💡 Building a Simple Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

Constructing a basic Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a fundamental step in deep learning for image processing. Using TensorFlow's Keras API, we can define a network with convolutional, pooling, and dense layers to classify images. This example sets up a simple CNN to recognize handwritten digits from the MNIST dataset.

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import layers, models
from tensorflow.keras.datasets import mnist
import numpy as np

# 1. Load and preprocess the MNIST dataset
(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = mnist.load_data()

# Reshape images for CNN: (batch_size, height, width, channels)
# MNIST images are 28x28 grayscale, so channels = 1
train_images = train_images.reshape((60000, 28, 28, 1)).astype('float32') / 255
test_images = test_images.reshape((10000, 28, 28, 1)).astype('float32') / 255

# 2. Define the CNN architecture
model = models.Sequential()

# First Convolutional Block
model.add(layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=(28, 28, 1)))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))

# Second Convolutional Block
model.add(layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))

# Flatten the 3D output to 1D for the Dense layers
model.add(layers.Flatten())

# Dense (fully connected) layers
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')) # Output layer for 10 classes (digits 0-9)

# 3. Compile the model
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
              loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
              metrics=['accuracy'])

# Print a summary of the model layers
model.summary()

# 4. Train the model (uncomment to run training)
# print("\nTraining the model...")
# model.fit(train_images, train_labels, epochs=5, batch_size=64, validation_split=0.1)

# 5. Evaluate the model (uncomment to run evaluation)
# print("\nEvaluating the model...")
# test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(test_images, test_labels, verbose=2)
# print(f"Test accuracy: {test_acc:.4f}")

Code explanation: This script defines a simple CNN using Keras. It loads and normalizes MNIST images. The Sequential model adds Conv2D layers for feature extraction, MaxPooling2D for downsampling, a Flatten layer to transition to 1D, and Dense layers for classification. The model is then compiled with an optimizer, loss function, and metrics, and a summary of its architecture is printed. Training and evaluation steps are included as commented-out examples.

#Python #DeepLearning #CNN #Keras #TensorFlow

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By: @CodeProgrammer ✨

🤖🧠 Reflex: Build Full-Stack Web Apps in Pure Python — Fast, Flexible and Powerful

🗓️ 29 Oct 2025
📚 AI News & Trends

Building modern web applications has traditionally required mastering multiple languages and frameworks from JavaScript for the frontend to Python, Java or Node.js for the backend. For many developers, switching between different technologies can slow down productivity and increase complexity. Reflex eliminates that problem. It is an innovative open-source full-stack web framework that allows developers to ...

#Reflex #FullStack #WebDevelopment #Python #OpenSource #WebApps

🤖🧠 MLOps Basics: A Complete Guide to Building, Deploying and Monitoring Machine Learning Models

🗓️ 30 Oct 2025
📚 AI News & Trends

Machine Learning models are powerful but building them is only half the story. The true challenge lies in deploying, scaling and maintaining these models in production environments – a process that requires collaboration between data scientists, developers and operations teams. This is where MLOps (Machine Learning Operations) comes in. MLOps combines the principles of DevOps ...

#MLOps #MachineLearning #DevOps #ModelDeployment #DataScience #ProductionAI

🤖🧠 MiniMax-M2: The Open-Source Revolution Powering Coding and Agentic Intelligence

🗓️ 30 Oct 2025
📚 AI News & Trends

Artificial intelligence is evolving faster than ever, but not every innovation needs to be enormous to make an impact. MiniMax-M2, the latest release from MiniMax-AI, demonstrates that efficiency and power can coexist within a streamlined framework. MiniMax-M2 is an open-source Mixture of Experts (MoE) model designed for coding tasks, multi-agent collaboration and automation workflows. With ...

