import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(np.std(arr))

1.4142135623730951

#74. np.sum()
Sums array elements over a given axis.

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
print(np.sum(arr))

10

#75. np.min()
Returns the minimum of an array or minimum along an axis.

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([5, 2, 8, 1])
print(np.min(arr))

1

#76. np.max()
Returns the maximum of an array or maximum along an axis.

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([5, 2, 8, 1])
print(np.max(arr))

8

#77. np.sqrt()
Returns the non-negative square-root of an array, element-wise.

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([4, 9, 16])
print(np.sqrt(arr))

[2. 3. 4.]

#78. np.log()
Calculates the natural logarithm, element-wise.

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, np.e, np.e**2])
print(np.log(arr))

[0. 1. 2.]

#79. np.dot()
Calculates the dot product of two arrays.

import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2])
b = np.array([3, 4])
print(np.dot(a, b))

11

#80. np.where()
Returns elements chosen from x or y depending on a condition.

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([10, 5, 20, 15])
print(np.where(arr > 12, 'High', 'Low'))

['Low' 'Low' 'High' 'High']

---
#DataAnalysis #Matplotlib #Seaborn #Visualization

Part 8: Matplotlib & Seaborn - Data Visualization

#81. plt.plot()
Plots y versus x as lines and/or markers.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 4, 9, 16])
# In a real script, you would call plt.show()
print("Output: A figure window opens displaying a line plot.")

Output: A figure window opens displaying a line plot.

#82. plt.scatter()
A scatter plot of y vs. x with varying marker size and/or color.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.scatter([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 4, 9, 16])
print("Output: A figure window opens displaying a scatter plot.")

Output: A figure window opens displaying a scatter plot.

#83. plt.hist()
Computes and draws the histogram of x.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
data = np.random.randn(1000)
plt.hist(data, bins=30)
print("Output: A figure window opens displaying a histogram.")

Output: A figure window opens displaying a histogram.

#84. plt.bar()
Makes a bar plot.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.bar(['A', 'B', 'C'], [10, 15, 7])
print("Output: A figure window opens displaying a bar chart.")

Output: A figure window opens displaying a bar chart.

#85. plt.boxplot()
Makes a box and whisker plot.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
data = [np.random.normal(0, std, 100) for std in range(1, 4)]
plt.boxplot(data)
print("Output: A figure window opens displaying a box plot.")

Output: A figure window opens displaying a box plot.

#86. sns.heatmap()
Plots rectangular data as a color-encoded matrix.

import seaborn as sns
import numpy as np
data = np.random.rand(10, 12)
sns.heatmap(data)
print("Output: A figure window opens displaying a heatmap.")

Output: A figure window opens displaying a heatmap.

#87. sns.pairplot()
Plots pairwise relationships in a dataset.

import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(100, 4), columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
# sns.pairplot(df) # This line would generate the plot
print("Output: A figure grid opens showing scatterplots for each pair of variables.")

Output: A figure grid opens showing scatterplots for each pair of variables.

#88. sns.countplot()
Shows the counts of observations in each categorical bin using bars.

import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'category': ['A', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'A', 'B']})
sns.countplot(x='category', data=df)
print("Output: A figure window opens showing a count plot.")

Output: A figure window opens showing a count plot.

#89. sns.jointplot()
Draws a plot of two variables with bivariate and univariate graphs.

import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'x': range(50), 'y': range(50) + np.random.randn(50)})
# sns.jointplot(x='x', y='y', data=df) # This line would generate the plot
print("Output: A figure shows a scatter plot with histograms for each axis.")

Output: A figure shows a scatter plot with histograms for each axis.

#90. plt.show()
Displays all open figures.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([1, 2, 3])
# plt.show() # In a script, this is essential to see the plot.
print("Executes the command to render and display the plot.")

Executes the command to render and display the plot.

---
#DataAnalysis #ScikitLearn #Modeling #Preprocessing

Part 9: Scikit-learn - Modeling & Preprocessing

#91. train_test_split()
Splits arrays or matrices into random train and test subsets.

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import numpy as np
X, y = np.arange(10).reshape((5, 2)), range(5)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.33)
print(f"X_train shape: {X_train.shape}")
print(f"X_test shape: {X_test.shape}")

X_train shape: (3, 2)
X_test shape: (2, 2)

#92. StandardScaler()
Standardizes features by removing the mean and scaling to unit variance.

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
data = [[0, 0], [0, 0], [1, 1], [1, 1]]
scaler = StandardScaler()
print(scaler.fit_transform(data))

[[-1. -1.]
 [-1. -1.]
 [ 1.  1.]
 [ 1.  1.]]

#93. MinMaxScaler()
Transforms features by scaling each feature to a given range, typically [0, 1].

from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
data = [[-1, 2], [-0.5, 6], [0, 10], [1, 18]]
scaler = MinMaxScaler()
print(scaler.fit_transform(data))

[[0.   0.  ]
 [0.25 0.25]
 [0.5  0.5 ]
 [1.   1.  ]]

#94. LabelEncoder()
Encodes target labels with values between 0 and n_classes-1.

from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
le = LabelEncoder()
encoded = le.fit_transform(['paris', 'tokyo', 'paris'])
print(encoded)

[0 1 0]

#95. OneHotEncoder()
Encodes categorical features as a one-hot numeric array.

from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
enc = OneHotEncoder()
X = [['Male'], ['Female'], ['Female']]
print(enc.fit_transform(X).toarray())

[[0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]]

#96. LinearRegression()
Ordinary least squares Linear Regression model.

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
X = [[0], [1], [2]]
y = [0, 1, 2]
reg = LinearRegression().fit(X, y)
print(f"Coefficient: {reg.coef_[0]}")

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