F9 : Show or hide the grid
Alt + F9 : Show or hide the guides
Ctrl + G : Change grid and guide settings
Ctrl + P : Activate the pen tool during a show
E : Erase pen tool drawings during a show
Esc : Turn off the pen tool
Ctrl + H : Change the pen to a pointer
Tab : Hide the pointer or pen
B : Move to the next hyperlink
W : Make the screen go black during a show
S : Make the screen go white during a show
1 + Enter : Stop or restart a show
-------------------------
Ctrl + Shift + Tab : Switch between outline and side view
Ctrl + M : Insert a new slide
Ctrl + D : Duplicate the current side
Ctrl + Shift + > : Increase font size
Ctrl + Shift + < : Decrease font size
Ctrl + T : Display the font dialog box
Double-click the object : Open the properties for an object
Alt + Shift + Left arrow : Promote a paragraph in an outline
Alt + Shift + Right arrow : Demote a paragraph in an outline
Alt + Shift + Up arrow : Move selected outline paragraphs up
Alt + Shift + Down arrow : Move selected outline paragraphs down
Alt + Shift + 1 : Display outline heading level 1
Alt + Shift + + : Expand outline text below a heading
Alt + Shift + – : Collapse outline text below a heading
Alt + Shift +A : Collapse or show all text or headings
Shift + F9 : Show or hide the grid
Alt + F9 : Show or hide the guides
Ctrl + G : Change grid and guide settings
Ctrl + P : Activate the pen tool during a show
E : Erase pen tool drawings during a show
Esc : Turn off the pen tool
Ctrl + H : Change the pen to a pointer
Tab : Hide the pointer or pen
B : Move to the next hyperlink
W : Make the screen go black during a show
S : Make the screen go white during a show
1 + Enter : Stop or restart a show
Forwarded from Bank PO Clerk | Reasoning | Quantitative Aptitude | General Awareness | Manzil | Current Affairs | Data Analysis | English Tips (Manzil Institute)
🛑 15th JULY
❇️ WORLD YOUTH SKILL DAY
विश्व योग कौशल दिवस
💠 THEME : Skills for a Resilient Youth
🔹 The importance of developing skilled youth is at the core of this year's message for World Youth Skills Day.
🔹 The United Nations General Assembly has decided to celebrate the first World Youth Skills Day (WYSD) on 15 July 2015.
❄ United Nations General Assembly :
🍁 Established :- 1945
🍁 Headquarters: New York, US
🍁 President: Prof. Tijjani Muhammad Bande
❇️ WORLD YOUTH SKILL DAY
विश्व योग कौशल दिवस
💠 THEME : Skills for a Resilient Youth
🔹 The importance of developing skilled youth is at the core of this year's message for World Youth Skills Day.
🔹 The United Nations General Assembly has decided to celebrate the first World Youth Skills Day (WYSD) on 15 July 2015.
❄ United Nations General Assembly :
🍁 Established :- 1945
🍁 Headquarters: New York, US
🍁 President: Prof. Tijjani Muhammad Bande
🌺New Education Policy 2020 is announced🌺
🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅
1. 10+2 board structure is dropped
2. New school structure will be 5+3+3+4
3. Upto 5 pre school, 6 to 8 Mid School, 8 to 11 High School , 12 onwards Graduation
4. Any Degree will be 4 years
5. 6th std onwards vocational courses available
6. From 8th to 11 students can choose subjects
7. All graduation course will have major and minor
Example - science student can have Physics as Major and Music as minor also. Any combination he can choose
8. All higher education will be governed by only one authority.
9. UGC AICTE will be merged.
10. All University government, private, Open, Deemed, Vocational etc will have same grading and other rules.
11. New Teacher Training board will be setup for all kinds of teachers in country, no state can change
12. Same level of Accreditation to any collage , based on its rating collage will get autonomous rights and funds.
13. New Basic learning program will be created by government for parents to teach children upto 3 years in home and for pre school 3 to 6
14. Multiple entry and exit from any course
15. Credit system for graduation for each year student will get some credits which he can utilize if he takes break in course and come back again to complete course
16. All schools exams will be semester wise twise a year
17. The syllabus will be reduced to core knowledge of any subject only
18. More focus on student practical and application knowledge
19. For any graduation course if student complete only one year he will get a basic certificate, if he complete two years then he will get Diploma certificate and if he complete full course then he will get degree certificate. So no year of any student will ve vested if he break the course in between.
20.All the graduation course feed of all Universities will be govern by single authority with capping on each course.
🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅🔅
1. 10+2 board structure is dropped
2. New school structure will be 5+3+3+4
3. Upto 5 pre school, 6 to 8 Mid School, 8 to 11 High School , 12 onwards Graduation
4. Any Degree will be 4 years
5. 6th std onwards vocational courses available
6. From 8th to 11 students can choose subjects
7. All graduation course will have major and minor
Example - science student can have Physics as Major and Music as minor also. Any combination he can choose
8. All higher education will be governed by only one authority.
9. UGC AICTE will be merged.
10. All University government, private, Open, Deemed, Vocational etc will have same grading and other rules.
11. New Teacher Training board will be setup for all kinds of teachers in country, no state can change
12. Same level of Accreditation to any collage , based on its rating collage will get autonomous rights and funds.
13. New Basic learning program will be created by government for parents to teach children upto 3 years in home and for pre school 3 to 6
14. Multiple entry and exit from any course
15. Credit system for graduation for each year student will get some credits which he can utilize if he takes break in course and come back again to complete course
16. All schools exams will be semester wise twise a year
17. The syllabus will be reduced to core knowledge of any subject only
18. More focus on student practical and application knowledge
19. For any graduation course if student complete only one year he will get a basic certificate, if he complete two years then he will get Diploma certificate and if he complete full course then he will get degree certificate. So no year of any student will ve vested if he break the course in between.
20.All the graduation course feed of all Universities will be govern by single authority with capping on each course.
Genetic Algorithm in C++
Study this machine learning/optimization algorithm in a continuous problem and the Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP)
Join :
Chaudhary Computers and Commercial College
#chaudharycomputers #Rajpura
Study this machine learning/optimization algorithm in a continuous problem and the Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP)
Join :
Chaudhary Computers and Commercial College
#chaudharycomputers #Rajpura