#MiniMaxM2 #OpenSource #MachineLearning #CodingAI #AgenticIntelligence #MixtureOfExperts

💡 NumPy Tip: Efficient Filtering with Boolean Masks

Avoid slow Python loops for filtering data. Instead, create a "mask" array of True/False values based on a condition. Applying this mask to your original array instantly selects only the elements where the mask is True, which is significantly faster.

import numpy as np

# Create an array of data
data = np.array([10, 55, 8, 92, 43, 77, 15])

# Create a boolean mask for values greater than 50
high_values_mask = data > 50

# Use the mask to select elements
filtered_data = data[high_values_mask]

print(filtered_data)
# Output: [55 92 77]

Code explanation: A NumPy array data is created. Then, a boolean array high_values_mask is generated, which is True for every element in data greater than 50. This mask is used as an index to efficiently extract and print only those matching elements from the original array.

#Python #NumPy #DataScience #CodingTips #Programming

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By: @CodeProgrammer ✨

💡 Python F-Strings Cheatsheet

F-strings (formatted string literals) provide a concise and powerful way to embed expressions inside string literals for formatting. Just prefix the string with an f or F.

1. Basic Variable and Expression Embedding

name = "Alice"
quantity = 5
print(f"Hello, {name}. You have {quantity * 2} items in your cart.")
# Output: Hello, Alice. You have 10 items in your cart.

• Place variables or expressions directly inside curly braces {}. Python evaluates the expression and inserts the result into the string.

2. Number Formatting
Control the appearance of numbers, such as padding with zeros or setting decimal precision.

pi_value = 3.14159
order_id = 42
print(f"Pi: {pi_value:.2f}")
print(f"Order ID: {order_id:04d}")
# Output:
# Pi: 3.14
# Order ID: 0042

• :.2f formats the float to have exactly two decimal places.
• :04d formats the integer to be at least 4 digits long, padding with leading zeros if necessary.

3. Alignment and Padding
Align text within a specified width, which is useful for creating tables or neatly formatted output.

item = "Docs"
print(f"|{item:<10}|") # Left-aligned
print(f"|{item:^10}|") # Center-aligned
print(f"|{item:>10}|") # Right-aligned
# Output:
# |Docs      |
# |   Docs   |
# |      Docs|

• Use < for left, ^ for center, and > for right alignment, followed by the total width.

4. Date and Time Formatting
Directly format datetime objects within an f-string.

from datetime import datetime
now = datetime.now()
print(f"Current time: {now:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M}")
# Output: Current time: 2023-10-27 14:30

• Use a colon : followed by standard strftime formatting codes to display dates and times as you wish.

#Python #Programming #CodingTips #FStrings #PythonTips

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By: @CodeProgrammer ✨

💡 Keras: Building Neural Networks Simply

Keras is a high-level deep learning API, now part of TensorFlow, designed for fast and easy experimentation. This guide covers the fundamental workflow: defining, compiling, training, and using a neural network model.

from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers

# Define a Sequential model
model = keras.Sequential([
    # Input layer with 64 neurons, expecting flat input data
    layers.Dense(64, activation="relu", input_shape=(784,)),
    # A hidden layer with 32 neurons
    layers.Dense(32, activation="relu"),
    # Output layer with 10 neurons for 10-class classification
    layers.Dense(10, activation="softmax")
])

model.summary()

• Model Definition: keras.Sequential creates a simple, layer-by-layer model.
• layers.Dense is a standard fully-connected layer. The first layer must specify the input_shape.
• activation functions like "relu" introduce non-linearity, while "softmax" is used on the output layer for multi-class classification to produce probabilities.

# (Continuing from the previous step)
model.compile(
    optimizer='adam',
    loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
    metrics=['accuracy']
)

print("Model compiled successfully.")

• Compilation: .compile() configures the model for training.
• optimizer is the algorithm used to update the model's weights (e.g., 'adam' is a popular choice).
• loss is the function the model tries to minimize during training. sparse_categorical_crossentropy is common for integer-based classification labels.
• metrics are used to monitor the training and testing steps. Here, we track accuracy.

import numpy as np

# Create dummy training data
x_train = np.random.random((1000, 784))
y_train = np.random.randint(10, size=(1000,))

# Train the model
history = model.fit(
    x_train,
    y_train,
    epochs=5,
    batch_size=32,
    verbose=0 # Hides the progress bar for a cleaner output
)

print(f"Training complete. Final accuracy: {history.history['accuracy'][-1]:.4f}")
# Output (will vary):
# Training complete. Final accuracy: 0.4570

• Training: The .fit() method trains the model on your data.
• x_train and y_train are your input features and target labels.
• epochs defines how many times the model will see the entire dataset.
• batch_size is the number of samples processed before the model is updated.

# Create a single dummy sample to test
x_test = np.random.random((1, 784))

# Get the model's prediction
predictions = model.predict(x_test)
predicted_class = np.argmax(predictions[0])

print(f"Predicted class: {predicted_class}")
print(f"Confidence scores: {predictions[0].round(2)}")
# Output (will vary):
# Predicted class: 3
# Confidence scores: [0.09 0.1  0.1  0.12 0.1  0.09 0.11 0.1  0.09 0.1 ]

• Prediction: .predict() is used to make predictions on new, unseen data.
• For a classification model with a softmax output, this returns an array of probabilities for each class.
• np.argmax() is used to find the index (the class) with the highest probability score.

#Keras #TensorFlow #DeepLearning #MachineLearning #Python

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By: @CodeProgrammer ✨

💡 {{Python Exam}}

Python dictionaries are a fundamental data structure used to store data as key-value pairs. They are mutable (can be changed), dynamic, and since Python 3.7, they maintain the order of insertion. Keys must be unique and of an immutable type (like strings or numbers), while values can be of any type.

1. Creating and Accessing Dictionaries

# Creating a dictionary
student = {
    "name": "Alex",
    "age": 21,
    "courses": ["Math", "CompSci"]
}

# Accessing values
print(f"Name: {student['name']}")
print(f"Age: {student.get('age')}")

# Safe access for a non-existent key
print(f"Major: {student.get('major', 'Not specified')}")

# --- Sample Output ---
# Name: Alex
# Age: 21
# Major: Not specified

• A dictionary is created using curly braces {} with key: value pairs.
• student['name'] accesses the value using its key. This will raise a KeyError if the key doesn't exist.
• student.get('age') is a safer way to access a value, returning None if the key is not found.
• .get() can also take a second argument as a default value to return if the key is missing.

2. Modifying a Dictionary

user_profile = {
    "username": "coder_01",
    "level": 5
}

# Add a new key-value pair
user_profile["email"] = "coder@example.com"
print(f"After adding: {user_profile}")

# Update an existing value
user_profile["level"] = 6
print(f"After updating: {user_profile}")

# Remove a key-value pair
del user_profile["email"]
print(f"After deleting: {user_profile}")

# --- Sample Output ---
# After adding: {'username': 'coder_01', 'level': 5, 'email': 'coder@example.com'}
# After updating: {'username': 'coder_01', 'level': 6, 'email': 'coder@example.com'}
# After deleting: {'username': 'coder_01', 'level': 6}

• A new key-value pair is added using simple assignment dict[new_key] = new_value.
• The value of an existing key is updated by assigning a new value to it.
• The del keyword completely removes a key-value pair from the dictionary.

3. Looping Through Dictionaries

inventory = {
    "apples": 430,
    "bananas": 312,
    "oranges": 525
}

# Loop through keys
print("--- Keys ---")
for item in inventory.keys():
    print(item)

# Loop through values
print("\n--- Values ---")
for quantity in inventory.values():
    print(quantity)

# Loop through key-value pairs
print("\n--- Items ---")
for item, quantity in inventory.items():
    print(f"{item}: {quantity}")

# --- Sample Output ---
# --- Keys ---
# apples
# bananas
# oranges
#
# --- Values ---
# 430
# 312
# 525
#
# --- Items ---
# apples: 430
# bananas: 312
# oranges: 525

• .keys() returns a view object of all keys, which can be looped over.
• .values() returns a view object of all values.
• .items() returns a view object of key-value tuple pairs, allowing you to easily access both in each loop iteration.

#Python #DataStructures #Dictionaries #Programming #PythonBasics

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By: @CodeProgrammer ✨

📌 Build Your Own ChatGPT-like Chatbot with Java and Python

🗂 Category: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

🕒 Date: 2024-05-30 | ⏱️ Read time: 33 min read

Creating a custom LLM inference infrastructure from scratch

#NLP #Lesson #SentimentAnalysis #MachineLearning

Building an NLP Model from Scratch: Sentiment Analysis

This lesson will guide you through creating a complete Natural Language Processing (NLP) project. We will build a sentiment analysis classifier that can determine if a piece of text is positive or negative.

---

Step 1: Setup and Data Preparation

First, we need to import the necessary libraries and prepare our dataset. For simplicity, we'll use a small, hard-coded list of sentences. In a real-world project, you would load this data from a file (e.g., a CSV).

#Python #DataPreparation

# Imports and Data
import re
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, classification_report
import nltk
from nltk.corpus import stopwords

# You may need to download stopwords for the first time
# nltk.download('stopwords')

# Sample Data (In a real project, load this from a file)
texts = [
    "I love this movie, it's fantastic!",
    "This was a terrible film.",
    "The acting was superb and the plot was great.",
    "I would not recommend this to anyone.",
    "It was an okay movie, not the best but enjoyable.",
    "Absolutely brilliant, a must-see!",
    "A complete waste of time and money.",
    "The story was compelling and engaging."
]
# Labels: 1 for Positive, 0 for Negative
labels = [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1]

---

Step 2: Text Preprocessing

Computers don't understand words, so we must clean and process our text data first. This involves making text lowercase, removing punctuation, and filtering out common "stop words" (like 'the', 'a', 'is') that don't add much meaning.

#TextPreprocessing #DataCleaning

# Text Preprocessing Function
stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))

def preprocess_text(text):
    # Make text lowercase
    text = text.lower()
    # Remove punctuation
    text = re.sub(r'[^\w\s]', '', text)
    # Tokenize and remove stopwords
    tokens = text.split()
    filtered_tokens = [word for word in tokens if word not in stop_words]
    return " ".join(filtered_tokens)

# Apply preprocessing to our dataset
processed_texts = [preprocess_text(text) for text in texts]
print("--- Original vs. Processed ---")
for i in range(3):
    print(f"Original: {texts[i]}")
    print(f"Processed: {processed_texts[i]}\n")

---

Step 3: Splitting the Data

We must split our data into a training set (to teach the model) and a testing set (to evaluate its performance on unseen data).

#MachineLearning #TrainTestSplit

# Splitting data into training and testing sets
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
    processed_texts, 
    labels, 
    test_size=0.25, # Use 25% of data for testing
    random_state=42 # for reproducibility
)

print(f"Training samples: {len(X_train)}")
print(f"Testing samples: {len(X_test)}")

---

Step 4: Feature Extraction (Vectorization)

We need to convert our cleaned text into a numerical format. We'll use TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency). This technique converts text into vectors of numbers, giving more weight to words that are important to a document but not common across all documents.

#FeatureEngineering #TFIDF #Vectorization

# Initialize the TF-IDF Vectorizer
vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()

# Fit the vectorizer on the training data and transform it
X_train_tfidf = vectorizer.fit_transform(X_train)

# Only transform the test data using the already-fitted vectorizer
X_test_tfidf = vectorizer.transform(X_test)

print("Shape of training data vectors:", X_train_tfidf.shape)
print("Shape of testing data vectors:", X_test_tfidf.shape)

---

Step 5: Training the NLP Model

Now we can train a machine learning model. Multinomial Naive Bayes is a simple yet powerful algorithm that works very well for text classification tasks.

#ModelTraining #NaiveBayes

# Initialize and train the Naive Bayes classifier
model = MultinomialNB()
model.fit(X_train_tfidf, y_train)

print("Model training complete.")

---

Step 6: Making Predictions and Evaluating the Model

With our model trained, let's use it to make predictions on our unseen test data and see how well it performs.

#Evaluation #ModelPerformance #Prediction

# Make predictions on the test set
y_pred = model.predict(X_test_tfidf)

# Calculate accuracy
accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
print(f"Model Accuracy: {accuracy * 100:.2f}%\n")

# Display a detailed classification report
print("Classification Report:")
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred, target_names=['Negative', 'Positive']))

---

Step 7: Discussion of Results

#Results #Discussion

Our model achieved 100% accuracy on this very small test set.

Accuracy: This is the percentage of correct predictions. 100% is perfect, but this is expected on such a tiny, clean dataset. In the real world, an accuracy of 85-95% is often considered very good.
Precision: Of all the times the model predicted "Positive", what percentage were actually positive?
Recall: Of all the actual "Positive" texts, what percentage did the model correctly identify?
F1-Score: A weighted average of Precision and Recall.

Limitations: Our dataset is extremely small. A real model would need thousands of examples to be reliable and generalize well to new, unseen text.

---

Step 8: Testing the Model on New Sentences

Let's see how our complete pipeline works on brand new text.

#RealWorldNLP #Inference

# Function to predict sentiment of a new sentence
def predict_sentiment(sentence):
    # 1. Preprocess the text
    processed_sentence = preprocess_text(sentence)
    
    # 2. Vectorize the text using the SAME vectorizer
    vectorized_sentence = vectorizer.transform([processed_sentence])
    
    # 3. Make a prediction
    prediction = model.predict(vectorized_sentence)
    
    # 4. Return the result
    return "Positive" if prediction[0] == 1 else "Negative"

# Test with new sentences
new_sentence_1 = "The movie was absolutely amazing!"
new_sentence_2 = "I was very bored and did not like it."

print(f"'{new_sentence_1}' -> Sentiment: {predict_sentiment(new_sentence_1)}")
print(f"'{new_sentence_2}' -> Sentiment: {predict_sentiment(new_sentence_2)}")

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By: @CodeProgrammer ✨

nature papers: 2000$

Q1 and  Q2 papers    1000$

Q3 and Q4 papers   500$

Doctoral thesis (complete)    700$

M.S thesis         300$

paper simulation   200$

Contact me
https://t.me/m/-nTmpj5vYzNk

#YOLOv8 #ComputerVision #TrafficManagement #Python #AI #SmartCity

Lesson: Detecting Traffic Congestion in Road Lanes with YOLOv8

This tutorial will guide you through building a system to monitor traffic on a highway from a video feed. We'll use YOLOv8 to detect vehicles and then define specific zones (lanes) to count the number of vehicles within them, determining if a lane is congested.

---

#Step 1: Project Setup and Dependencies

We need to install ultralytics for YOLOv8 and opencv-python for video and image processing. numpy is also essential for handling the coordinates of our detection zones.

pip install ultralytics opencv-python numpy

Create a Python script (e.g., traffic_monitor.py) and import the necessary libraries.

import cv2
import numpy as np
from ultralytics import YOLO

# Hashtags: #Setup #Python #OpenCV #YOLOv8

---

#Step 2: Model Loading and Lane Definition

We'll load a pre-trained YOLOv8 model, which is excellent at detecting common objects like cars, trucks, and buses. The most critical part of this step is defining the zones of interest (our lanes) as polygons on the video frame. You will need to adjust these coordinates to match the perspective of your specific video.

You will also need a video file, for example, traffic_video.mp4.

# Load a pre-trained YOLOv8 model (yolov8n.pt is small and fast)
model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt')

# Path to your video file
VIDEO_PATH = 'traffic_video.mp4'

# Define the polygons for two lanes.
# IMPORTANT: You MUST adjust these coordinates for your video's perspective.
# Each polygon is a numpy array of [x, y] coordinates.
LANE_1_POLYGON = np.array([[20, 400], [450, 400], [450, 250], [20, 250]], np.int32)
LANE_2_POLYGON = np.array([[500, 400], [980, 400], [980, 250], [500, 250]], np.int32)

# Define the congestion threshold. If vehicle count > this, the lane is congested.
CONGESTION_THRESHOLD = 10

# Hashtags: #Configuration #AIModel #SmartCity

---

#Step 3: Main Loop for Detection and Counting

This is the core of our program. We will loop through each frame of the video, run vehicle detection, and then check if the center of each detected vehicle falls inside our predefined lane polygons. We will keep a count for each lane.

cap = cv2.VideoCapture(VIDEO_PATH)

while cap.isOpened():
    success, frame = cap.read()
    if not success:
        break

    # Run YOLOv8 inference on the frame
    results = model(frame)

    # Initialize vehicle counts for each lane for the current frame
    lane_1_count = 0
    lane_2_count = 0

    # Process detection results
    for r in results:
        for box in r.boxes:
            # Check if the detected object is a vehicle
            class_id = int(box.cls[0])
            class_name = model.names[class_id]
            
            if class_name in ['car', 'truck', 'bus', 'motorbike']:
                # Get bounding box coordinates
                x1, y1, x2, y2 = map(int, box.xyxy[0])
                
                # Calculate the center point of the bounding box
                center_x = (x1 + x2) // 2
                center_y = (y1 + y2) // 2

                # Check if the center point is inside Lane 1
                if cv2.pointPolygonTest(LANE_1_POLYGON, (center_x, center_y), False) >= 0:
                    lane_1_count += 1
                
                # Check if the center point is inside Lane 2
                elif cv2.pointPolygonTest(LANE_2_POLYGON, (center_x, center_y), False) >= 0:
                    lane_2_count += 1

# Hashtags: #RealTime #ObjectDetection #VideoProcessing

(Note: The code below should be placed inside the while loop of Step 3)

---

#Step 4: Visualization and Displaying Results

After counting the vehicles, we need to visualize the results on the video frame. We will draw the lane polygons, display the vehicle count for each, and change the lane's color to red if it is considered congested based on our threshold.

# --- Visualization --- (This code continues inside the while loop)

    # Draw the lane polygons on the frame
    cv2.polylines(frame, [LANE_1_POLYGON], isClosed=True, color=(255, 255, 0), thickness=2)
    cv2.polylines(frame, [LANE_2_POLYGON], isClosed=True, color=(255, 255, 0), thickness=2)

    # Check for congestion and display status for Lane 1
    if lane_1_count > CONGESTION_THRESHOLD:
        status_1 = "CONGESTED"
        color_1 = (0, 0, 255) # Red
    else:
        status_1 = "NORMAL"
        color_1 = (0, 255, 0) # Green
    
    cv2.putText(frame, f"Lane 1: {lane_1_count} ({status_1})", (50, 50), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, color_1, 2)

    # Check for congestion and display status for Lane 2
    if lane_2_count > CONGESTION_THRESHOLD:
        status_2 = "CONGESTED"
        color_2 = (0, 0, 255) # Red
    else:
        status_2 = "NORMAL"
        color_2 = (0, 255, 0) # Green

    cv2.putText(frame, f"Lane 2: {lane_2_count} ({status_2})", (530, 50), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, color_2, 2)
    
    # Display the frame with detections and status
    cv2.imshow("Traffic Congestion Monitor", frame)

    if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
        break

cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

# Hashtags: #DataVisualization #OpenCV #TrafficFlow

---

#Step 5: Results and Discussion

When you run the script, a video window will appear. You will see:
• Yellow polygons outlining the defined lanes.
• Text at the top indicating the number of vehicles in each lane and its status ("NORMAL" or "CONGESTED").
• The status text and its color will change in real-time based on the vehicle count exceeding the CONGESTION_THRESHOLD.

Discussion of Results:
Threshold is Key: The CONGESTION_THRESHOLD is the most important variable to tune. A value of 10 might be too high for a short lane or too low for a long one. It must be calibrated based on the specific camera view and what is considered "congested" for that road.
Polygon Accuracy: The system's accuracy is highly dependent on how well you define the LANE_POLYGON coordinates. They must accurately map to the lanes in the video, accounting for perspective.
Limitations: This method only measures vehicle density (number of cars in an area). It does not measure traffic flow (vehicle speed). A lane could have many cars moving quickly (high density, but not congested) or a few stopped cars (low density, but very congested).
Potential Improvements:
Object Tracking: Implement an object tracker (like DeepSORT or BoT-SORT) to assign a unique ID to each car. This would allow you to calculate the average speed of vehicles within each lane, providing a much more reliable measure of congestion.
Time-Based Analysis: Analyze data over time. A lane that is consistently above the threshold for more than a minute is a stronger indicator of a traffic jam than a brief spike in vehicle count.

#ProjectComplete #AIforCities #Transportation

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By: @CodeProgrammer ✨

#TelegramBot #Python #SQLite #DataExport #CSV #API

Lesson: Creating a Telegram Bot to Export Channel Members to a CSV File

This tutorial guides you through building a Telegram bot from scratch. When added as an administrator to a channel, the bot will respond to an /export command from the channel owner, exporting the list of members (Username, User ID, etc.) to a CSV file and storing a log of the action in a SQLite database.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Due to Telegram's privacy policy, bots CANNOT access users' phone numbers. This field will be marked as "N/A".

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#Step 1: Bot Creation and Project Setup

First, create a bot via the @BotFather on Telegram. Send it the /newbot command, follow the instructions, and save the HTTP API token it gives you.

Next, set up your Python environment. Install the necessary library: python-telegram-bot.

pip install python-telegram-bot

Create a new Python file named bot.py and add the basic structure. Replace 'YOUR_TELEGRAM_API_TOKEN' with the token you got from BotFather.

import logging
from telegram import Update
from telegram.ext import Application, CommandHandler, ContextTypes

# Enable logging
logging.basicConfig(format="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s", level=logging.INFO)

TOKEN = 'YOUR_TELEGRAM_API_TOKEN'

def main() -> None:
    """Start the bot."""
    application = Application.builder().token(TOKEN).build()

    # We will add command handlers here in the next steps
    # application.add_handler(CommandHandler("export", export_members))

    print("Bot is running...")
    application.run_polling()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

# Hashtags: #Setup #TelegramAPI #PythonBot #BotFather

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#Step 2: Database Setup for Logging (database.py)

To fulfill the requirement of using a database, we will log every export request. Create a new file named database.py. This separates our data logic from the bot logic.

import sqlite3
from datetime import datetime

DB_NAME = 'bot_logs.db'

def setup_database():
    """Creates the database table if it doesn't exist."""
    conn = sqlite3.connect(DB_NAME)
    cursor = conn.cursor()
    cursor.execute('''
        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS export_logs (
            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
            chat_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
            chat_title TEXT,
            requested_by_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
            requested_by_username TEXT,
            timestamp TEXT NOT NULL
        )
    ''')
    conn.commit()
    conn.close()

def log_export_action(chat_id, chat_title, user_id, username):
    """Logs a successful export action to the database."""
    conn = sqlite3.connect(DB_NAME)
    cursor = conn.cursor()
    timestamp = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
    cursor.execute(
        "INSERT INTO export_logs (chat_id, chat_title, requested_by_id, requested_by_username, timestamp) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
        (chat_id, chat_title, user_id, username, timestamp)
    )
    conn.commit()
    conn.close()

# Hashtags: #SQLite #DatabaseDesign #Logging #DataPersistence

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#Step 3: Implementing the Export Command and Permission Check

Now, we'll write the core function in bot.py. This function will handle the /export command. The most crucial part is to check if the user who sent the command is the creator of the channel. This prevents any admin from exporting the data.